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Approximating The Tail Probability Of The T-Distribution: A Bayesian Approach, Mohammad Fraiwan Al-Saleh Apr 2025

Approximating The Tail Probability Of The T-Distribution: A Bayesian Approach, Mohammad Fraiwan Al-Saleh

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

A Bayesian technique is used to approximate the tail probability of the t-distribution. A set of upper and lower bounds are obtained for this probability. Based on their simplicity and accuracy, these bounds are very adequate to use. Some members of these bounds are compared to some existing approximations. The possibility of using this new procedure for some other distributions is explored.

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Endocrine, Physiological And Histopathological Responses Of Fish And Their Larvae To Stress With Emphasis On Exposure To Crude Oil And Various Petroleum Hydrocarbons, A. Y. A. Al-Kindi, J.A. Brown, C.P. Waring Apr 2025

Endocrine, Physiological And Histopathological Responses Of Fish And Their Larvae To Stress With Emphasis On Exposure To Crude Oil And Various Petroleum Hydrocarbons, A. Y. A. Al-Kindi, J.A. Brown, C.P. Waring

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Various endocrine and physiological responses of fish exposed to forceful physical and chemical stimuli are reviewed with emphasis on the effects of crude oils and their hydrocarbon constituents. The chemistry and toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons are examined and methods for experimental exposure of fish to crude oil and petroleum hydrocarbons are considered. A variety of blood-borne parameters recognized as reliable tools in determining the relative severity of stress in fish are reviewed. The effects of stress and petroleum hydrocarbons on endocrine responses including changes in plasma catecholamines, corticosteroids, and thyroid hormones are reviewed. The physiological responses: changes in plasma glucose, …

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Weak Complexes Of Sulfur Compounds With Halide Ligands, Salama B. Salama, Saad Wasif Apr 2025

Weak Complexes Of Sulfur Compounds With Halide Ligands, Salama B. Salama, Saad Wasif

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

This review summarizes the study of the formation of SO2 -X- , SOCl2 -X- , SOBr2 -X- , SO2 Cl2 -X- complexes (X- = Cl- , Br- , I- , and SCN- ) in pure and mixed solvents of acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide over the past 30 years. Spectrometry (290nm-380nm) was the principal technique used for the investigation, since the enthalpies of formation Δ Hfo of the above complexes are low ( -6.03  -22.51 kJ/mol ). The stability of the complexes depend on the nature of the solvent, acceptor properties of the sulfur compounds, the donor properties of the halide …

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Dirhodium(Ii) Carbenes : The Chiral Product Cascade, Gregory H. P. Roos, Conrad E. Raab, Said Al-Hatmi Apr 2025

Dirhodium(Ii) Carbenes : The Chiral Product Cascade, Gregory H. P. Roos, Conrad E. Raab, Said Al-Hatmi

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The last decade has witnessed enormous growth in the spectrum of highly efficient asymmetric synthetic transformations. One prominent example of this progress is the application of dirhodium (II) carbenes generated from diazo- precursors. Innovative construction of ‘designer’ catalysts has played a integral role in extending the breadth of the synthetic cascade of non-racemic products now available through the range of cyclopropanation, C-X insertion, aromatic cycloaddition-rearrangement, and ylide-based reaction types. This review deals briefly with an overview of the important catalytic systems and maintains as its primary focus the cascade of diverse optically enriched products that flow from their applications.

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Research Trends : Natural Products As Pest, Microbial Disease An Tumour Control Agents, M.O. Fatope, Salma M. Z. Al-Kindi, Abdulrahman O. Abdulnour Apr 2025

Research Trends : Natural Products As Pest, Microbial Disease An Tumour Control Agents, M.O. Fatope, Salma M. Z. Al-Kindi, Abdulrahman O. Abdulnour

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The zeal to conquer human, agronomic, and veterinary diseases or pests has always sustained research interests directed at finding new medications from under explored biodiversity. The adoption of bioassay methods, which correlate with prevention, inhibition and reversal of diseases or elimination of pests, in screening natural products for bioactive compounds is critical to the discovery of new medications. This article focuses on areas of natural products chemistry that connect academia with industry. It discusses the technical skills needed to find bioactive compounds from microbes, marine invertebrates, plants and insects, highlighting the mode of action of selected bioactive compounds and bioassay …

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Photovoltaic Cells And Systems: Current State And Future Trends, Hadj Bourdoucen, Joseph A. Jervase, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli, Arif Malik Apr 2025

Photovoltaic Cells And Systems: Current State And Future Trends, Hadj Bourdoucen, Joseph A. Jervase, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli, Arif Malik

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Photovoltaics is the process of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Any photovoltaic system invariably consists of solar cell arrays and electric power conditioners. Photovoltaic systems are reliable, quiet, safe and both environmentally benign and self-sustaining. In addition, they are cost-effective for applications in remote areas. This paper presents a review of solar system components and integration, manufacturing, applications, and basic research related to photovoltaics. Photovoltaic applications in Oman are also presented. Finally, the existing and the future trends in technologies and materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are summarized.

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State-Of-The-Art-Review Of Collapsible Soils, A. A. Al-Rawas Apr 2025

State-Of-The-Art-Review Of Collapsible Soils, A. A. Al-Rawas

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Collapsible soils are encountered in arid and semi-arid regions. Such soils cause potential construction problems due to their collapse upon wetting. The collapse phenomenon is primarily related to the open structure of the soil. Several soil collapse classifications based on parameters such as moisture content, dry density, Atterberg limits and clay content have been proposed in the literature as indicators of the soil collapse potential. Direct measurement of the magnitude of collapse, using laboratory and/or field tests, is essential once a soil showed indications of collapse potential. Treatment methods such as soil replacement, compaction control and chemical stabilization showed significant …

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Intelligent Systems For Active Program Diagnosis, Haider Ali Ramadhan, Khalil Shihab Apr 2025

Intelligent Systems For Active Program Diagnosis, Haider Ali Ramadhan, Khalil Shihab

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Intelligent program diagnosis systems are computer programs capable of analyzing logical and design-level errors and misconceptions in programs. Upon discovering the errors, these systems provide intelligent feedback and thus guide the users in the problem-solving process. Intelligent program diagnosis systems are classified by their primary means of program analysis. The most distinct split is between those systems that are unable to analyze partial code segments as they are provided by the user and must wait until the entire solution code is completed before attempting any diagnosis, and those that are capable of analyzing partial solutions and providing proper guidance whenever …

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Geological And Engineering Classification Systems Of Mudrocks, Amer Al-Rawas, Tariq Cheema, Mohammed Al-Aghbari Apr 2025

Geological And Engineering Classification Systems Of Mudrocks, Amer Al-Rawas, Tariq Cheema, Mohammed Al-Aghbari

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Mudrocks are a diverse group of very fine-grained argillaceous sedimentary rocks that are frequently encountered in most types of engineering projects. Upon excavation, the release of overburden stress and changes in the moisture content may cause certain apparently well indurated mudrocks to slake, producing a soil-like material. Because many mudrocks are nondurable, they have gained a reputation as problematic soft rocks. Geologists and engineers are confronted with the problem of selecting adequate parameters for accurately evaluating engineering behavior of mudrocks. The use of a single parameter (e.g. grain-size) is never considered to be enough and a combination of several parameters …

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Converged Networking: A Review Of Concepts And Technologies, Adel Ahmed Ali, Ahmed M. Al-Naamany Apr 2025

Converged Networking: A Review Of Concepts And Technologies, Adel Ahmed Ali, Ahmed M. Al-Naamany

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Converged networking is an emerging technology thrust that integrates voice, video, and data traffic on a single network. Converged networking encompasses several aspects, all of which are related to the aggregation of networking activity. Such aspects include, Payload convergence, Protocol convergence, Physical convergence, Device convergence, Application convergence, Technology convergence, etc. In recent years the Internet has developed into a global data network that is highly accepted as a multimedia information platform, which has the potential to develop into an alternative carrier network in the future. Several convergence scenarios have been recently proposed, ranging from integrating communication services and computer application …

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A Comprehensive Review Of Boundary Integral Formulations Of Acoustic Scattering Problems, S.I. Zaman Apr 2025

A Comprehensive Review Of Boundary Integral Formulations Of Acoustic Scattering Problems, S.I. Zaman

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

This is a review presenting an overview of the developments in boundary integral formulations of the acoustic scattering problems. Generally, the problem is formulated in one of two ways viz. Green’s representation formula, and the Layer-theoretic formulation utilizing either a simple-layer or a double-layer potential. The review presents and expounds the major contributions in this area over the last four decades. The need for a robust and improved formulation of the exterior scattering problem (Neumann or Dirichlet) arose due to the fact that the classical formulation failed to yield a unique solution at (acoustic) wave-numbers which correspond to eigenvalues (eigenfrequencies) …

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Evolution Of Axial-Field Electrical Machines, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli, Hadj Bourdoucen, Joseph Jervase Apr 2025

Evolution Of Axial-Field Electrical Machines, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli, Hadj Bourdoucen, Joseph Jervase

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

This paper is a review of axial-field electrical machines, which were at the origin of the invention of electrical machines such as the famous Faraday’s disk. The different configurations of the axial-field machines are presented along with their advantageous key steady state characteristics such as high efficiency and high power to weight ratio. The differences between axial-field machines and conventional radial-field machines are discussed. The disc-type axial-field electrical machines with permanent-magnet excitation seem to be among the best designs in terms of compactness, suitable shape, robustness, and electric characteristics. Axial-field machines are expected to be used in a large number …

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State-Of-The-Art Methods For Electric Power Systems Voltage Stability Analysis, T.M. Al-Khusaibi, K. A. Ellithy, M.R. Irving Apr 2025

State-Of-The-Art Methods For Electric Power Systems Voltage Stability Analysis, T.M. Al-Khusaibi, K. A. Ellithy, M.R. Irving

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

This paper presents a literature survey on the subject of voltage stability analysis of power systems. The survey describes several published methods and techniques used to determine voltage stability indices. These indices predict proximity to voltage instability and collapse problems. The Q-V and P-V curves; singular value decomposition; modal analysis; test function; reduced determinant; loading margin by multiple power flow solutions; local load margins; thevenin/load impedance; and energy function are the methods which have been decribed in the paper. The methods described are based on the original work that first proposed them. They are based on the power-flow system model, …

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Modeling Flow And Transport In Unsaturated Porous Media: A Review, H.H. Al-Barwani, M. Al-Lawatia, E. Balakrishnan, A. Purnama Apr 2025

Modeling Flow And Transport In Unsaturated Porous Media: A Review, H.H. Al-Barwani, M. Al-Lawatia, E. Balakrishnan, A. Purnama

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Underground water is a vital natural resource and every effort should be made to understand ways and means of efficiently using and managing it. The unsaturated zone, bounded at its top by the land surface and below by the water table, is the region through which water, together with pollutant carried by the water, infiltrates to reach the groundwater. Therefore, various processes occurring within the unsaturated zone play a major role in determining both the quality and quantity of water recharging into the groundwater. Classical methods of predicting water flow and contaminant transport processes in unsaturated porous media are generally …

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Homochiral Acyl Isocyanates As Diagnostic Nmr Probes For The Enantiomeric Purity Of Chiral Alcohols, Gregory H. P. Roos, Anthony R. Donovanb Apr 2025

Homochiral Acyl Isocyanates As Diagnostic Nmr Probes For The Enantiomeric Purity Of Chiral Alcohols, Gregory H. P. Roos, Anthony R. Donovanb

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The first reported acyl and sulfonylisocyanates were developed and tested in reactions with chiral alcohols to afford diastereomeric carbamates. NMR analysis of these investigates the chemical shift discrimination that would allow these activated isocyanates to be used as diagnostic probes of enantiomeric purity.

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Ultrastructural Changes In The Epithelium Of The Stomach Of Aphanius Dispar (Cyprinodontidae), Due To Stress From Starvation, Taher A. Ba-Omar, Reginald Victor Apr 2025

Ultrastructural Changes In The Epithelium Of The Stomach Of Aphanius Dispar (Cyprinodontidae), Due To Stress From Starvation, Taher A. Ba-Omar, Reginald Victor

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Ultrastructural changes in the epithelium of the stomach of Aphanius dispar, a cyprinodont fish, due to starvation have been described. The changes in the epithelium after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours have been discussed. The degeneration of the epithelial cells commenced after 24 hours and steadily progressed till 96 hours at which the maximum change was observed. Changes in response to starvation include the disappearance of lipid droplets, mitochondrial damage, goblet cells degeneration, morphological aberration of the nuclei and overall abnormalities in the structural integrity of the rugae. This study confirms that stress due to starvation causes significant …

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Earthquake Response Of A Historical Castle, Mohammed Qamaruddin, Ali Salim Al-Harthy Apr 2025

Earthquake Response Of A Historical Castle, Mohammed Qamaruddin, Ali Salim Al-Harthy

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The earthquake hazard potential in the Sultanate of Oman is considered real as there are several reports of felt earthquakes in the Sultanate of Oman during the period from years 977 to 1998, although no damage to the existing structures has been reported due to earthquakes. In Oman, seismic zoning map and other basic data are required for the development of a standard code for seismic design of structures. In this paper, seismic response of a historical Nizwa castle in Oman is assessed employing the methodology of Uniform Building Code (UBC, 1994). Also, in the absence of data pertaining to …

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Electromagnetic Modeling Of The Propagation Characteristics Of Satellite Communications Through Composite Precipitation Layers, Part1: Mathematical Formulation, H.M. Al-Rizzo, And Department Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, College Of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al Khod 123, Muscat, Sultanate Of Oman., H.T. Al-Hafid, J.M. Tranquilla Apr 2025

Electromagnetic Modeling Of The Propagation Characteristics Of Satellite Communications Through Composite Precipitation Layers, Part1: Mathematical Formulation, H.M. Al-Rizzo, And Department Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, College Of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al Khod 123, Muscat, Sultanate Of Oman., H.T. Al-Hafid, J.M. Tranquilla

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

A systematic and general formulation of a Propagation Simulation Program (PSP) is developed for the coherent field of microwave and millimeter wave carrier signals traversing intermediate layered precipitation media, taking into account the random behavior of particle size, orientation, shape and concentration distributions. Based on a rigorous solution of the volumetric multiple-scattering integral equations, the formalism offers the capability of treating the potential transmission impairments on satellite-earth links and radar remote sensing generated by composite atmospheric layers of precipitation in conjunction with the finite polarization isolation of dual-polarized transmitting and receiving antennas. A multi-layered formulation is employed which encompasses an …

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Voltage Stability Analysis Of Muscat Power System During Summer Weather Conditions, K. Ellithy, A. Gastli, S. Al-Alawi, A. Al-Hinai, Z. Al-Abri Apr 2025

Voltage Stability Analysis Of Muscat Power System During Summer Weather Conditions, K. Ellithy, A. Gastli, S. Al-Alawi, A. Al-Hinai, Z. Al-Abri

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

A systematic and general formulation of a Propagation Simulation Program (PSP) is developed for the coherent field of microwave and millimeter wave carrier signals traversing intermediate layered precipitation media taking into account the random behavior of particle size, orientation, shape and concentration distributions. Based on a rigorous solution of the volumetric multiple-scattering integral equations, the formalism offers the capability of treating the potential transmission impairments on satellite-earth links and radar remote sensing generated by composite atmospheric layers of precipitation in conjunction with the finite polarization isolation of dual-polarized transmitting and receiving antennas. A multi-layered formulation is employed which encompasses an …

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Electromagnetic Modeling Of The Propagation Characteristics Of Satellite Communications Through Composite Precipitation Layers, Part Ii: Results Of Computer Simulations, H.M. Al-Rizzo, H.T. Al-Hafid, J.M. Tranquilla Apr 2025

Electromagnetic Modeling Of The Propagation Characteristics Of Satellite Communications Through Composite Precipitation Layers, Part Ii: Results Of Computer Simulations, H.M. Al-Rizzo, H.T. Al-Hafid, J.M. Tranquilla

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

A versatile Propagation Simulation Program (PSP) is developed to assess the degrading effects caused by the concurrent occurrences of an arbitrary mixture of ice plates and needles, melting snow and raindrops which may impede the reliability of dual-polarized satellite communications systems carrying independent channels on a single radio path. Specifically, results are presented for the Cross Polarization Discrimination (XPD) due to ice and rain, differential attenuation, Da, and differential phase shift, Df, due to rain and average specific attenuation, a, and phase shift, f , due to the melting layer at hitherto unconsidered frequencies. The inclusion of an ice-cloud medium …

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Simple Monte Carlo Cellular Models For Surface Evolution, H. H. Al-Barwani, A. Purnama Apr 2025

Simple Monte Carlo Cellular Models For Surface Evolution, H. H. Al-Barwani, A. Purnama

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Monte Carlo cellular simulations are described for some simple surface evolution models. Surface growth is simulated by adding new cells to the surface. The bonding of a new cell arriving to a site on the surface depends on the number of cells present around that site; new cells are more likely to stick at sites with the fewest missing surrounding cells. Applications are given for simulating the propagation of a flame front and the formation of surface landforms; and the (anisotropic) growth of a crystal, where the surface may grow more rapidly in one direction than others.

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Flow Past A Rotating Circular Cylinder And A Rotlet Using The Finite-Difference Method, T. B. A. El Bashir Apr 2025

Flow Past A Rotating Circular Cylinder And A Rotlet Using The Finite-Difference Method, T. B. A. El Bashir

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In this paper the flow generated by a rotlet in the presence of a circular cylinder is considered. We introduce a transformation which simplifies the equations and boundary conditions. We use the finite-difference method to obtain results in excellent agreement with all the available analytical results. Results are presented for Reynolds numbers, based on the diameter of the cylinder, in the range 0 ≤ Re ≤ 20 and the rotational parameter, α , in the range 0 ≤α ≤ 3 and strength of rotlet, β , in the range 0 ≤ β ≤ 3 . The results are found to …

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Surface Plasmons For Probing Optical Data Of Multi- Layered Thin Films, A. Rais, A. Sellai Apr 2025

Surface Plasmons For Probing Optical Data Of Multi- Layered Thin Films, A. Rais, A. Sellai

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In this paper, we show how optical excitation of surface plasmons (SPs) can be used to obtain optical and geometrical parameters of specific layers in multi-layered thin film systems. The optimum coupling phenomenon between incoming p-polarized light and SPs appears as a minimum in the reflectance that is calculated using a standard matrix formalism. The sensitive dependence of the reflectance minimum on optical and geometrical parameters suggests that they can be determined accurately by fitting the measured attenuated total reflectance (ATR) to the matrix-calculated reflectance using the Simplex minimization method. The procedure is applied to the multi-layered system: Prism / …

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A Generalization Of The Hypergeometric Distribution, E.K. Elsheikh, A. Benmerzouga Apr 2025

A Generalization Of The Hypergeometric Distribution, E.K. Elsheikh, A. Benmerzouga

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In this paper we introduce a modification of the hypergeometric distribution that caters for the case when the sampling scheme favours the inclusion of units of one of the two types involved, as opposed to the hypergeometric distribution under which all samples are equally likely. The properties of the resulting distribution, termed the generalized hypergeometric, are studied, including the derivation and numerical assessment of a normal approximation of the distribution.

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Solvent Extraction Of Uranium (Vi) By Didodecylphosphoric Acid, Khaled Mousa, Fawwaz Khalili Apr 2025

Solvent Extraction Of Uranium (Vi) By Didodecylphosphoric Acid, Khaled Mousa, Fawwaz Khalili

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Solvent extraction of uranium(Vl) ion from perchlorate solution using didodecylphosphorie acid, DDPA, in toluene diluent was studied. The effects of stripping nitric acid concentration, stripping time, extraction time, DDPA concentration, pH, ionic strength, supporting electrolyte and temperature on the extraction processes have been studied. From the distribution coefficient values at different temperatures, the enthalpy, the free energy and the entropy changes associated with the extraction processes were determined. The composition of the complex formed was established to be UO2(CLO4)(HR2)(HR)2 where, (HR)2 represents the dimer of DDPA.

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Spermatogenesis And Spermiogenesis Of The Aphanius Dispar, Taher A. Ba-Omar Apr 2025

Spermatogenesis And Spermiogenesis Of The Aphanius Dispar, Taher A. Ba-Omar

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the structure of various stages of germ cells of the Aphanius dispar (Ruppell l828) in Oman. A dispar testes were of cystic type. Different stages of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids were observed within the cysts. Each cyst is occupied by a group of germ cells almost all in the same stage. The morphology and ultra structure of the nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles of the germ cells are described. Some flagella possessing lateral side fins and some biflagellated spermatozoa were seen.

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Computer-Aided Design For Estimating Foundation Uplift On Expansion Soils, Adnan A. Basma, Amer Ali Al-Rawas Apr 2025

Computer-Aided Design For Estimating Foundation Uplift On Expansion Soils, Adnan A. Basma, Amer Ali Al-Rawas

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

This work presents a methodology to determine in-situ heave of foundations due to soil expansion. A total of 206 soil specimens from a semi-arid region (lrbid city in northern Jordan) were tested in the laboratory to produce a model for predicting the swell percent, SP. The results indicate that SP is strongly dependent on the placement conditions (initial water content and dry unit weight), clay content of the soil and the initial applied pressure. Utilizing this model, an Advanced BASIC computer program was written to evaluate in-situ heave. It was verified using actual field data: The program provides a Simple …

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A New Record Of Hydroptila Cruciata Ulmer In Southern Oman With Notes On Its Larval Biology, R. Victor Apr 2025

A New Record Of Hydroptila Cruciata Ulmer In Southern Oman With Notes On Its Larval Biology, R. Victor

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Fourth and fifth instar larvae of a hydroptilid richoptcran, Hydroprtila Ulmer 1912 were collected in the Sultanate of Oman for the first time. The fifth instar larva constructs a purse-case With filamentous algae. Notes on the habitat characteristics and the larval biology of this species are given.

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An Investigation Into The Traditional Method Of Production Of Omani Sarooj, A. W. Hago, Amer Ali Al-Rawas Apr 2025

An Investigation Into The Traditional Method Of Production Of Omani Sarooj, A. W. Hago, Amer Ali Al-Rawas

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In the past, sarooj had been used as the basic cementing material with which the A flaj system (the irrigation system used in Oman) was built. Worldwide, materials like sarooj existed and were known for their good impermeability and long durability. For this reason it was extensively used in hydraulic structures. Even in this century and with the ready availability of Portland cements, special plants were erected to produce materials like sarooj for major dams in the world. In the process of hydration In sarooj-lime mixes or in sarooj-cement mixes free lime is released which causes distress through the expansion …

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A Computer Aided Learning Tool For Readers, Sane M. Yagi, Saad Harous Apr 2025

A Computer Aided Learning Tool For Readers, Sane M. Yagi, Saad Harous

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

A bilingual piece of software has been developed to cultivate student speed and critical reading abilities by expanding their visual span, improving their eye movement, reducing their visual regression, developing their stock of vocabulary, and by honing their skimming, scanning, and critical understanding skills. This paper overviews the software, explains its educational value for language teaching, and experimentally demonstrates its utility.

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