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Unraveling Exoplanetary Signatures From Stellar Activity: A Journey Beyond The Known In Rv Mass Measurements Of K Dwarf Planets, Claire Susanne Geneser May 2025

Unraveling Exoplanetary Signatures From Stellar Activity: A Journey Beyond The Known In Rv Mass Measurements Of K Dwarf Planets, Claire Susanne Geneser

Theses and Dissertations

A precise radial velocity (RV) monitoring campaign was conducted for two Targets of Interest (TOI), TOI-2443 b and TOI-139 b, identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) as exoplanet candidates orbiting K dwarf stars. Preliminary estimates of the transmission spectroscopy metric (TSM) indicate that the transiting planets are promising targets for atmospheric follow-up. I perform a multi-planet RV analysis of the TOI-2443 system, combining infrared and optical RV data. The model robustly recovers the signal of TOI-2443 b, an eccentric warm sub-Neptune, with a semi-amplitude of 2.54 ± 0.24 m/s, corresponding to a mass of 7.11 ± 0.67 ��⊕ …


The Influence Of Incorrectly Labelled Ai-Generated Images On Subjective Feelings Of Truth And Memory, Tanner Mckenzie Grubbs May 2025

The Influence Of Incorrectly Labelled Ai-Generated Images On Subjective Feelings Of Truth And Memory, Tanner Mckenzie Grubbs

Theses and Dissertations

Artificial intelligence (AI) photo generators generated more than 15 billion images in the past year alone (Valyaeva, 2023). To subdue concerns about misinformation, many online platforms have mandated that content generated with AI be labelled as such (Bond, 2023), but the efficacy of these warning labels is largely unknown. Previous research shows that the presence of an image affects how much we trust the information we are exposed to, so we would expect these AI-generated images to influence people’s beliefs. The purpose of the present research was to examine how AI-generated warning labels influence people’s trust in claims presented with …


Atmospheric Turbulence Education Effects On Flight Anxiety, Megan A. Hanna May 2025

Atmospheric Turbulence Education Effects On Flight Anxiety, Megan A. Hanna

Theses and Dissertations

This study examines the effect of turbulence education on flight anxiety. A pre-post methodology measured students’ anxiety levels before and after a study abroad flight, using an educational video during the pre-flight survey to change their feelings. The Flight Anxiety Situations (FAS) questionnaire assessed anxiety at three survey points: pre-video, post-video, and post-flight. Qualitative analysis using Friedman’s test and the Wilcoxon Signed-rank test, indicated that turbulence education effectively decreased generalized and anticipatory flight anxiety, particularly in non-phobic students. Text analysis of open-ended responses suggested increased scientific knowledge post-video helped students apply technical atmospheric processes to their feelings. Turbulence education was …


How Do Tuition Benefits Affect University Staff Retention, Social Connection, And Institutional Commitment?, Lian A. Harris May 2025

How Do Tuition Benefits Affect University Staff Retention, Social Connection, And Institutional Commitment?, Lian A. Harris

Theses and Dissertations

Employee retention is costly for many companies, including colleges and universities. Tuition benefits have been shown to be helpful in recruitment and retention. This study looked at how tuition benefits used by university staff members affected turnover intentions, workplace belonging and institutional commitment. Benefits eligible university staff members, who were in primarily non-teaching roles at one rural, four-years land grant university were asked to complete an electronic survey, and 250 responses were collected. To measure the variables of interest the survey combined scale items representing each of the dependent variables; turnover intention (Bothma & Roodt, 2013), workplace belonging (Jena & …


Comprehensive Study On Bonding Performance, Durability, And Protective Measures Of Cross-Laminated Timber, Bradia Thelina Henfield May 2025

Comprehensive Study On Bonding Performance, Durability, And Protective Measures Of Cross-Laminated Timber, Bradia Thelina Henfield

Theses and Dissertations

The increasing use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in construction necessitates a deeper understanding of adhesive bonding properties, biological durability, and preservative treatments to enhance its performance. This dissertation investigates these aspects through three interrelated studies focusing on hardwood CLT and preservative-treated southern pine CLT. The first study evaluates the adhesive bonding performance of hardwood CLT fabricated from red oak (Quercus spp.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), using southern pine (Pinus spp.) as a control. Shear block and delamination tests revealed significant variation in bond strength and moisture durability among species. While red oak exhibited the highest delamination, …


The Effects Of Biological Products On Soybean In Mississippi, Tucker Alan Hilyer May 2025

The Effects Of Biological Products On Soybean In Mississippi, Tucker Alan Hilyer

Theses and Dissertations

Biological products are an option being marketed towards Mississippi soybean producers that have many purported effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biological products across the predominant soybean growing regions of Mississippi. Products were evaluated at seven site-years in Mississippi during the 2023 and 2024 growing season against an untreated and treated control in a randomized complete block design. Products were evaluated for agronomic, morphological, and pathological effects. Very few effects from biological products were observed. With a lack of effects, adoption of these biologicals in Mississippi may be seldom.


Interactions Between Different Deformation Mechanisms In Magnesium, Ethan T. Holder May 2025

Interactions Between Different Deformation Mechanisms In Magnesium, Ethan T. Holder

Theses and Dissertations

Magnesium is a strong and lightweight material with the potential to be used for weight reduction in various industries. However, manufacturing magnesium parts is difficult because magnesium is brittle at room temperature. Understanding the underlying deformation mechanisms in magnesium is critical to improving its ductility. In this work a Rapid Artificial Neural Network (RANN) potential was used to perform a Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation in Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) to study twin formation and growth as well as interactions between different twin modes in a magnesium bicrystal. This work offers insight into the mechanisms of plastic deformation in …


Investigating Structure-Property Relationships Of Bio-Inspired Gel, Mohammad Moinul Hossain May 2025

Investigating Structure-Property Relationships Of Bio-Inspired Gel, Mohammad Moinul Hossain

Theses and Dissertations

High-modulus, stretchable, and resilient hydrogels possess a wide array of promising applications across multiple fields, such as the development of sophisticated prosthetic devices, artificial skin, electronic devices, and soft robotics. Elastomeric biopolymers, like resilin, show high stretchability and resilience, facilitating power-amplified movement in various species essential for feeding and defense mechanisms. To mimic the properties of resilin, we developed a hydrogel system of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. These gels are synthesized by free radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AAc), methacrylamide (MAM), n-tert-beutylacrylamide (BAM) or n-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), and poly (propylene glycol) diacrylate (PPGDA). This research aims to compare the large-strain mechanical …


Exploring Sexual Dimorphism In A Drosophila Melanogaster Model Of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Madelyn Hunter May 2025

Exploring Sexual Dimorphism In A Drosophila Melanogaster Model Of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Madelyn Hunter

Theses and Dissertations

Neurodegenerative diseases affect over 36 million people and are characterized by loss of motor control, neuronal degradation, and behavioral changes. The most common of these diseases exhibit sexually dimorphic effects. In this study, Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) was modeled in the Drosophila central nervous system using the yeast hybrid UAS/GAL4 system. Locomotor activity and clock gene expression was monitored for male and female SCA1 and control flies. Clock genes such as per, tim, Clk, and cyc were monitored over a 24-hour period using qRT-PCR, and distinct sexual dimorphism was detected in locomotor activity and in gene expression for SCA1 …


Corn (Zea Mays L.) Productivity, Profitability, And Environmental Sustainability Responses To Nitrogen Application Strategies, Morgan Hutton May 2025

Corn (Zea Mays L.) Productivity, Profitability, And Environmental Sustainability Responses To Nitrogen Application Strategies, Morgan Hutton

Theses and Dissertations

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is a critical and costly component in mid-southern United States (US) corn (Zea mays L.) production. This study was conducted to determine whether corn productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability could be manipulated through N application strategies. The effects of N rate, application system, and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) injection strategies on corn grain yield, N uptake, and runoff N were investigated near Brooksville, MS and Tchula, MS. In 2023 and 2024, N rate nor application system nor trench covering strategies nor UAN injection depth affected corn grain yield. Injecting UAN in two trenches 20 cm from crop …


Semantic Segmentation Via Transfer Learning For Off-Road Data, Haley Breann Honigfort May 2025

Semantic Segmentation Via Transfer Learning For Off-Road Data, Haley Breann Honigfort

Theses and Dissertations

In autonomous driving, utilizing deep learning models to help make decisions has become a popular theme, particularly in the realm of computer vision. Deep learning models are heavily influenced to make decisions based on the environments in which they are trained. Currently, very few datasets exist for off-road autonomy that include visual semantic segmentation labels. Traditional semantic segmentation requires hand-labeling large imagery datasets or using synthetically generated imagery to train a model. This study aims to apply transfer learning techniques to automatically label a new off-road dataset. That objective will be accomplished in two phases: first, by utilizing pre-existing labels …


A Systematic Literature Review Of The Implementation Of High-Quality Instructional Materials (Hqims) In K-12 Education, Melanie Jackson May 2025

A Systematic Literature Review Of The Implementation Of High-Quality Instructional Materials (Hqims) In K-12 Education, Melanie Jackson

Theses and Dissertations

The implementation of High-Quality Instructional Materials (HQIMs) in K–12 education is essential for promoting equitable and effective learning outcomes. Additionally, HQIMs ensure that students are engaged with grade-level material, which is critical for achieving mastery of grade-level standards, thereby fostering deeper understanding and academic success across all student populations. However, challenges such as misalignment with curriculum standards, insufficient professional development, limited teacher buy-in, and resource disparities continue to hinder successful implementation. This study aims to examine these barriers and identify evidence-based strategies to support effective HQIMs implementation. Specifically, this research seeks to answer the question: "What are the key factors …


A Cloud Of Witnesses: Captivity Among The Society People Of Colonial Pennsylvania, Jenifer L. Ishee May 2025

A Cloud Of Witnesses: Captivity Among The Society People Of Colonial Pennsylvania, Jenifer L. Ishee

Theses and Dissertations

In 1760, Jean McCord Lowry published a journal detailing her three years of captivity among the Delawares of Pennsylvania and the French Catholic authorities in New France during the Seven Years’ War. Lowry was a member of a religious community known as the Society People that strictly adhered to the codes, rules, and ordinances of the Scottish National Covenant of 1638 and the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643. This sect emerged from a series of European imperial conflicts that led to internal divisions within the Covenanter community. The Society People in Scotland, Ireland, and colonial America believed themselves the …


Over And Under Identification Of Emotional Disturbance (Emd) In Minority Students: Implications For Best Practices In Emd Assessment, Danielle Chanell Jackson May 2025

Over And Under Identification Of Emotional Disturbance (Emd) In Minority Students: Implications For Best Practices In Emd Assessment, Danielle Chanell Jackson

Theses and Dissertations

Emotional Disturbance (EmD) remains one of the most inconsistently defined and assessed categories under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), leading to widespread misidentification that disproportionately affects minority students. This study investigates systemic biases in EmD assessment practices, highlighting how subjective criteria and a heavy reliance on clinical judgment perpetuate disparities in identifying African American and Latino students in special education. To better understand these biases, the study sought to identify which assessment components school psychologists most frequently utilized when making eligibility determinations for EmD. Quantitative analysis revealed that while race was not a statistically significant predictor of EmD …


Russia In The Mena Region: Why Do States Draft Defense Cooperation Agreements With Non-Contiguous States?, Laurel Jayes May 2025

Russia In The Mena Region: Why Do States Draft Defense Cooperation Agreements With Non-Contiguous States?, Laurel Jayes

Theses and Dissertations

This paper investigates the reasons behind the disparity in the signing of Defense Cooperation Agreements (DCAs) among MENA countries. Western sanctions and financial dependence on Russia are the two primary factors used in the research to evaluate scenarios using a Boolean method and a Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD). While states that depend on Russian energy exports may align more closely with Moscow for strategic and economic gains, the paper examines how states under Western sanctions frequently look to Russia for alternative security relationships. Case studies that illustrate the circumstances under which MENA states seek formal defense connections with Russia …


Designing An Instructional Coaching Model For Residency-Based Alternate Route Teacher Candidates In Mississippi To Improve Instructional Competencies And Self-Efficacy, Lamareshia Daoma Johnson May 2025

Designing An Instructional Coaching Model For Residency-Based Alternate Route Teacher Candidates In Mississippi To Improve Instructional Competencies And Self-Efficacy, Lamareshia Daoma Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Alternate route teachers are adult learners who enter the teaching profession through nontraditional pathways, often without formal training in education. While they bring diverse experiences and a commitment to student success, they frequently face challenges in translating theoretical knowledge into effective classroom practice. Research indicates that instructional coaching serves as a critical bridge between pedagogical theory and practical application, providing job-embedded professional development that enhances instructional competencies. At its core, instructional coaching is a collaborative partnership built on trust and respect, offering teachers a supportive space to reflect on their practice, receive targeted feedback, and develop their professional identity. Alternate …


The Effect Of Dexmedetomidine On The Frequency Of Ureteral Jets Detected In Dogs Using Standard Brightness Mode Ultrasonography, Leonard E. Jordan Ii May 2025

The Effect Of Dexmedetomidine On The Frequency Of Ureteral Jets Detected In Dogs Using Standard Brightness Mode Ultrasonography, Leonard E. Jordan Ii

Theses and Dissertations

Ultrasonography can be used in dogs to visualize urine entering the urinary bladder (ureteral jets) to determine whether urine enters the bladder normally. Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for chemical restraint and has diuretic properties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the number of jets detected using B-mode ultrasonography. We hypothesized: that intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine would cause increased numbers of jets; that jets would increase with increasing doses of dexmedetomidine and length of sedation. Compared to baseline, increases in observed jets occurred at 30- and 40-minutes post 3 mcg/kg (p=0.042 …


Biomechanics Of Softball Pitching And The Relationship Between Functional Field Tests And Pitching Performance, Joshua Spencer Johnson May 2025

Biomechanics Of Softball Pitching And The Relationship Between Functional Field Tests And Pitching Performance, Joshua Spencer Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Over 2 million people in the United States play softball alone, yet softball literature in exercise science and biomechanics is still sparse. Research that exists for softball pitching has focused on injury mechanisms and prevention, with a small portion of the literature reporting on performance. Studies have reported evidence suggesting that vertical ground reaction forces of the stride leg are related to pitch velocity. However, no studies have investigated the role of the stride leg during the initial launch phase of the pitch. Research has investigated kinematics such as pelvic and thoracic rotation during the pitch, but no research has …


Finite Element Analysis Of Hydroxyapatite (Ha) Coated Porous We43 Magnesium Scaffolds For Simulating Long-Time In Vitro Degradation Using A Continuum Damage Model, Dam Kim May 2025

Finite Element Analysis Of Hydroxyapatite (Ha) Coated Porous We43 Magnesium Scaffolds For Simulating Long-Time In Vitro Degradation Using A Continuum Damage Model, Dam Kim

Theses and Dissertations

While magnesium and its alloys are viable biodegradable implant candidates for its similarity of Young’s modulus with human bone and its strong biocompatibility, a pure magnesium scaffold degrades too rapidly to be used in many orthopedic implications. Overcoming this high degradation rate has been one of the biggest technical challenges for Mg-based biomedical applications. This research focuses on validating a finite element analysis framework using a continuum damage model and its application to simulate the degradation process of non-coated additively manufactured WE43 and HA-coated WE43 magnesium scaffolds. This work includes determining model input parameters by matching in vitro experiment results …


Apatite Entrapment Of Iodine For Nuclear Waste Disposal Applications, William E. Laird May 2025

Apatite Entrapment Of Iodine For Nuclear Waste Disposal Applications, William E. Laird

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this thesis is to provide baseline knowledge of iodine incorporation into calcium phosphate minerals, specifically apatite. Iodine-129 is a fission product in Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) that can administer significant amounts of radiation in small quantities. Apatite (Ca10(PO4)6 (OH, F, Cl)) has been studied for the use of radionuclide confinement. Experimental design was set up to mimic temperatures expected in geologic repositories from 40 to 250℃. Experiments are broken into 2 groups based on iodine species being examined. The first group focuses on iodate (IO3-) which is prevalent under oxidized conditions, and the second handles iodide (I-) …


Research Advancement Of Guayule Resin As A Natural Wood Preservative, Abigael Nasimiyu Laisa May 2025

Research Advancement Of Guayule Resin As A Natural Wood Preservative, Abigael Nasimiyu Laisa

Theses and Dissertations

Increasing concerns about human health and the environment have led to raised demand for eco-friendly wood preservatives. Guayule resin, extracted from Parthenium argentatum plant contains insecticidal and antifungal compounds making it a promising natural wood preservative. This study evaluated suitable carrier system for guayule resin, as well as leaching rate and termite resistance of treated yellow poplar and southern pine specimens. Wood specimens were treated with different concentrations of guayule in acetone, toluene, and ethyl acetate using vacuum impregnation. The leaching behavior and termite resistance of the treated specimens were assessed according to the AWPA Standard E11-16 and AWPA Standard …


An In Depth Examination Of Educational, Family, Economic, And Personal Determinants On Academic Performance, Engagement, And Stress: A Comprehensive Study Among Engineering Students, Oumaima Larif May 2025

An In Depth Examination Of Educational, Family, Economic, And Personal Determinants On Academic Performance, Engagement, And Stress: A Comprehensive Study Among Engineering Students, Oumaima Larif

Theses and Dissertations

This study explores the effects of family, education, economic, and personal factors on students’ decisions to pursue engineering as a profession and their long-term impact on performance as engineering students. We adopted a mixed-method approach, collecting data through surveys administered to undergraduate and graduate engineering students at Mississippi State University. The study results revealed that family, education, economic, and personal factors profoundly influence students' decisions to study engineering. We found that parental expectations, background information, and socioeconomic status, in conjunction with cultural norms, values, gender expectations, and religious beliefs, affect students. Additionally, this study identified gaps in the existing literature …


Best Practices In Community College Adult Education: Literature Review And Synthesis, Jon H. Lightsey May 2025

Best Practices In Community College Adult Education: Literature Review And Synthesis, Jon H. Lightsey

Theses and Dissertations

This study emphasizes the importance of adult education students and the critical lack of knowledge about promoting their success on satellite campuses in rural and low socioeconomic areas. This study aims to investigate best practices in adult education at community colleges to maintain the number of students enrolled until their program or training is completed. The high School Equivalency Diploma options include the GED, HiSET, and Competency-Based High School Equivalency Option. The results indicate adult education students might be more successful if they received the support services needed, such as counseling, tutoring, time management, and goal setting. This literature review …


Just Do Something: Framing A Movement To Fight Fascism, Heather-Ann Layth May 2025

Just Do Something: Framing A Movement To Fight Fascism, Heather-Ann Layth

Theses and Dissertations

This study seeks to better understand antifascist activism, in part to add sociological perspectives to the antifascist movement and better understand a group publicly maligned by negative portrayals by politicians and the media. This study is important because fascism is already doing real damage to marginalized Americans and represents a real threat of further identitarian and authoritarian oppression. Yet, the movement against growing fascism has been painted as a boogeyman in the public eye. Efforts to stop neo-Nazis and white supremacists from gathering are not discussed in terms of fighting fascism but rather in terms which criminalize and demonize antifascists. …


Cyber Security Threat Recognition And Preparedness Of Undergraduate Students, Litany Hope Lineberry May 2025

Cyber Security Threat Recognition And Preparedness Of Undergraduate Students, Litany Hope Lineberry

Theses and Dissertations

Cybersecurity awareness and preparedness are critical competencies for individuals across academic disciplines and professional sectors. However, undergraduate students often lack sufficient knowledge and skills to recognize and mitigate cybersecurity threats. This dissertation examines cybersecurity threat recognition and preparedness among undergraduate students through a three-phase research approach. Study 1 explores faculty perspectives on students' cybersecurity awareness, identifying gaps in knowledge and preparedness across various fields of study. Study 2 investigates industry professionals' perceptions of new hires’ cybersecurity readiness, assessing the alignment between academic training and industry expectations. Study 3 evaluates the effectiveness of an online intervention designed to enhance students' cybersecurity …


Asphalt Durability Improvements By Way Of Specification Advancements, Jessica V. Lewis May 2025

Asphalt Durability Improvements By Way Of Specification Advancements, Jessica V. Lewis

Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this dissertation is to provide content through which industry and agencies can adjust and/or update standards and specifications, as appropriate, to accommodate the present-day needs of the asphalt industry towards producing more durable asphalt. A total of 78 asphalt mixtures and 9 asphalt binders were evaluated for up to 10 years of field aging to provide content that was analyzed to meet this objective. A full-scale aging site in Columbus, Mississippi was the focal point of the aging experiments. A major conclusion from this work was that Cantabro Mass Loss (CML) testing of cores was able to …


Taking Flight: Utilizing Unmanned Aerial Systems To Sample Insects In Soybean, William "Covey" Lockhart May 2025

Taking Flight: Utilizing Unmanned Aerial Systems To Sample Insects In Soybean, William "Covey" Lockhart

Theses and Dissertations

Insect scouting in soybean is a labor-intensive task but is needed throughout the season to minimize losses. When soybeans are tall, soils are wet, or soybeans are planted in narrow rows, walking through these fields can be difficult. To overcome these limitations of manual sampling, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sampling platform was developed that can collect insects in a sweep net attached to the bottom of a UAV. This system has been named the “Drone Insect Net Sampling System” (DINSS). Previous research with this system has shown positive correlations to traditional manual sampling methods. To improve this system, modifications …


Impact Of Circular And Non-Circular Nozzle Exit Geometries On Jet Flow Propagation And Turbulence Characteristics, Hiba Maazioui May 2025

Impact Of Circular And Non-Circular Nozzle Exit Geometries On Jet Flow Propagation And Turbulence Characteristics, Hiba Maazioui

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis aims to investigate the impact of nozzle exit geometry on jet flow propagation and turbulence characteristics. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent, employing the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach, to compare circular, elliptic, and rectangular nozzle geometries. The analysis focused on velocity distributions, turbulence characteristics, and cross-flow interactions. Results indicate that circular jets have the longest potential core and slowest velocity decay, reflecting lower mixing rates. In contrast, elliptic and rectangular jets have shorter potential cores, faster velocity decay, and elevated TKE peaks, suggesting enhanced turbulence and mixing. These findings highlight the significant role of nozzle …


A Rapid Artificial Neural Network Interatomic Potential For Bismuth, Lee Michael Mayfield Jr. May 2025

A Rapid Artificial Neural Network Interatomic Potential For Bismuth, Lee Michael Mayfield Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

To study molecular dynamics in bismuth, Quantum Espresso was used to create a density functional theory (DFT) database which was then used as the input for rapid artificial neural network (RANN). The RANN interatomic potential that was developed using this database was then validated. Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was used to create simulations and gather data using the RANN potential. The properties of bismuth, including elastic constants, melting points, and volume change, were calculated and compared to DFT and experimentally observed data. The RANN potential coincided well with these values. The RANN potential shows good predictive capabilities for …


The Effects Of Alfaxalone, Alone Or With Butorphanol, On The Ultrasonographic Appearance Of The Feline Spleen, Grace Mcbride May 2025

The Effects Of Alfaxalone, Alone Or With Butorphanol, On The Ultrasonographic Appearance Of The Feline Spleen, Grace Mcbride

Theses and Dissertations

The sonographic effects of alfaxalone and butorphanol alone and in combination on feline splenic size, shape, margins, echogenicity, echotexture, and blood flow were investigated. In this randomized, prospective crossover study, 8 healthy adult cats were injected with alfaxalone 2.0 mg/kg IM, butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg IM, and each drug in combination. Splenic ultrasounds were performed before drug administration, then every 15 minutes for 1 hour. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and feline multiparametric sedation scores (FMSS) were recorded. Following at least a 7-day washout period, cats switched groups and the study was repeated. An increase in splenic size and no significant changes …