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Ex-Slave Narrative - Lewis Jones, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Lewis Jones

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Lewis Jones. Lewis Jones was born in 1851 on Fred Tate's plantation, on the Colorado River in Fayette County. Jones describes growing up on the plantation and how his father was a "breeding nigger" due to having over 50 children by different women on the plantation. Jones describes how Fred Tate was nice but stern, giving out whippings when needed but also having parties for the slaves there. Jones recalls working as a coach driver for …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Scott Hooper, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Scott Hooper

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Scott Hooper. Scott Hooper was born in 1856 in Shelby County, on Tucker's farm near Bucksnort, now called Tenaha. Scott recounts her fathers life on Jack Hooper's farm that was four miles from Robert Tucker's farm. Hooper describes growing up on the Tucker's farm and how well they were treated. Hooper also describes leaving Shelby County when the Ku Klux Klan's started to terrorize and harm the surrounding families when she was a teenager. Hooper spoke …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Eliza Holman, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Elizabeth Holman

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Eliza Holman. Eliza Holman was born into slavery in Mississippi near the town of Clinton to John Applewhite. Eliza recalls her life living in Mississippi and traveling to Texas. She recalls the trip and being stuck at a river along with a conversation between John and his daughter, Mary. Eliza also describes her three different marriages and a song from her youth.

Ex-Slave Narrative - Albert Hill, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Albert Hill

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Albert Hill. Albert Hill was born into slavery in Walton County, Georgia on the Georgia Plantation owned by Carter Hill. Albert describes his life living on the plantation until he was twenty-one years old before coming to Robinson County, Texas and then moving to Fort Worth, Texas after fourteen years. The majority of the interviews is Albert's life on the plantation followed by moving to Texas, going back to Georgia for a visit and his marriages …

Ex-Slave Narrative - James Hayes, Sheldon F. Gauthier, James Hayes

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with James Hayes. James Hayes was born on December 28th, 1835 in Shelby County, Texas. Hayes remembers his mother being sold when he was five and that John Henderson buying the farm he was living on. The bulk of Hayes interview is his life living on the Henderson Farm and growing up there following by being taken to his mother, then living in Johnson Station, and his married life after being freed.

Ex-Slave Narrative - William Hamilton, Sheldon F. Gauthier, William Hamilton

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with William Hamilton. Hamilton was born in about 1860 on the Missouri plantation of William Hamilton. Near the end of the Civil War, Hamilton (then a young child) was left with Alex Buford in Tarrant County, Texas, who agreed to watch over him until William Hamilton, a slave trader, returned for him. The bulk of Hamilton's interview pertains to stories about the Ku Klux Klan's methods and reign of terror over emancipated African Americans in Tarrant County.

Ex-Slave Narrative - James Hayes, Sheldon F. Gauthier, James Hayes

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with James Hayes. James Hayes was born on December 28th, 1835 in Shelby County, Texas. Hayes remembers his mother being sold when he was five and that John Henderson buying the farm he was living on. The bulk of Hayes interview is his life living on the Henderson Farm and growing up there following by being taken to his mother, then living in Johnson Station, and his married life after being freed.

Ex-Slave Narrative - Mandy Green, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Mandy Green

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Mandy Green. Green was born into slavery in the late 1820s on a Troup County, Georgia plantation belonging to Leon Maddox. Green describes moving to Shreveport, Louisiana in her early life and discusses building a plantation from scratch. From a young age, she worked in the field at the plantation, and describes the brutal nature of that work and the treatment by Maddox and the overseers at the plantation. She describes whippings in great detail, including …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Betty Farrow, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Betty Farrow

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Betty Farrow. Farrow was born into slavery in 1847 on the Patrick County, Virginia farm of Alex Clark. She describes working in the house while enslaved, as well as moving to Sherman, Texas in a covered wagon train roughly three years prior to the Civil War. She also describes Alex Clark's murder as the result of a dispute with the neighboring farmer, and not being told about Emancipation at the conclusion of the Civil War.

Ex-Slave Narrative - John Finnely, Sheldon F. Gauthier, John Finnely

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with John Finnely. Finnely was born into slavery in the early 1850s on the Jackson County, Alabama plantation of Martin Finnely. In the interview, he describes life as an enslaved child and young man, including work as a field hand, brutality and beatings, producing clothing and every day items, hunting, and leisure activities. He also describes the outbreak of the Civil War from his perspective as an enslaved person who wanted to escape. He talks about the …

Ex-Slave Narrative - James Cape, Sheldon F. Gauthier, James Cape

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with James Cape. Cape, who believed he was over 100 years old at the time of the interview, was born into slavery in southeast Texas on the cattle ranch of Bob Houston. His primary work while enslaved was as a horse wrangler and cowhand. He describes his work as a cowhand, including riding horses, cattle, stampedes, and trail drives. He also describes joining the Confederate Army to care for the horses, but later being forced into fighting …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Ann J. Edwards, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Ann J. Edwards

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Ann J. Edwards. Edwards was born into slavery in 1856 on the Arlington County, Virginia plantation of John Cook. In 1858, Cook moved to Washington, D. C. and emancipated those he enslaved. After her parents split and her mother died in 1861, Edwards was adopted by Richard H. Cain, the minister of an African Methodist church in D. C. She describes the conditions in D. C. during the Civil War, with a focus on runaway slaves …

Ex-Slave Narrative - James Brown, Sheldon F. Gauthier, James Brown

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with James Brown. Brown was born into slavery in 1853 in Bell County, Texas on the plantation of a Mr. Berney, but was subsequently sold to John Blair of Waco. In his interview, Brown describes food culture, labor done at the plantation, and his work as a coachman. He also discusses John Blair's involvement in the slave trade, including a description of a slave auction and several trades. He briefly describes emancipation and the Civil War.

Ex-Slave Narrative - Fred Brown, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Fred Brown

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A partial transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Fred Brown. Brown was born into slavery on the plantation of John Brown in Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana in 1853. In his interview, he describes the various tasks he worked while enslaved, cabins, food, hunting, and leisure activities of the enslaved. He also explains that the plantation's location on the Mississippi River allowed other enslaved people to escape and hide out in river caves. He describes the methods used to try to catch runaway slaves, …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Unnamed Formerly Enslaved Woman, Sheldon F. Gauthier

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A partial transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with an unknown formerly enslaved woman, perhaps with the surname Wilson. The first five pages of the interview were missing at the time of digitization. In the existing portion of the interview, the woman describes slave passes, slave patrols or Patter Rollers, forced marriages, and aspects of her work as a nurse on the plantation. She also describes her enslaver, Master Carroll, taking 100 enslaved people from Arkansas and abandoning them in Texas during the Civil …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Betty Bormer, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Better Bormer

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Betty Bormer. Bormer was born into slavery on the plantation of Col. M. T. Johnson at Johnson's Station, Texas in 1857. In her interview, she describes the treatment of enslaved people at Johnson's plantation, as well as food, music, church, dancing, and other aspects of daily life. She also provides insight into the Civil War and emancipation and describes an encounter her uncle had with the Ku Klux Klan in the post-war period.

Ex-Slave Narrative - Jennie Fitts, Sheldon F. Gauthier, Jessie Fitts

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Sheldon F. Gauthier for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Jennie Fitts. Fitts was born into slavery on the plantation of Glen Fisher in Angelina County, Texas in the late 1850s. In her interview, she describes working as a personal maid to Fisher's daughter. She also discusses learning about emancipation, and fishing.

Ex-Slave Owner Narrative - O. A. Marsh, Woody Phipps, O. A. Marsh

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Owner narrative interview conducted by Woody Phipps for the Works Progress Administration's Deferral Writers' Project in the 1930s with O. A. Marsh. Marsh was born in 1860 on a plantation in Hazelhurst, Mississippi. On his birth, he inherited the plantation and 15 enslaved people from his recently deceased father. In the interview, Marsh describes the financial value of several enslaved people and discusses the Paddy Rollers or slave patrols that terrorized enslaved people during the antebellum and Civil War eras.

Ex-Slave Narrative - Fannie Wilson, Woody Phipps, Fannie Wilson

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Woody Phipps for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Fannie Wilson. Wilson was born into slavery on the plantation of a Mr. Ditto in Johnson Station, Texas around 1865. In her interview, she describes an encounter with the Ku Klux Klan when she was about ten years old. The Klansmen entered her home searching for her father, a Baptist preacher named Jack Ditto. Wilson's mother, Martha Ditto, attempted to escape, but a Klansman shot at her, killing her baby and hitting Martha in the chest with …

Ex-Slave Narrative - Hannah Mullins, Woody Phipps, Hannah Mullins

Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Texas, Fort Worth City Guide and History Draft Records

A transcript of an Ex-Slave Narrative interview conducted by Woody Phipps for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Writers' Project in the 1930s with Hannah Mullins. Mullins was born into slavery on the plantation of M. T. Johnson in Johnson City, Texas in the 1850s. In her interview, she describes the buildings at the plantation, the work performed by enslaved people, food, and child care prior to the emancipation of slaves at the end of the Civil War. After he turned five years old, she was a nurse to the Johnson children. After emancipation, she and her family stayed at the …

"Smart Contracts" In Light Of The Rules Of The Cisg And Uncitral, Sarah Zein

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

From oral agreement to paper to digital format, the contract, which encapsulates and defines the relationships between those who compose it, has undergone multiple revolutions. These days, it's the smart contracts that are interfering between technology and law. A new generation of contracts known as intelligent contracts (smart contracts) has emerged as a result of the remarkable advancements in artificial intelligence coupled with the development of blockchain technology and crypto money. Furthermore, this intelligent contractual model is no longer limited to the creation of traditional agreements alone. Because it can be created and executed automatically, often without external intervention, it …

The Legal Regulation Of E-Commerce In Lebanon, Dolly Abouchakra

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

In the digital age, the economy and commerce sectors in Lebanon, as well as globally, have embraced advancements, leading to the emergence of e-commerce with its multifaceted models, thereby establishing the electronic commercial entity. These advancements necessitate a profound technological transformation, which, in turn, introduces critical legal challenges. These challenges threaten the stability and growth of such entities within traditional legal frameworks that are insufficiently equipped to address the complexities of the digital environment and the noticeable absence of specialized regulations. This study highlights the inadequacy and disjointed nature of the Lebanese legal framework governing electronic commercial entities. The current …

The Criminal Liability Of Intelligent Robots: Between Reality And The Law, Mohamad Takkoush

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

Artificial intelligence, in its modern perspective, is regarded as having the capacity to perform duties. But is it, in turn, capable of bearing responsibility—specifically, criminal liability?

In principle, punishment under criminal law is imposed on an accused individual because they deliberately violate the rules and provisions of the law, aiming to achieve criminal outcomes they intend. This implies the presence of a conscious and aware will. In contrast, a robot lacks such will and awareness, meaning that, from a legal standpoint, it does not qualify as a legal person under the traditional classification of legal entities.

Accordingly, this study raises …

Towards The Democratic And Equitable International Order, Ramzy Abdl Hay

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

The concept of the democratic and equitable order is considered one of the modern and revolutionary concepts in the field of international relations. The emergence of this concept was mainly linked to the edgy international reality and the increasing need to move towards a just and balanced international order. This study presents the concept of the democratic and equitable international order as a new vision of the international order that achieves justice and fairness among all countries of the world and their peoples, and contributes to establishing international peace and security. It also acknowledges the most important and appropriate ways …

Artificial Intelligence Between Criminal Accountability And The Difficulty Of Attribution (Medical Robot As A Case Study), Malak Daakour

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

AI entities, particularly medical robots, face a fundamental challenge in criminal accountability: the difficulty of attributing criminal error to a specific entity when harm occurs to a patient. When AI algorithms make an incorrect treatment decision that leads to health complications or death, it is difficult to easily determine whether the error was the result of a programming error, poor device maintenance, or even human misuse. The criminal liability of AI entities, particularly medical robots, hinges on the issue of whether these entities have legal personality. This remains controversial in jurisprudence, given the absence of legislation. In this context, the …

The Right To Obtain Electronic Evidence In An “Illegal” Or “Disloyal” Manner Versus The Right To Privacy, Mohamad Fayez Alesber

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

This study addresses the problem of reconciling the right to obtain electronic evidence, even through "illegal" or " disloyal " means, with the right to privacy in this digital age. To this end, the study first highlights the most prominent definitions given to electronic evidence in jurisprudence and legislation, most of which appear to liken it to "data," a reductive analogy that can be analyzed. Subsequently, the study sheds light on the position of European and French jurisprudence on the issue of producing electronic evidence through "illegal" or " disloyal ". Apparently, there is a shift in jurisprudence toward accepting …

The Professional Trajectory Of The Investigating Judge, Fawzi Adham

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

This research addresses the issue of how investigating judges exercise their procedures while preserving human rights. It has been shown that these rights have been violated by a judge in France and by judges of the Judicial Council in Lebanon. This has prompted President Macron to consider abolishing the position of investigating judge in France due to the arbitrary detention of a defendant by one of the investigating judges. The Lebanese investigating judge also exceeded his authority by detaining an innocent person, who was later sentenced to life imprisonment by the Judicial Council. It later emerged that the perpetrator of …

The Legitimacy Of The Use Of Force In Wars Of Liberation: The Palestinian People's Struggle As A Case Study, Mohamad Abdulrahim

BAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - مجلة الدراسات القانونية

This research addresses and analyzes the legality of the use of force in liberation wars waged by peoples suffering under the rule of colonialism, regimes of racial discrimination or foreign domination. This use is one of the four exceptions to the principle of prohibiting the use of force enshrined in Article 2, Paragraph 4 of the United Nations Charter which legalize the use of force in International Law. The first exception is the Security Council taking measures using force according to Article 42 of the Charter, the second exception is the right of self-defense according to Article 51 of the …

The Development Of Pantai Indah Kapuk 2: Social Inequality And Eviction Of Salembaran Jati Residents, Nurul Shabrina

Cities and Urban Development Journal

The development of Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) 2 has caused social inequality in Salembaran Jati Village because this development project involves the eviction of agricultural land and the relocation of residents to Kampung Jati Baru, creating new challenges in the social aspect. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of residents and the inequality of access to primary needs felt by residents of Salembaran Jati Village due to the construction of PIK 2. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study refers to the dimensions of sense work and meta criteria of justice in the Good City Form …

Literature Review: Implementation Of The Concept Of Sustainable Transportation In Soreang Integrated Urban Settlement Areas Planning, Natasha Puteri Arnesto

Cities and Urban Development Journal

Research on sustainable transportation has been growing in recent years to support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Urban dynamics pose a challenge in achieving these goals, as they are influenced by various factors such as population growth, urbanization, and urban expansion, which occur globally. This trend is also evident in urban areas across Indonesia, including Bandung Regency. Research on sustainable transportation has been growing in recent years as part of efforts to support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Urban dynamics pose a challenge in achieving these goals, as they are influenced by various factors such as population growth, urbanization, and …