Digital Commons Network^™

Comparison Of The 1c2 Reference Filtered Cigar To The 1r6f Reference Filtered Cigarette, Amrita Machwe, Samuel B. Clark, Halle Harned, Tanvi Sawardekar, Stacey A. Slone, Huihua Ji, David K. Orren

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Introduction: Filtered cigars are a class of tobacco products that can be consumed similarly as conventional cigarettes. Here we have compared tobacco smoke condensates prepared from the 1C2 reference filtered cigar with those from the 1R6F reference cigarette with respect to effects on cell proliferation and viability and AhR-mediated gene expression. Methods: Tobacco smoke condensates were prepared using ISO, Health Canada Intense (HCI) or Cigar Smoking (CSR) regimens and certain HPHCs were measured. Cell proliferation and viability assays were performed on immortalized human bronchial or oral epithelial cell lines. AHR-mediated gene expression was measured using a mouse hepatoma cell line …

How Much Should A Conversational Recommender System Converse?, Akshit Kumar, Vahideh Manshadi, Akhilesh Tumu

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Conversational recommender systems powered by generative AI can enhance personalization by facilitating information elicitation through follow-up questions. However, engaging in these conversations imposes a communication cost on users. As platforms with different objectives and monetization models deploy these systems, a central question is: how does the platform’s objective and sellers’ strategic response shape the design of these systems in terms of their elicitation strategy? We develop a parsimonious model of conversational elicitation in which interaction generates noisy preference information and imposes a communication cost borne by the user. A user-welfare-maximizing platform elicits more information when accurate niche matching yields large …

Life After Divorce: Effects Of Joint Custody On Parents And Children, Stella Canessa, Gordon B. Dahl, Anna Hasselqvist, Costas Meghir, Susan Niknami, Mårten Palme, Helmut Rainer, Olof Rosenqvist, Pengpeng Xiao

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Divorce reshapes family life, yet little is known about one of its most consequential features: the allocation of child custody. We study the impact of joint versus sole custody on both parents and children using rich administrative data from Sweden linked to over 25 years of newly-collected court custody rulings. To address selection concerns, we exploit random assignment of custody disputes to judges who differ sharply in their propensity to grant joint custody. For fathers, joint custody substantially raises earnings and improves mental health, consistent with sustained paternal involvement enhancing labor market attachment and psychological well-being. In contrast, there are …

Ai Premium, Nicola Borri, Yukun Liu, Aleh Tsyvinski

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Using 380 trillion tokens of realized AI consumption across more than four hundred large language models from the licensed proprietary OpenRouter dataset covering approximately 2 percent of current global monthly AI token consumption, we analyze how AI affects firms, markets, and workers. Leveraging the unprecedented size, scope and granularity data, we construct the AI Factor from growth in tokens, dollars, and users, estimate firm-level AI Betas from stock return comovement, and characterize the AI Premium. First, we build a high-frequency AI factor and decompose it into salient components. Second, we show that firms whose returns covary more positively with the …

Credit Surfaces And Economic Uncertainty, John Geanokopolis, David E. Rappaport

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

The Credit Surface along the leverage dimension gives the bond spread as a function of the loan-to-value ratio. Empirically, we show that uncertainty shocks typically increase spreads and steepen the credit surface, profoundly affecting the supply of credit. Theoretically, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the convexity of the credit surface, and for changes in the anticipated distribution of collateral prices that lead to steepening of the credit surface. Finally, we show that the credit surface itself fully reveals the entire distribution of collateral prices, thus providing a new and vivid language with which to describe uncertainty and stochastic …

The Displacement Effects Of Domestic Outsourcing, Mayara Felix, Michael B. Wong

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Evidence that domestic outsourcing lowers pay comes largely from on-site transfers, in which workers move to a contractor but keep the same jobs. Displacement is rarely observed: whether workers lose their jobs, where they go, how earnings evolve. In Brazil’s 1993–1994 pro-outsourcing reforms, which differentially affected security guards, such transfers were rare; firms instead used occupational layoffs, shedding their guards while keeping other workers. Displaced guards’ employment recovered within five years, but many changed occupations and wages stayed about 12% lower. Lifetime losses average 1.2 to 1.5 years of pre-layoff earnings, concentrated among workers from high-wage firms, reflecting lost premia.

Domestic Outsourcing And Young-Worker Entry Into The Formal Sector, Mayara Felix, Michael B. Wong

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We provide evidence that domestic outsourcing increases young-worker entry into the formal sector. Leveraging a pair of 1993–1994 Brazilian reforms that reduced the relative cost of outsourcing security guards, a triple-differences design shows that the reforms increased formal guard employment by 4% and hiring from unemployment or informality by 7%, while reallocating formal employment from older to younger workers and leaving demographic-adjusted wages unchanged. Census data corroborate the rise in formality, driven by the youngest cohorts. The compositional shift mirrors a general pattern in Brazil’s matched employer–employee records: conditional on total firm size, employers with greater occupation-specific scale hire younger …

July 2026 Bulldog Alumni & Friends News, Kari Jones, Garrett King

Bulldog Alumni & Friends News

July 30 SWOSU Near You: Eischen’s

July 27 - August 7 Online SWOSU Athletic Auction

August 7 SWOSU Athletic Hall of Fame Banquet

August 8 SWOSU Athletic Auction and Dinner

October 30-31 SWOSU Homecoming

Lawyers' Manual For Appealing Parole Denials: Administrative Appeals And Article 78 Petitions, Parole Preparation Project

All Categories

No abstract provided.

Black Brilliance By Design: Culturally Affirming Strategies For High School And Postsecondary Success, Kirsten E. Thornton

Education Dissertations

College and career readiness and access programming aims to prepare students for postsecondary enrollment and success. The intentional implementation of college and career readiness programming was introduced to address the achievement gap in educational outcomes, including but not limited to: graduation rates, college enrollment, college retention, and viable career opportunities. However, Black students who graduate high school and are not adequately academically and socially prepared for postsecondary education compared to their white and non-white counterparts. Current college and career readiness frameworks lack a culturally-relevant lens necessary to effectively address the unique needs of the Black communities in achieving college readiness. …

Demographic And Socioeconomic Factors Associated With Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: A 10-Year Retrospective Study, Julia Finley, Michael Mcglone Md, Sri Kiran Chennupati Md

Research Scholars

No abstract provided.

Saw-Tooth Slot Antenna Sensor For Dielectric Characterization Of Alcohols, Saline Solutions, And Glucose, Hilary Scott Nkimbeng Cho, Jin W. Choi

Michigan Tech Publications

In this study, a low-profile and saw-tooth-shaped slot antenna sensor is proposed for liquid characterization, demonstrating sensitivity to dielectric variations in glucose, saline, and alcohol-based solutions. The antenna consists of a single-layer Rogers 4003C substrate with a rectangular slot integrated with multiple saw-tooth perturbations on the top side and a modified microstrip feedline with a quarter-wavelength transformer on the bottom side. The saw-tooth geometry enhances electric field concentration within the slot region, thereby improving sensitivity to variations in dielectric properties. When liquids with different dielectric constants are deposited on the saw-tooth region of the antenna, measurable resonance frequency shifts occur, …

Irrigation Use In A Changing Landscape: A Combined Economic And Hydrologic Approach, Noormah Rizwan, Jamshid Jahali, Molly Sears, Sean Woznicki, Tao Liu, Oskar Marko, Mirjana Radulović

Michigan Tech Publications

Warmer temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns are threatening global water availability. Irrigation is a key risk-mitigation strategy, helping sustain crop yields under climate stress. Limited research has examined farmers' likelihood of irrigating under climate change, or the effects of large-scale irrigation expansion on future water availability, largely due to challenges in acquiring field-level irrigation data. Using an integrated econometric-hydrologic modeling approach, we investigate how short- and long-run climatic conditions shape irrigation incentives and feasibility in Serbia—an increasingly water-stressed region—and how these incentives evolve under future climate scenarios. Our econometric model identifies when and where irrigation becomes a viable option under …

Absorption Characteristics Of A Passive Damper-Augmented Timoshenko Beam Using A Wave-Decomposition Approach, Samikhshak Gupta, Vijaya Venkata Narasimha Sriram Malladi

Michigan Tech Publications

Local impedance variations in structural waveguides partially reflect and absorb incidentflexural waves, motivating wave-based strategies for passive vibration control. This studydevelops and experimentally validates a wave-energy framework to quantify and optimizeflexural wave absorption by Kelvin–Voigt attachments on a finite Timoshenko beam.A finite element model is validated against Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry measurementsfrom a clamped–clamped aluminum beam with a passive damper mounted nearone end, with dashpot parameters identified through two independent approaches andthe discrepancies attributed to parameter uncertainty. Wave decomposition of the simulatedand measured velocity fields yields the power reflection coefficient ρ(ω) and powerabsorption coefficient α(ω) over the 0–15.3 kHz band. …

Ms4 Swmpp 2026, John Kay

Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Permit

Stormwater discharges from Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM) are eligible for coverage under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Permit. This Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP) was prepared by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (NTESS) for the Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Sandia Field Office (SFO), owner of SNL/NM, located in Albuquerque, NM.

Co-Designing Multimodal, Multilingual Text Sets: Centering Caregiver Choice, Katie M. Crook, Emily Howell, Lindsey W. Rowe, Hazel Vega Quesada, C. C. Bates

Publications

Early literacy instruction in the U.S. often centers monolingual, English-dominant practices that marginalize multilingual learners and their families. This qualitative design-based research study examines a family literacy initiative that engaged caregivers and teachers as co-designers of a multilingual, multimodal literacy resource bag. Using the MultiSemiotic Architecture Framework, we analyzed qualitative data to explore how collaborative text selection can advance linguistic justice in early childhood education. Findings highlight five themes that shaped intentional text selection and supported multilingual home literacy practices: content, language, cultural relevance, curricular alignment, and collaborative modifications. By centering families' cultural and linguistic resources, the project disrupted monolingual …

Career Pathways Program Annual Report For Ay 2025/26, Wie Yusuf

Career Pathways

Career Pathways launched in August 2017 as the university-wide initiative to provide career and professional development to graduate students. It encompasses both the Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) and the Preparing Future Professionals (PFP) Certificates. The Preparing Future Faculty Certificate was established in 2007, while the Preparing Future Professionals Certificate was launched in 2017, concurrently with the introduction of Career Pathways. The Career Pathways program prepares graduate students for a successful transition into thriving careers. With the PFP Certificate, the emphasis has been on addressing the existing gap in career and professional development for master’s and doctoral students with career plans …

Msw Portfolio: Through Courage And Heart, Meghan N. Conklin

Graduate Student Portfolios, Professional Papers, and Capstone Projects

This portfolio discusses my journey through the MSW program highlighting anti-oppressive frameworks, ethics, trauma informed care, and indigenous practice. This portfolio displays how I met the core competencies of advanced integrative practice with a focus on practice with youth in and out of institutional setting.

Math 119: Math For Elementary School Teachers Syllabus, Seth Lehman

Open Educational Resources

OER course syllabus for Math 119, Math for Elementary School Teachers, at Queens College

Office Of The Attorney General And Reporter, July 2026, Tennessee. Comptroller Of The Treasury.

Performance Audit Reports

No abstract provided.

State And Regional Variation In Access To Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation., Allan M. Joseph, Andrew J. Lautz, Carlie N. Myers, Ranjit S. Chima, Juan P. Gurria, Shafee Salloum, Wendy Hasson, Matthew P. Malone, Jenna Miller, Reanna Smith, Maya L. Dewan

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is only available in specialized medical centers. We conducted a geospatial analysis and found state- and region-level variation in the supply of ECMO centers, and the number of children who had access to ECMO. These findings may help target areas for the development of new ECMO programs.

Commedia Dell’Arte - Serious Funny Business, Caleb Dransfield

Course Materials

[From Introduction]

Picture this. It’s the year 1570. You fi nd yourself in Venice for the fi rst time and you are delighted by the unique culture around you. It’s a city built on the water, streets are replaced by canals. St Mark’s Basilica, the Doge’s palace, and the piazza do not disappoint. The Rialto is a hive of markets and vendors. As you wander the city you encounter something you haven’t seen before. A wooden stage erected, backed by a simple cloth. Onstage, actors in masks are leaping about and speaking to each other animatedly. Even with your limited …

Poetry Personified, Joseph Midolo

Course Materials

[From Introduction]

This chapter introduces several important elements of poetry, including figurative language, sound devices, Mood & Tone, theme, and common poetic forms. Throughout the chapter, readers will examine examples of poems and literary devices while learning how poets use language to shape meaning and emotion. Students will also practice identifying poetic techniques and analyzing how these elements work together within a text.

Check Before You Trust: Teaching K–12 Students To Evaluate Digital Information, Elexia Hertel

Resources for Educators

[First paragraph]

Students in K–12 schools encounter digital information every day, but they are not always prepared to decide whether that information is credible, useful, biased, incomplete, or misleading. This chapter is written specifically for K–12 school library and classroom instruction, not for academic library users or college-level research instruction. Its primary audience is upper elementary, middle school, and early high school learners who are beginning to conduct research, cite sources, compare online information, and participate in digital life.

Investigating And Re-Imagining Contemporary Religious Leadership, Amy Lawton, Feyza Akova

Sociology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Sociologists, anthropologists, cognitive scientists, and others have shown that religion is a feature of life in every known human society (Bellah 2011). While the cultural contexts, organizing principles, and values of each religion differ greatly – so much so that “religion” is a problematic universal category (Asad 1993) – many religions do share certain characteristics. One of those characteristics – shared among most social groups regardless of their purpose – is leadership, variously defined. Spiritual and religious groups, gatherings, and collectives have specific individuals that they turn to for wisdom, spiritual or moral guidance, fostering community, and/or ritual facilitation. We …

Risk Of Fracture Following Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibitors In Men With Advanced Prostate Cancer, Grace Lu-Yao, Nikita Nikita, Scott W. Keith, Krupa Gandhi, Amy L. Shaver, Swapnil Sharma, Christina Steinbock-Malfer, Hushan Yang, Christopher Yang, Kevin K. Zarrabi, Stephen J. Freedland, William K. Kelly

Kimmel Cancer Center Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: This population-based study aimed to quantify fracture risk after androgen receptor pathway inhibitors in advanced prostate cancer patients by preexisting health conditions.

METHODS: Patients were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare files who received abiraterone acetate with prednisone or enzalutamide between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2020. Health and fracture history were based on claims 1 year before androgen receptor pathway inhibitor with follow-up through December 31, 2020. The main outcome of the study was the cumulative fracture risk after first date of androgen receptor pathway inhibitor. Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model was used to …

Subcutaneous Nodules On The Elbows Of A Teenager, Arman Haveric, Jayci G. Rhein, Jason B. Lee, Shayan Waseh, Sylvia Hsu, Afton R. Metkowski

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Current State And Needs Of Clinical Laboratories In Latin America: A Cross-Country Assessment., Alejandro R. Molinelli, Elizabeth L. Palavecino, José C. Jara-Aguirre, Kerry Cosby, Allison Targowski, Barbara Goldsmith, Rosa Sierra-Amor, Juan D. García, Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich, Eugenio H. Zabaleta, Veronica I. Luzzi, Jessica M. Colón-Franco

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

The Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (ADLM) aims to improve health by providing education to laboratory scientists worldwide. Different regions of the world face unique challenges shaped by their national and regional contexts. However, the needs of clinical laboratories worldwide remain largely understudied. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive needs assessment survey among laboratory professionals in the Latin American region. The survey was distributed to over 2708 individuals across Latin American countries and yielded 148 responses. Most respondents were from urban areas (74%) and worked in private hospital laboratories (45%), with microbiology (25%) and chemistry (23%) identified …

Activity Transition Graph Generation: How Far Are We?, Jiakun Liu, Peixin Zhang, Han Hu, Yonghui Liu, Wei Minn, Ferdian Thung, Shahar Maoz, Eran Toch, Debin Gao, David Lo

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Android applications (i.e., apps) are indispensable nowadays and are getting bigger and bigger with an increasing number offunctionalities. To understand how to access functionalities in an app, prior studies proposed tools to model the transitionsbetween functionalities with the activity transition graph (ATG). ATG is an important data structure and has been used forvarious Android app analyses, including app design, understanding, and testing. However, there is no benchmarking work onATG generation. It is still unclear whether the transitions identified by tools are correct and how many transitions are missed.To fill this gap, we manually identified all transitions in 98 applications to …

Operationalizing Ethics For Ai Agents: How Developers Encode Values Into Repository Context Files, Christoph Treude, Sebastian Baltes, Marc Cheong

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

As AI coding agents become embedded in software development workflows, developers are beginning to operationalize ethical principles by encoding behavioral rules into repository-level context files for AI agents, such as AGENTS.md files. Rather than examining the ethics of AI agents in the abstract, this vision paper investigates how ethics and values are already being translated for AI agents into actionable instructions that shape agent behavior. Through a preliminary investigation, we find that developers are already embedding guidance related to fairness, accessibility, sustainability, tone, and privacy. These artifacts function as a developer-authored governance layer, translating abstract principles into situated, natural-language directives …