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Winning Without Fighting: Irregular Warfare And Strategic Competition In The 21st Century, Joseph J. Collins

Joint Force Quarterly

This book review assesses Winning Without Fighting: Irregular Warfare and Strategic Competition in the 21st Century by Rebecca Patterson and coauthors. The book presents irregular warfare as a broad form of strategic competition that relies on military, economic, informational, diplomatic, and resilience-based tools to advance national objectives short of conventional war. The review highlights the authors’ comparison of U.S. strategic culture with the more integrated approaches to competition employed by authoritarian states, particularly China and Russia, and their use of Cold War political warfare as a historical reference point. It also discusses the book’s treatment of economic statecraft, information activities, …

Movement And Maneuver At Leyte, October 1944, Michael M. Trimble, Douglas W. Burkman, Michael L. Simmons

Joint Force Quarterly

This article uses Operation King II, the October 1944 campaign to seize Leyte and begin the liberation of the Philippines, as a case study in joint movement and maneuver. The authors argue that the operation offers enduring lessons for today’s joint force, particularly in multidomain operations conducted in a maritime theater. They trace the strategic context, planning, command relationships, and execution of the Leyte operation, including the convergence of U.S. land, sea, and air forces and the challenges created by divided command arrangements. The article highlights the importance of integrated planning, clear communication between supported and supporting commanders, timely intelligence, …

Both Joint And Not: Medical Support At Okinawa, 1945, Sanders Marble

Joint Force Quarterly

In 1945, the U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps invaded Okinawa. Heavy casualties were projected, and medical planning was thorough and multi-layered. Medical support was as joint as anything the period could offer, although quite different from today. In a dispersed, low-bandwidth environment, planners did not try to increase "jointness" but had services work in parallel and opted to reduce overlap.

This article looks at the medical planning and how medical support unfolded. Medical care was good, as good as possible in the period. Medical and surgical patients received plenty of care, but psychological patients could receive less care, although …

Toward A 21st-Century Medical Offset Strategy, George A. Barbee, Benjamin J. Ingram

Joint Force Quarterly

This article argues that the joint force needs a medical offset strategy designed for large-scale combat operations and contested multidomain environments, where casualty volumes, evacuation constraints, dispersed operations, and attacks on medical support may overwhelm approaches that proved effective during the post-9/11 wars. The authors propose three complementary medical offset strategies: far-forward intervention, technology and innovation, and allies and partners. Far-forward intervention emphasizes early treatment, hemorrhage control, blood administration, austere care, and flexible casualty evacuation. The technology and innovation offset focuses on artificial intelligence–assisted patient movement, predictive and additive logistics, unmanned evacuation and sustainment systems, novel therapies, and improved medical …

Developing Alternative Manning Strategies To Maintain The Combat Effectiveness Of The Joint Force, Shawn M. Cook, Andrew Hall, Todd Spanton

Joint Force Quarterly

The U.S. military faces a shrinking pool of eligible and willing recruits, driven by declining physical and mental health eligibility, lower propensity to serve, and reduced confidence in military institutions. This article considers three approaches to sustaining the combat effectiveness of the joint force under these conditions: improving the fitness and readiness of the recruit population, adapting military standards and expectations to the available population, and maintaining a smaller force augmented by advanced technology. The authors argue that broad efforts to change population health and behavior are costly and difficult to sustain, while simply lowering standards could reduce military capability. …

Protecting Ace: Air Defense And Agile Combat Employment, Ian D. Richardson

Joint Force Quarterly

The United States Air Force’s Agile Combat Employment concept intends to complicate adversary targeting through rapid maneuver between dispersed airfields. However, the concept lacks a flexible approach to implement an added layer of air defense protection at these sites. This article offers the Army’s Multi-Domain Task Force Short Range Air Defense capabilities as a viable solution to this gap, and explores the impacts to organization, doctrine, and training associated with implementing such a solution. This analysis contributes to the ongoing development of both Air Force and Army operational concepts against near-peer adversaries.

Defusing Weaponized Interdependence: A New Approach To Measuring Country Reliability, Michael F. Harsch, Shaun Lee

Joint Force Quarterly

Global supply chain disruptions, U.S.-China trade competition, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the war in Ukraine have highlighted the risks created by economic interdependence and dependence on potentially unreliable suppliers. This article introduces the Measure of Country Reliability (MCR), a framework for assessing the reliability of prospective U.S. economic and supply chain partners. The measure combines countries’ voting behavior in the United Nations General Assembly, used as an indicator of past geopolitical alignment with the United States, with Freedom House Global Freedom Scores, used to estimate likely future reliability. The authors apply the MCR to the 1973 oil embargo and to …

Solving The Crisis: A Partnership Approach For Safe, Affordable Military Housing, Michael Kittrell, Michael Borders

Joint Force Quarterly

This article examines the critical housing shortage at Cannon Air Force Base (CAFB) and proposes a collaborative, community-driven approach to solving the crisis. It highlights the structural issues behind the shortage—ranging from military retention challenges to nationwide housing market pressures—and details the strategic formation of the “House Hunters” team to develop innovative, interim solutions. The authors advocate for leveraging intergovernmental partnerships and public-private initiatives, such as apartment leases and university collaborations, to address dormitory deficits ahead of delayed military construction. The article calls for bold policy changes and agile financing strategies to ensure safe, affordable housing for military personnel in …

America Needs Bold, Visionary, And Strategic Joint Force Leaders, James W. Browning

Joint Force Quarterly

Once selected for a Joint Force higher-level leadership position, it is imperative to have a clear action plan to ensure a smooth transition into the role. The significance of preparation cannot be overstated. The notion of a 90-day grace period for acclimatization is a myth of the past. Today’s Joint Force leaders must be prepared to hit the ground running.

Dr. Jim Browning summarizes tactical approaches, insights, and practical actions gathered from more than 100 government and military executives and senior leaders. This guidance aims to help newly selected senior leaders transition smoothly and effectively both before and during their …

Obstacles To Integrating Deterrence, Jeffrey A. Larsen, James J. Wirtz

Joint Force Quarterly

Integrated deterrence is a concept introduced by the Biden administration in 2022 that calls for a whole-of-government, whole-of-alliance approach to deterrence. It responds to an increasingly complex world with new warfare domains, new and emerging technologies, highly sophisticated weaponry, and multiple regional and global actors, including two peer nuclear competitors. Nevertheless, the concept remains vague, especially when it comes to who is responsible for its implementation. This article describes the conceptual, organizational, and operational obstacles and considerations likely to be encountered by the effort to integrate deterrence. It concludes with some recommendations for operationalizing the concept across the US government …

A New Step In China’S Military Reform, Joel Wuthnow

Joint Force Quarterly

In April 2024, Xi Jinping announced a new military restructuring focused on improving the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)’s ability to achieve information dominance and conduct integrated joint operations in wartime. Continuing a process of reform that Xi initiated nearly a decade ago, the latest reform included three parts: eliminating the Strategic Support Force (SSF), establishing a new Information Support Force (ISF) responsible for network defense and communications support, and placing the ISF and three other support forces under Xi’s direct control. This reform constituted the most significant structural overhaul of the PLA in the last five years, and the first …

Executive Summary, William T. Eliason

Joint Force Quarterly

Effective communication is essential to joint warfighting success, yet even basic tasks, like radio reprogramming, can fail without proper training and leadership. Editor in Chief William T. Eliason emphasizes the life-saving importance of communication and the need to instill such skills at every level of the force. He adds a tribute to Dr. John Church’s editorial and visual contributions to JFQ and gives an update on the temporary pause of the annual essay competitions due to logistical constraints. This issue of Joint Force Quarterly features timely analyses on China’s military reform, the challenges of integrated deterrence, visionary leadership development, and …

Joint Force Quarterly, Issue 117, 2nd Quarter 2025, National Defense University Press

Joint Force Quarterly

Joint Force Quarterly 117 centers on the urgent call for bold, visionary leadership within the U.S. Joint Force. Highlighting challenges such as integrated deterrence, alternative manning strategies, and China’s military reforms, this issue provides strategic insights for future readiness. It features forward-leaning proposals on air defense, military housing, and medical innovation, alongside historical case studies from Okinawa and Leyte. Book reviews and expert commentary further enrich the discourse on contemporary military leadership and strategy.

So Much More Than Summer Camp: The Importance Of Environmental Education At Nature Centers, Olivia P. Upton

Student Scholar Showcase

Education in the U.S. currently faces a deficit in the promotion and proper teaching of climate change curriculum. Oftentimes caused by a lack of clear teaching standards for environmental education, the American political machine stirring up controversy, or teacher preferences, there are obvious gaps in the teaching of climate change curriculum. As climate change is considered one of the greatest threats facing humanity today, there is a need to educate people, especially younger generations, in order to navigate future challenges and make informed decisions. Nature centers offer the ideal location for the promotion of climate change education based on their …

Imitation, The Sincerest Form Of Flattery: Whether The Unauthorized Use Of A Trademark After The Termination Of A Franchise Constitutes Counterfeiting?, Rachel Auld

Liberty University Research Week

This note examines whether the unauthorized use of a trademark after the termination of a franchise constitutes counterfeiting. Currently, the Sixth Circuit and Ninth Circuit of the United States are divided in answering this question. The Sixth Circuit held that a franchisee’s use of a franchisor’s trademark following the termination of a franchise does not constitute a counterfeit mark under the Lanham Act. However, the Ninth Circuit held that a licensee’s use of a licensor’s certification mark following the termination of the license does constitute a counterfeit mark. While certification marks and trademarks differ in name, the core purpose of …

From Game Of Thrones To Romantasy: Representing The Female Experience In Medievalist Fantasy, Ashton Reed

Dr. Jay W. Boland Research Day

This thesis seeks to understand to extent to which fantasy media is founded upon patriarchal tendencies, the ramifications of which affect the publishing industry today. To define fantasy, I use J.R.R. Tolkien’s definition which includes a secondary world with rules that contradict those of our own world but that are understandable within the context of that world. Particularly, I explore the origins of medievalist fantasy stories, with the understanding that this particular branch of fantasy media (which emphasizes tropes and idealizations of the Middle Ages) creates the basis for the modern cultural schema of fantasy. With medievalist intentions come an …

Washington D.C. Alternative Break Spring 2025 Recap, Finn Shirley, Chloe Campbell

Dr. Jay W. Boland Research Day

No abstract provided.

Unveiling Agency: The Roles Of Women In Virginia Manumission, Sydney Gilbert

Liberty University Research Week

Women's roles in the history of slavery and manumission in the United States are often simplified to the titles of abolitionists or suffragettes despite the wide range of perspectives and influence these women held in the public and economic spheres. Virginia's rich history on manumission, or the voluntary freeing of slaves, provides a diverse perspective on women's influence in the movement as slaveholders, abolitionists, administrators, manumitters, and even enslaved individuals themselves. Women also generally held the responsibility to advocate morality in society from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, so the study of women's role in manumission reveals a more in-depth …

Bricks: Using Music To Increase Individual Mindfulness, Lakievia Johnson

Liberty University Research Week

Christian Secular music uses various literary devices to communicate messages in music lyrics. Depending on the context of the lyrics, the lyrics can be interpreted to be helpful and empowering or corrupting and harmful. Using various literary tools and devices, many messages in Christian Secular music can be interpreted in more than one way, and identifying the dual or multiple interpretations of the lyrics has multiple benefits. First, becoming aware of multiple interpretations enhances mindfulness and self-awareness. Increased mindfulness is an asset to believers and non-believers alike. For non-believers and believers, increased mindfulness promotes awareness of intention and improved decision-making. …

Preserving Life, Protecting Dignity: A Call To Abolish Physician-Assisted Suicide, Adeline Holcombe

Liberty University Research Week

The legalization of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in states such as California and Oregon has introduced a dangerous contradiction into American law and ethics – undermining the state’s longstanding interest in preserving human life while eroding the sanctity of life itself. This research aims to analyze: How do laws legalizing physician-assisted suicide conflict with the state’s compelling interest in preserving life, and how does the biblical principle of the sanctity of life provide a more coherent legal and ethical foundation? This project will employ a legal textual analysis of primary legal sources, including Washington v. Glucksberg, Vacco v. Quill, and state …

Criminal Liability For Trafficking In Human Organs And Tissues In Light Of Federal Decree Law No. (25) Of 2023 “A Comparative Study ", Mariam Saeed Abdulla

Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses

This study aims to explore the possibility of compensation for the abuse of the right to divorce and voluntary separation under the current UAE law. The study begins by identifying the cases excluded from the scope of abuse, with the objective of accurately defining the cases that warrant compensation. It examines the potential forms of abuse in the context of divorce and voluntary separation, and addresses the adequacy of current legal standards in assessing appropriate compensations.
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/="/">The study employed an analytical methodology to achieve its objectives, analyzing relevant texts in the Personal Status Law and Civil Transactions Law, …

Free Palestine Occupation (#3), Oscar Lopez

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

عزيزتي فلسطين, Emma Goldman-Sherman

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

Dear Palestine, Emma Goldman-Sherman

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

These poems have appeared nowhere.

Kufiya Palestina, Tanne Unland Tanne

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

Bordando Luchas, Mariana Eva Salas

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

Bastard Petty, Dobby Morse

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

St. Patrick’S Day, 2024, Melissa Wolf Roberts

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

Eulogy For A Dead Dream, Marjorie Hunt

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

n/a

Free Palestine Occupation (#2), Oscar Lopez

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.