Physiology Commons^™

The Generality Of Strength: Relationship Between Different Measures Of Muscular Strength In Older Women, João Pedro Nunes, Paolo M. Cunha, Melissa Antunes, Bruna D. V. Costa, Witalo Kassiano, Gabriel Kunevaliki, Alex S. Ribeiro, Edilson S. Cyrino

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1638-1649, 2020. The aims of this study were: (i) to analyze the relationship between the performance of different measures of muscular strength, and (ii) to identify which measurements present a greater relationship with an overall strength score. Sixty older women (aged 69 ± 6 years) were submitted to muscular strength measurements from isotonic, isokinetic, and isometric tests. An overall-strength score was generated with z-scores of the values obtained in all tests. Interquartile intervals were created for each measure and the overall-strength score. Pearson’s r (0.463-0.951, p < 0.05) and Cronbach’s α (0.500-0.966) suggested that subjects had relatively similar strength performance compared to their peers in the different tests. Greater associations were observed between tests for similar tasks. In addition, strong-magnitude associations were revealed between all the tests and the overall-strength score (r = 0.710-0.806; α = 0.760-0.846). Factor …

Pre-Exercise Maltodextrin Ingestion And Transient Hypoglycemia In Cycling And Running, Costas Chryssanthopoulos, Evangelia Tzeravini, Elias Zachrogiannis, Maria Megalou, Alexander Kokkinos, Maria Maridaki, George Dimitriadis, Michaella Alexandrou, Chrysoula Kontrafouri, Damianos Papafilippou, Argyro Pountoukidou, Effraimia Tsolaki, Maria Evangelia Koloutsou, Nikolaos Zacharodimos, Michael Koutsilieris, Anastassios Philippou

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1691-1704, 2020. This study examined the phenomenon of transient hypoglycemia and metabolic responses to pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) maltodextrin ingestion in cycling and running on the same individuals. Eleven active males cycled or ran for 30 min at 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) after ingestion of either 1g/kg body mass maltodextrin (CHO-Cycle and CHO-Run respectively) or placebo (PL-Cycle and PL-Run) solutions. Fluids were ingested 30min before exercise in a double-blind and random manner.Blood glucose and serum insulin were higher before exercise in CHO (mean CHO-Cycle+CHO-Run) (Glucose: 7.4 ± 0.3 mmol^.l^-1; …

Neutrophil Signaling During Myocardial Infarction Wound Repair, Michael J. Daseke, Upendra Chalise, Mediha Becirovic-Agic, Jeffrey D. Salomon, Leah M. Cook, Adam J. Case, Merry L. Lindsey

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

Neutrophils are key effector cells of the innate immune system, serving as a first line of defense in the response to injury and playing essential roles in the wound healing process. Following myocardial infarction (MI), neutrophils infiltrate into the infarct region to propagate inflammation and begin the initial phase of cardiac wound repair. Pro-inflammatory neutrophils release proteases to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM), a necessary step for the removal of necrotic myocytes as a prelude for scar formation. Neutrophils transition their phenotype over time to regulate MI inflammation resolution and stabilize scar formation. Neutrophils contribute to the evolution from inflammation to …

Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis For Covid-19, David D. Busath

Faculty Publications

It is common in medicine that simple, inexpensive remedies are held hostage to medical prejudice, financial or political interest, and legal precedent. The purpose of this review is to take the point of view of the victims of COVID-19 and address whether scientific information, including randomized-control trials, can answer whether the hydroxychloroquine should be dispensed for those testing positive and their immediate recent contacts at the point of testing. Although the FDA in the United States is yet to be convinced, the demonstration of positive effects in clinical trials cannot be ignored and there is a large amount of information …

Impact Of Velcro Cuff Closure On Forearm Skin Temperature In Surfers Wearing A 2mm And 3mm Wetsuit, Daniel Kellogg, Tyler Wiles, Jeff A. Nessler, Sean C. Newcomer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 1574-1582, 2020. Surfing is a worldwide sport that often requires participants to wear a wetsuit to assist in thermoregulation. In a recent study, forearm skin temperature decreased by approximately 3 °C while wearing a wetsuit during recreational surfing. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that reducing water flow in and out of the wetsuit by cuffing the wetsuit at the wrist, with a novel cuff closure system (Velcro cuff), would result in greater forearm skin temperature while surfing. One hundred and twelve (94 male, 18 female) recreational surfers between the …

The Impact Of Formal Strength And Conditioning On The Fitness Of Law Enforcement Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Nicholas Maclean, Rodney Pope, Ryan J. Holmes, Charles Kornhauser, Robin Marc Orr

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1615-1629, 2020. Research involving law enforcement populations has suggested better fitness could enhance job task performance and reduce injuries. Academy training should lead to improvements in recruit fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a strength and conditioning program on fitness among law enforcement recruits. Twenty-six recruits (23 males, three females) completed a 27-week academy, which incorporated 3-4 physical training sessions per week. Fitness assessment occurred during pre- (week 0), mid- (week 14), and post-testing (week 27) time points. The fitness assessments included: vertical jump, one-minute push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, …

What Factors Predict Upper Body Push To Pull Ratios In Professional Firefighters?, Justin J. Merrigan, Adam A. Burke, Marcie B. Fyock-Martin, Joel R. Martin

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1605-1614, 2020. Shoulder joint injuries are common for professional firefighters. A potential cause of shoulder injury is an imbalance between anterior (push) and posterior (pull) shoulder joint musculature. Understanding what contributes to these imbalances may help to identify areas needing improvement. The purpose of this study was to investigate different push to pull (P2P) ratios and the relationships among common upper body fitness assessments, body composition, and push to pull (P2P) ratios in firefighters. Thirty-three professional firefighters completed the following testing protocol: one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, pull-up repetitions to failure, push-up repetitions to …

Comparison Of Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance And Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry To Assess Body Composition In College-Aged Adults, Rachel Tauber, Clayton Camic, Shuqi Zhang, Peter Chomentowski Iii

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1595-1604, 2020. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of whole body percent fat (%BF) and segmental fat-free mass (FFM) using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in college-aged adults. Sixty-two participants male (n = 32) and female (n = 30) completed MF-BIA and DEXA measurements following established pre-test guidelines. %BF and segmental FFM (right arm, left arm, trunk, right leg, and left leg) were collected and analyzed. The MF-BIA significantly (p < 0.05) underestimated %BF for all participants, females, and males compared to DEXA. …

Increased Physical Activity And Reduced Pain With Spinal Cord Stimulation: A 12-Month Study, Jacob E. Barkley, Henry Vucetic, David Leone, Bina Mehta, Michael J. Rebold, Mallory Kobak, Andrew Carnes, Gregory S. Farnell

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1583-1594, 2020. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in pain and physical activity after replacing a traditional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implantable pulse generator with a next generation SCS in patients for whom traditional SCS was no longer providing adequate relief of low back and/or leg pain. Subjects (n = 19) who reported that they were no longer receiving adequate relief from traditional SCS were implanted with a next generation SCS. Eighteen additional patients who were receiving relief from traditional SCS were also followed as a control. Both groups (next …

Acute Post-Exercise Blood Pressure Responses In Middle-Aged Persons With Elevated Blood Pressure/Stage 1 Hypertension Following Moderate And High-Intensity Isoenergetic Endurance Exercise, Terje Gjøvaag, Hanna Berge, Marianne Olsrud, Boye Welde

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1532-1548, 2020. This study investigated the acute post-exercise hypotension (PEH) response in persons with elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension following moderate and high-intensity isoenergetic endurance exercise. Twelve middle-aged persons (six females), with resting systolic and diastolic BP of 130±6 and 84±7 mmHg, participated in three bicycle ergometer bouts: 1) Testing of peak aerobic capacity (VO_2peak), 2) Moderate intensity exercise (MOD) at 66% of VO_2peak, 3) High-intensity exercise (INT) at 80% of VO_2peak. All variables were recorded pre-exercise, during exercise and 0, 5, 10, and 30 minutes …

Effects Of Drop-Set And Pyramidal Resistance Training Systems On Microvascular Oxygenation: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Approach, Vitor Angleri, Ramon De Oliveira, Thais Marina Pires De Campos Biazon, Felipe Damas, Audrey Borghi, Renato Barroso, Cleiton Augusto Libardi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1549-1562, 2020. Metabolic stress is a primary mechanism of muscle hypertrophy and is associated with microvascular oxygenation and muscle activation. Considering that drop-set (DS) and crescent pyramid (CP) resistance training systems are recommended to modulate these mechanisms related to muscle hypertrophy, we aimed to investigate if these resistance training systems produce a different microvascular oxygenation status and muscle activation from those observed in traditional resistance training (TRAD). Twelve volunteers had their legs randomized in an intra-subject cross-over design in TRAD (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-RM), DS (3 sets of ~50-75% 1-RM) …

The Effects Of Concurrent Activation Potentiation On Bat Swing Velocity Of Division Ii College Softball Athletes, Alexis Mace, Charles Allen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1630-1637, 2020. As an ethical and practical ergogenic strategy, concurrent activation potentiation (CAP), achieved by remote voluntary contractions (RVC) such as jaw clenching, has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular and athletic performance characteristics. The effects of CAP on bat swing velocity (BSV), an important component for successful hitting in sports such as baseball and softball has yet to be reported in the literature. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of maximal jaw clenching on BSV in collegiate division II softball players. Thirteen (n = 13) division II softball …

What Magnitude Of Force Is A Slopestyle Skier Exposed To When Landing A Big Air Jump?, Isak Löfquist, Glenn Björklund

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1563-1573, 2020. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of force a slopestyle skier is exposed to when landing either forward or switch in a big air jump. Ten male freeskiers (age 23 ± 6 years; height 179.2 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 72.5 ± 8.6 kg; mass of equipment 16.7 ± 1.4 kg; total mass 89.2 ± 8.6 kg) participated and each performed five 180 jumps and five switch 180 jumps in a randomized order. Forces were quantified using pressure insoles. The results showed a force of 1446 ± 367 …

A Brain-Infecting Parasite Impacts Host Metabolism Both During Exposure And After Infection Is Established, Lauren E. Nadler, Erik Bengston, Erika J. Eliason, Cameron Hassibi, Siri H. Helland-Riise, Ida B. Johansen, Garfield T. Kwan, Martin Tresguerres, Andrew V. Turner, Kelly L. Weinersmith, Øyvind Øverli, Ryan F. Hechinger

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Datasets

1. Metabolic costs associated with parasites should not be limited to established infections. Even during initial exposure to questing and attacking parasites, hosts can enact behavioural and physiological responses that could also incur metabolic costs. However, few studies have measured these costs directly. Hence, little is known about metabolic costs arising from parasite exposure.
2. Further, no one has yet measured whether and how previous infection history modulates metabolic responses to parasite exposure.
3. Here, using the California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) and its brain-infecting parasite (Euhaplorchis californiensis), we quantified how killifish metabolism, behaviour, and osmoregulatory phenotype changed upon acute …

Relationships Between Anthropometry And Maximal Strength In Male Classic Powerlifters, Pierre-Marc Ferland, Antoine Laurier, Alain-Steve Comtois

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1512-1531, 2020. Several studies have determined the influence of physical characteristics on strength. The present quantified the relationships between anthropometry and maximal strength. Male classic powerlifters (n=59) were measured before a championship. Two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis was used. Powerlifters that presented higher relative maximal strength (RMS) in the squat and bench generally had higher body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), torso circumference (C), waist C/height, torso C/height (r=0.26 to 0.49, p<0.05), and smaller lower leg length (L)/height and forearm L/torso C (r=-0.31 to -0.45, p<0.05) ratios. Powerlifters with a higher % of their deadlift on their total generally presented a smaller BW, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), waist and torso C, trunk L, waist C/height, torso C/height, trunk L/height, waist C/hip C, thigh L/ lower leg L, trunk L/thigh L ratios (r=-0.26 to -0.49, p<0.05) and higher lower leg L, lower leg L/height, reach/height, and forearm L/torso C ratios (r=0.32 to 0.51, p<0.05). Stepwise regressions revealed that a bigger torso positively predicted absolute maximal strength (AMS) in the squat (β=0.41, p=0.04), the bench (β=0.77, p<0.01), the deadlift (β=0.88, p<0.01) and the total (β=0.89, p<0.01), that a higher torso C/height ratio positively predicted RMS in the squat(β=0.48, p<0.01), the bench (β=-0.87, p<0.01) and the total (β=0.66, p<0.01), and that reach/height positively predicted RMS in the deadlift (β=0.37, p<0.01) and it’s % on the total (β=0.31, p<0.01), but negatively predicted RMS in the bench (β=-0.25, p=0.02) and its % on the total (β=-0.24, p=0.04) As all of the stronger correlations came from AMS, powerlifters should focus on increasing AMS (weight lifted) instead of RMS (Wilks pts).

Vo2, Liking, And Relative Reinforcing Value Of Cooperative And Competitive Exergame Play In Young Children, Jonathan B. Naylor, Beth J. Patton, Jacob E. Barkley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1501-1511, 2020. The purpose of the current study was to examine physiologic response, liking, and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of children playing an exergame with a friend under two goal structures: competitive and cooperative. A sample of twenty participants (8.7 ± 1.3 years old) and a self-selected friend completed three conditions: rest, competitive, and cooperative play. During the competitive condition, participants played Nintendo Wii Tennis® against their friend. During cooperative play, participants and their friend played together against a computer avatar. During each condition, oxygen consumption (VO₂, ml∙kg-1∙min-1) and liking (visual analog …

Physiological Responses To Counterweighted Single-Leg Cycling In Older Males, Phil Lascola, C. Eric Heidorn, Brandon Pollock, Keith Burns, John Mcdaniel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1487-1500, 2020. Single-leg cycling (SLC) allows for a greater muscle specific exercise capacity and therefore provides a greater stimulus for metabolic and vascular adaptations compared to double-leg cycling (DLC). The purpose of this investigation was to compare the cardiovascular, peripheral, and metabolic responses of counterweighted (10kg) SLC to DLC in a healthy older male population. Eleven males (56-86 years) performed two cycling modalities consisting of DLC and SLC. For each modality, participants performed 4-minute cycling trials (60rpm) at three work rates (25, 50, 75W). Repeated measures ANOVAs and paired samples T-test (α=0.05) were used …

Hydration Efficiency Of A Protein Beverage Consumed In A Bolus Vs. Metered Pattern During Recovery, Chris Mcbride, Tara Boy, Matt Green, Eric O'Neal, Lee Renfroe

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1476-1486, 2020. This study compared hydration efficiency of a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage consumed in a bolus (BOL) vs. a metered (MET) drinking pattern during recovery from exercise induced hypohydration. Participants (n = 10) lost 2 - 2.5% of body mass from sweating during a morning exercise session. Participants were then assigned to either consume a carbohydrate/electrolyte/protein beverage in a bolus (BOL) or metered incremental consumption (MET) (counterbalanced) pattern post exercise. Total rehydration beverage administered during recovery equaled 125% of fluid lost during exercise. BOL was administered within the first hour of recovery, MET …

Psychosocial Factors And The Effects Of A Structured Injury Prevention Workshop On Coaches’ Self-Efficacy To Implement The 11+ Exercise Program, Oluwatoyosi Owoeye, Carly Mckay, Anu Räisänen, Tate Hubkarao, Luz Palacios-Derflingher, Carolyn Emery

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1459-1475, 2020. Psychosocial factors have both direct and indirect influence on behavior change. Self-efficacy is a key psychosocial factor driving behavior change. It is an individual’s perceived capability of performing a desired action. Structured injury prevention workshops targeting improvements in psychosocial factors in coaches may enhance the dissemination and implementation of the 11+ program in community settings. This study describes baseline psychosocial factors in youth soccer coaches and the effects of a structured 11+ injury prevention workshop on coaches’ self-efficacy to implement the 11+. An adapted questionnaire based on the Health Action Process Approach …

Inhibition Of Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism Attenuates Emcv Replication And Protects B-Cells From Virally Mediated Lysis, Joshua D. Stafford, Zachary R. Shaheen, Chay Teng Yeo, John A. Corbett

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Viral infection is one environmental factor that may contribute to the initiation of pancreatic b-cell destruction during the development of autoimmune diabetes. Picornaviruses, such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), induce a pro-inflammatory response in islets leading to local production of cytokines, such as IL-1, by resident islet leukocytes. Furthermore, IL-1 is known to stimulate b-cell expression of iNOS and production of the free radical nitric oxide. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide contributes to the b-cell response to viral infection. We show that nitric oxide protects b-cells against virally mediated lysis by limiting EMCV replication. This …