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Prevalence Of Psychological Distress Among Parents Of Children With Autism In Al-Diwaneyah Province/Iraq, Noor Abdulmahdi Alrabeeah, Abdulzahra Al-Khafaji Dec 2025

Prevalence Of Psychological Distress Among Parents Of Children With Autism In Al-Diwaneyah Province/Iraq, Noor Abdulmahdi Alrabeeah, Abdulzahra Al-Khafaji

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: Families suffer from a lot of psychological pressure in accepting their child’s illness, especially if the disorders are affecting their mental and psychological development, such as autistic spectrum disorder. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the extent of psychological distress among parents of children with autistic disorder and its association with the socio-demographic characteristics of their children with autism.Material and Method: A descriptive analytical study conducted during the period from January 15, 2023, to December 1, 2023, on a sample of voluntary participants consisting of 120 parents in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. Data were collected through the use of a …


Serum Level Of Il-4 And Il-13 And Their Association With Disease Pathogenesis In Patients With Eczema, Shurooq Salim Murad, Heyam Qaid Mohammad Dec 2025

Serum Level Of Il-4 And Il-13 And Their Association With Disease Pathogenesis In Patients With Eczema, Shurooq Salim Murad, Heyam Qaid Mohammad

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: As the most common chronic skin illness with a genetic foundation, eczema is an inflammatory skin condition driven by cytokines. People with AD suffer from a significant burden that affects their physical, mental, social, and financial well-being.  The cytokines are important in eczema disease. Interleukins regulate immunity. Lack impairs immunity or causes autoimmune disorders. Objectives: This study is aiming to investigate whether inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-13) levels in the blood correlate with eczema disorder. Methods: This case-control study is based on 60 patients who have been diagnosed with eczema disorder with a 60-person apparently healthy control group. 4 ml …


Comprehensive Study Of Pediatric Migraine Based On Patient Data Of Demographic, Characteristic, And Treatment Outcomes, Shaima’A Dakhel Abdulhassan, Safa’A Dakhel Abdulhassan Dec 2025

Comprehensive Study Of Pediatric Migraine Based On Patient Data Of Demographic, Characteristic, And Treatment Outcomes, Shaima’A Dakhel Abdulhassan, Safa’A Dakhel Abdulhassan

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Introduction: Migraine is a common neurological disorder in pediatric consultations. It is often disabling and influencing negatively the quality of life of pediatric migraine patients (PMPs). Aim: This study aimed to characterize the demographic profile of 98 PMPs from outpatient and private clinics in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. This study describes demographic distribution, migraine characteristics, associated symptoms, familial history, trigger factors, and treatment outcomes of PMPs. Patients and Methods: The dataset had the following variables: age, sex, duration and severity of the migraines, frequency of attacks, associated symptoms, family history, trigger factor, types of treatments, and follow-up duration. Descriptive statistics were …


The Role Of Il-13 Serum Levels With Its Genetic Polymorphism In The Risk Of Developing Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Baneen Mohammed Ali Hussein, Ibrahim Abdulmajeed Mustafa Dec 2025

The Role Of Il-13 Serum Levels With Its Genetic Polymorphism In The Risk Of Developing Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Baneen Mohammed Ali Hussein, Ibrahim Abdulmajeed Mustafa

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) represents a prolonged inflammatory condition of both nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses which extends more than 12 weeks without any sign of improvement. This condition affects work attendance along with productivity levels and quality of life detrimentally. Objective: To find out whether IL-13 rs1800925 C/T-1055 genetic polymorphism and its serum levels have a risk value for CRS disease. Methods: Three groups have been used as the basis for a case-control study. Thirty patients with a history of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp; thirty patients with a history of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyp; and thirty healthy …


Intratympanic Steroids In Ménière's Disease: Impact On Vertigo, Hearing, And Quality Of Life, Osama Awaad Ali, Mohammed Saeed Abd Ali Dec 2025

Intratympanic Steroids In Ménière's Disease: Impact On Vertigo, Hearing, And Quality Of Life, Osama Awaad Ali, Mohammed Saeed Abd Ali

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: Ménière’s disease (MD) is an audiovestibular debilitating condition characterized by episodic vertigo, variable degrees of hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of intratympanic steroid therapy in combination with standard treatment compared to standard therapy alone on managing signs of MD. Patients and methods: Eighty patients diagnosed with MD were randomly allocated into one of the treatment groups. Patients of group A received standard therapy (betahistine, low-salt diet, and diuretics), while patients of group B received standard therapy in addition to intratympanic steroid injections (dexamethasone 4 mg/mL). Vertigo severity (Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) score), hearing …


Investigating The Incorporation Of Milled Rice In Brewing Non-Alcoholic Beer To Enhance Sensory Quality, Christian Schubert, Rahul Sen, Nils Rettberg, Scott Lafontaine Dec 2025

Investigating The Incorporation Of Milled Rice In Brewing Non-Alcoholic Beer To Enhance Sensory Quality, Christian Schubert, Rahul Sen, Nils Rettberg, Scott Lafontaine

Food Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

The influence of substituting barley malt with milled rice on the sensory and chemical characteristics of nonalcoholic beers (NAB) was investigated. Physicochemical and volatile analyses were conducted on the NABs. Original gravities ranged from 6.71% w/w (100% barley malt) to 7.15% w/w (100% rice), with alcohol contents between 0.33% v/v (70% barley/30 %rice) and 0.45 % v/v (100% rice). Color decreased from 10.8 EBC (100% barley malt) to 3.3 EBC (100% rice). Descriptive analysis sensory evaluations by trained panelists in the United States and European Union were used to characterize the sensory profiles of the NABs. Principal component analysis showed …


Investigating The Role Of Cornichon-Homolog 3 (Cnih3) In Opioid Use, Contributing Risk Factors, And Associated Neural Substrates, Tania Lintz Dec 2025

Investigating The Role Of Cornichon-Homolog 3 (Cnih3) In Opioid Use, Contributing Risk Factors, And Associated Neural Substrates, Tania Lintz

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Opioid misuse remains rampant as potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl flood the market. Large-scale genetic tools like the GWAS identify previously unrecognized targets and biomarkers in opioid misuse with the hopes of combating the opioid epidemic and opioid use disorder (OUD). One such target is the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) auxiliary protein Cornichon Homolog-3 (CNIH3), which determines AMPAR subunit composition and kinetics. Though CNIH3 was identified as a gene of interest in OUD, its role in opioid use and accompanying risk factors has not been studied. Using mice with a CNIH3 deletion, we assess the role of CNIH3 in risk …


Occupational Resilience (Part 1): Origins And Significance To Health And Well-Being, Bernard A. Muriithi, Jyothi Gupta Dec 2025

Occupational Resilience (Part 1): Origins And Significance To Health And Well-Being, Bernard A. Muriithi, Jyothi Gupta

Occupational Therapy Faculty Scholarship

Occupational resilience (OR) is a novel concept emerging in occupational therapy and occupational science, with significant implications for the field. However, its definition is still evolving and needs clarity and consensus. In this article, we offer a definition inspired by the real-life experiences of refugee immigrants who have been resettled in the United States of America (USA). We define OR as the ability to persist in an occupation, where the duration and intensity of engagement are the essential contributors. Therefore, we propose that three elements, occupation, intensity, and duration, constitute the nature of OR and shape how occupation impacts health, …


Occupational Resilience (Part 2): Toward A Cross-Culturally Relevant Measure Of A Novel Construct, Bernard A. Muriithi, Milan Bimali Dec 2025

Occupational Resilience (Part 2): Toward A Cross-Culturally Relevant Measure Of A Novel Construct, Bernard A. Muriithi, Milan Bimali

Occupational Therapy Faculty Scholarship

Occupational resilience (OR) refers to an individual’s ability to persist in performing an occupation, with the duration and intensity of engagement determining resilience for each occupation. It is a key determinant of both the manner and the extent to which occupations influence health; therefore, it is a promising construct with several potential applications. There are currently no validated OR measures; which problematizes its application. Three considerations were made in designing the Occupational Resilience Measure (ORM 1.0) and evaluating its potential as a cross-culturally relevant measure of OR: 1) the findings of a published study of lived experiences of refugees from …


James Willie "Jay" Clifton Dec 2025

James Willie "Jay" Clifton

African American Funeral Programs

Program for the funeral of James Willie "Jay" Clifton, held at Ben Samuel Hill Memorial Chapel on December 31, 2025.


The Sensus Communis And Religion In John Hughes’ The Siege Of Damascus (1719), David Alvarez Dec 2025

The Sensus Communis And Religion In John Hughes’ The Siege Of Damascus (1719), David Alvarez

English Faculty publications

John Hughes’ tragedy The Siege of Damascus (1720) seeks to bridge the divide between east and west, between Islam and Christianity, by advancing an understanding of a sensus communis in terms of sympathy, honor, and mutual respect. I argue that this articulation of a sensus communis relies on how the play conceptualizes ‘genuine religion’ in global terms. It does this primarily by universalizing the project of Anglican clergy to champion Christianity as a civil religion. The play thus points to the importance of enlightenment efforts to reconceptualize religion for a genealogy of the sensus communis.


Relationships Between Larval Fish Drift, Time Of Day And Discharge In An Ozark Stream, Daniel D. Magoulick, Christy L. Graham Dec 2025

Relationships Between Larval Fish Drift, Time Of Day And Discharge In An Ozark Stream, Daniel D. Magoulick, Christy L. Graham

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

We examined the relationship between larval fish numbers and discharge during a high flow event in Bear Creek, Arkansas, a small Ozark stream. Additionally, we examined the relationship between fish numbers and time of day, and the spatial distribution of families and size classes. A total of 3,083 fish from five families were collected. Leuciscidae was the dominant family collected, followed by Percidae, and Catostomidae. Larval fish in Bear Creek were not susceptible to increased discharge from the flood event, as all three families exhibited strong significant negative relationships to discharge at night when discharge began to decline. Larval fish …


Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Revised Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-20 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated October 24, 2025), Molly Roby Dec 2025

Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Revised Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-20 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated October 24, 2025), Molly Roby

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Revised Draft Final 2022 Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 32 – Corra 2 Dump Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated October 24, 2025), Molly Roby Dec 2025

Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Revised Draft Final 2022 Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 32 – Corra 2 Dump Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated October 24, 2025), Molly Roby

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Revised Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-13 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated October 22, 2025), Molly Roby Dec 2025

Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Revised Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-13 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated October 22, 2025), Molly Roby

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Full Issue, Socio-Legal Review Dec 2025

Full Issue, Socio-Legal Review

Socio-Legal Review

No abstract provided.


Gas-Flux-Determination-Method Effects On Greenhouse Gas Emissions Andglobal Warming Potential From Soybean In Southeast Arkans, Jonathan B. Brye, Diego Della Lunga, Kristofor R. Brye Dec 2025

Gas-Flux-Determination-Method Effects On Greenhouse Gas Emissions Andglobal Warming Potential From Soybean In Southeast Arkans, Jonathan B. Brye, Diego Della Lunga, Kristofor R. Brye

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Greenhouse gas (GHG) research and quantification have increased in importance recently due to climate change. Non-flow-through chamber systems collect large quantities of gas concentration data to determine the gas flux, but gas-flux-determination (GFD) methods can vary between regression models, how negative fluxes are considered, and what agroecosystem is evaluated, which makes selecting an analysis method complicated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of GFD method [i.e. linear (L) and exponential (E) regression models, with negative fluxes (WNF) and with reassigned negative fluxes (RNF)] on GHG fluxes, emissions, and global warming potential (GWP) from soybean (Glycine max) …


Boston Road Hdfc, Inc. V. Santiago Dec 2025

Boston Road Hdfc, Inc. V. Santiago

All Decisions

In this nonpayment proceeding concerning a Project Based Section 8 apartment, the tenant moved to dismiss the petition, arguing the predicate rent demand was defective for failing to provide a good faith approximation of rent due. The landlord's rent demand included a significant lump-sum charge without detailing the specific months, amounts, or breakdown of purported arrears. The court found that the rent demand was indeed defective as it did not sufficiently identify when the arrears accrued, the specific monthly charges, or confirm if non-rent charges were included. Consequently, the court granted the tenant's motion, dismissing the proceeding under CPLR 3211(a)(7) …


Seadyck Realty Co., Llc V. State Of New York Division Of Housing & Community Renewal Dec 2025

Seadyck Realty Co., Llc V. State Of New York Division Of Housing & Community Renewal

All Decisions

A landlord challenged a DHCR order that reversed a Rent Administrator's decision, invalidating individual apartment improvements (IAIs) due to an alleged identity of interest between the owner and the contractor. The court, in an Article 78 proceeding, found that DHCR's policy statement did not automatically mandate complete invalidation of IAIs based solely on an identity of interest. Instead, it suggested requesting additional proof and disallowing only unsubstantiated costs. The court remanded the case to the Rent Administrator for a new determination, directing scrutiny of the work performed and its value, rather than a blanket disallowance of the rent increase.


Why Repeat Visitors Matter For Harassment‑Prone Destinations: Five Actionable Lessons For Accommodation Managers, Annmarie Nicely Dec 2025

Why Repeat Visitors Matter For Harassment‑Prone Destinations: Five Actionable Lessons For Accommodation Managers, Annmarie Nicely

Visitor Harassment Research Unit Special Papers

The goal of the study was to identify demographic factors that could predict visitors likely to support micro-traders at a destination after being harassed by a member of their community. Then show how the accommodations sector (like hotel managers and vacation home rental managers) can use the findings to improve visitor support of micro-traders at destinations with trader harassment (TH). The researcher examined seven demographic features of visitors to four countries. They were their gender, education level, income level, marital status, prior visit to the destination, type – domestic or international, and whether they were alone at the time of …


The Effect Of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy On Perioperative Outcomes In Rectal Cancer Patients Following Stoma Reversal-A Retrospective Cohort Analysis, Mary Junak, Rosemarie Turk, Mohammad Afaque Alam, Eli Thompson, David Schaub, Joseph Gunderson, Anesu S. Masango, Srikar Kollipara, Andrea Moreno, Daniom Tecle, Valentine N. Nfonsam Dec 2025

The Effect Of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy On Perioperative Outcomes In Rectal Cancer Patients Following Stoma Reversal-A Retrospective Cohort Analysis, Mary Junak, Rosemarie Turk, Mohammad Afaque Alam, Eli Thompson, David Schaub, Joseph Gunderson, Anesu S. Masango, Srikar Kollipara, Andrea Moreno, Daniom Tecle, Valentine N. Nfonsam

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leak after reversal of an ostomy is a significant complication in rectal cancer patients. The effects of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) on outcomes following stoma reversal are not well established. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of NCRT on outcomes in rectal cancer patients following stoma reversal. METHODS: We performed a [2005-2012] retrospective cohort analysis of the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), including adult (≥18 years) rectal cancer patients who had elective stoma reversal. Patients were stratified into those who received NCRT and those who did not. Primary outcomes were anastomotic …


Centering Ai Literacy: Exploring Brazilian International Students’ Perceptions Of Chatgpt And Peer Tutoring, Leigh Ann Dunning, Raissa Borges De Oliveira Leal Dec 2025

Centering Ai Literacy: Exploring Brazilian International Students’ Perceptions Of Chatgpt And Peer Tutoring, Leigh Ann Dunning, Raissa Borges De Oliveira Leal

The Writing Center Journal

For English as an Additional Language (EAL) students, generative AI (GenAI) offers meaningful support for writing in English, while also introducing a new set of challenges. Supporting EAL students in developing AI literacy is crucial to their growth as confident, adaptable writers, and writing center tutors are uniquely positioned to facilitate this development. This case study explores the experiences of undergraduate Brazilian international students at a small liberal arts college who received writing feedback from both peer writing center tutors and ChatGPT. Findings indicate that students valued the human connection, contextual understanding, and rhetorical support offered by peer tutors, while …


Front Matter Dec 2025

Front Matter

The Writing Center Journal

Front matter for The Writing Center Journal 43:3 (2025).


The Myth Of Revising By Ear: Does It Help Multilingual Writers?, Soo Hyon Kim Dec 2025

The Myth Of Revising By Ear: Does It Help Multilingual Writers?, Soo Hyon Kim

The Writing Center Journal

This study examines what multilingual writers notice while they read their writing aloud, and whether reading aloud helps improve the accuracy of their writing during revision. It also investigates whether multilingual writers’ second language (L2) proficiency influences the extent to which reading aloud impacts revision. To address these questions, a counterbalanced, mixed design study was carried out with two experimental conditions: revising while reading aloud and revising while reading silently. Multilingual writers of higher and lower English proficiency at a large research university participated in a two-day sequence of composition and revision, two times, over the course of two weeks. …


Attending To Present Others: A Framework For Supporting Multilingual Graduate Writers, María P. Carvajal Regidor, Allison Kranek Dec 2025

Attending To Present Others: A Framework For Supporting Multilingual Graduate Writers, María P. Carvajal Regidor, Allison Kranek

The Writing Center Journal

Extending prior work on present others, individuals who are not physically present in writing center sessions—such as advisors, colleagues, and peers—but who directly or indirectly impact what happens during consultations (Kranek & Carvajal Regidor, 2021), we argue that attending to present others is one way to more holistically support multilingual graduate writers. Based on data from session recordings, we contend that present others can be used as a framework to train consultants to better address the specific needs of this student population by acknowledging their socialization processes, feedback networks, language needs, and emotions. Then, we share two approaches to consultant …


Native-Speakerism And Multilingual Student Anxiety In One-To-One Mentoring, Grace Lee-Amuzie Dec 2025

Native-Speakerism And Multilingual Student Anxiety In One-To-One Mentoring, Grace Lee-Amuzie

The Writing Center Journal

While one-to- one writing tutoring is often viewed as a supportive space for student writers, it can also reproduce racialized linguistic hierarchies that exacerbate anxiety for multilingual students. This article examines second language (L2) anxiety as a structurally induced emotional response to native-speakerism— the ideology that privileges white, Anglophone, native English speakers as the standard for language competence. Drawing from L2 anxiety research in applied linguistics and writing center studies, the article explores how native-speakerism influences multilingual students’ self-perception, interaction, and performance in L2 during one-to- one tutoring. It discusses the sources and dimensions of L2 anxiety across all four …


Engaging Transnational Writing Assets In The Writing Center: New Pedagogical Directions For Supporting International Multilingual Students, Olalekan T. Adepoju Dec 2025

Engaging Transnational Writing Assets In The Writing Center: New Pedagogical Directions For Supporting International Multilingual Students, Olalekan T. Adepoju

The Writing Center Journal

This article argues for a shift in writing center pedagogy toward prioritizing transnational writing assets as the basis of our work with international multilingual writers specifically and every writer we encounter generally. While writing center scholarship has paid attention to the influences of language, cultural and rhetorical differences among native and non-native English speakers/ tutors in the writing center, much of this discussion has taken the “comparative” route rather than a “trans-d” (transnational) route with potentials to transform our engagements with scholars, students, and writers from other parts of the world. This IRB-approved research reveals that international multilingual writers possess …


Back Matter Dec 2025

Back Matter

The Writing Center Journal

Back Matter for Writing Center Journal 43.3.(2025)


Banyuhay Ng Makabayang Bakla: Ang Naratibo At Pagkakakilanlan Ng Mga Aktibistang Lgbtq+ Sa Metro Manila, Areeya Christine P. Bueno, Kaela Marie G. De Gorio, Precious Aerielle V. Ebardo, Raven Lukas L. Vergara, Belle Beatriex' M. Alemania Dec 2025

Banyuhay Ng Makabayang Bakla: Ang Naratibo At Pagkakakilanlan Ng Mga Aktibistang Lgbtq+ Sa Metro Manila, Areeya Christine P. Bueno, Kaela Marie G. De Gorio, Precious Aerielle V. Ebardo, Raven Lukas L. Vergara, Belle Beatriex' M. Alemania

Dalumat: Multikultural at Multidisiplinaryong E-Journal sa Araling Filipino

Ang salitang banyuhay o “bagong anyo ng buhay” ay isang metapora na sumasalamin sa pag-usbong ng pagkakakilanlan ng mga aktibistang LGBTQ+. Ginamit ang disenyong narrative case study upang masiyasat ang (1) pagbabago sa pagkakakilanlan bago at pagkatapos sumali sa mga pagkilos, (2) mga salik na nag-udyok na kilalanin ang sarili bilang ganap na aktibista, at (3) pagkakakilanlan batay sa mga kategorya ng Social Identity Theory–Self-Categorization Theory (SIT-SCT). Bilang unang hakbang, pinasagutan ng mga mananaliksik ang pre-interview questionnaire upang makakalap ng inisyal na impormasyon sa mga kalahok. Sumunod dito, isinagawa ang semi-structured interview sa anim na kalahok mula sa iba't ibang …


Bini-Hag Na Mga Kalalakihan: Isang Photo-Narrative Na Pag-Aaral Sa Mga Gen-Z Fanboys Ng Isang Pinoy Pop Girl Group, Marc Stephen B. Tulagan, Alaina Samantha Atienza Dy, Gian Kristoffer G. Espenilla, Luis Iñigo G. Hernandez, Kurt Jocel Sarmiento Liberato, Janeson M. Miranda Dec 2025

Bini-Hag Na Mga Kalalakihan: Isang Photo-Narrative Na Pag-Aaral Sa Mga Gen-Z Fanboys Ng Isang Pinoy Pop Girl Group, Marc Stephen B. Tulagan, Alaina Samantha Atienza Dy, Gian Kristoffer G. Espenilla, Luis Iñigo G. Hernandez, Kurt Jocel Sarmiento Liberato, Janeson M. Miranda

Dalumat: Multikultural at Multidisiplinaryong E-Journal sa Araling Filipino

Ang pananaliksik na ito ay naglalayong ilahad ang mga mga kwento, karanasan, at pananaw ng fanboys ng BINI. Gumamit kami ng photo-narrative na metodo upang mas malalim na masipat ang panatisismo ng mga Gen-Z na kalalakihan sa pamamagitan ng mga larawan at naratibong ibinahagi ng pitong (n=7) kalahok na nagtataglay ng mga katangian ng isang fanboy. Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ito ang mga mahahalagang karanasan at pananaw ng mga kalahok bilang mga BINI fanboy na nagbunsod sa pagkabuo namin sa isang metaporikal na framework—ang Naratibong Balangkas ng Pagsibol ng Fanboys na may tatlong pangunahing tema: Pagbibinhi, Pagpapalago, at Pamumukadkad. Kabilang …