Physiology Commons^™

Effects Of Electronic Cigarettes On The Standard Metabolic Rate Of Crayfish, Frank Shaffer

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

This study aims to examine the relationship between e-cigarettes (both with nicotine and without) and the effects on the standard metabolic rates of crayfish. In this experiment, 42 crayfish were divided into three treatment groups and exposed to a designated solution of either a control solution or a solution containing e-cigarette (nicotine or non-nicotine) vapor. Their standard metabolic rates were then measured by using oxygen uptake as a proxy. The results of this experiment indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between the use of electronic cigarettes and the standard metabolic rate of crayfish. However, this study can be …

Repeated Occupational-Level Exposure To The Pesticide Malathion Leads To Neuronal Atrophy In The Dorsal Root Ganglion, Arian K. Mcneil

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Environmental exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, such as malathion, is a risk factor for neuropathy and neurodegeneration. Toxic levels of OPs irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, leading to acute paralysis and even death as the neurotransmitter acetylcholine accumulates at cholinergic synapses. In addition, there is compelling evidence that repeated low-level “occupational-like” exposure to OPs is associated with somatosensory defects but the cellular mechanisms for this effect are unclear. We show sensory neuron cell size in the dorsal root ganglia is significantly reduced in rats exposed to occupational level malathion. However, co-administration of a reversible AchE inhibitor, galantamine, prevented this effect.

Multilevel Phenotypic Integration Of Metabolism And Behavior In House Sparrows And Mice, Tim Salzman

Theses and Dissertations--Biology

Patterns of multilevel variation in behavior, both within and among individuals, raise challenging questions about underlying mechanisms and the selective pressures acting on them. One intriguing hypothesis is that physiology shows parallel multilevel variation, and so might represent a latent trait that integrates multilevel behavioral responses. For example, foraging acquires the fuel needed to maintain metabolism, and in turn, an individual’s metabolism affects expression of foraging, and other, behaviors. Metabolism and behavior thus might coevolve to become integrated traits. Despite the appeal of this hypothesis, numerous investigations into the link between metabolism and behavior have yielded largely equivocal results.

To …

Bilirubin Levels Are Negatively Correlated With Adiposity In Obese Men And Women, And Its Catabolized Product, Urobilin, Is Positively Associated With Insulin Resistance, Zachary A. Kipp, Mei Xu, Evelyn A. Bates, Wang-Hsin Lee, Philip A. Kern, Terry D. Hinds Jr.

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Bilirubin levels in obese humans and rodents have been shown to be lower than in their lean counterparts. Some studies have proposed that the glucuronyl UGT1A1 enzyme that clears bilirubin from the blood increases in the liver with obesity. UGT1A1 clearance of bilirubin allows more conjugated bilirubin to enter the intestine, where it is catabolized into urobilin, which can be then absorbed via the hepatic portal vein. We hypothesized that when bilirubin levels are decreased, the urobilin increases in the plasma of obese humans, as compared to lean humans. To test this, we measured plasma levels of bilirubin and urobilin, …

Use Of Hematological Markers To Assess Physiological Condition And Health Status In Free-Ranging Sand Tiger Sharks (Carcharias Taurus), Chestina N. Craig

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The contents of blood can provide information about the physiological condition and health of vertebrates. This study seeks to better understand the stress physiology and blood bacteria presence of the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), as sharks are known to have unique physiology and immune systems. In this study the blood metabolites glucose, lactate, and ketones (3-hydroxybuteric acid and acetoacetate), were used to understand how biotic and abiotic factors affect the acute stress response to capture and handling. Metabolite concentrations from blood plasma were analyzed using colorimetric assays. Glucose and ketones showed no significant responses to capture and …

Glass Ceiling Encountered By Female Chief Executive Officers As They Advance To C-Level Positions In International Nonprofit Sports Organizations., Eric Edokpaigbe Idehen

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Women are underrepresented as chief executive officers (CEOs), executive-level officers, board directors, and national sports organization board chairs in 45 countries. Despite social movements, laws, and practices supporting equal employment opportunities and workplace equality, women in top senior-level positions are still lacking. The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges women face in terms of obtaining CEO leadership roles in international nonprofit sports organizations. The study involved exploring limitations eight women faced when aspiring to CEO positions in terms of leadership development, talent management, and policies involving international nonprofit sports organizations. This study employed a qualitative descriptive phenomenological …

An Examination Of Counselor Turnover And Its Impact On Quality Behavioral Health Services, Leslie M. Beale

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Behavioral health organizations often face the challenge of high employee turnover rates, which can critically affect their ability to treat mental illnesses successfully. High counselor turnover at one such organization, BHOX, threatens the provision of timely access to quality mental care. This qualitative case study examined counselor turnover and its impact on the quality of behavioral health services. The Baldrige Excellence Framework was used to guide this descriptive case study of a nonprofit behavioral health organization on the East Coast of the United States, which serves men and women struggling with mental health disorders and substance abuse addictions. The data …

Sex-Dependent Effects Of Induced Acute Inflammation On Glucose Homeostasis And Rna Editing Enzymes, Christian A. Rivas

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

The first line of defense against bodily insults, like pathogen invasion, is the innate immune system. Innate immunity sets in motion countless cascades that result in inflammation. Inflammation simultaneously affects multiple biological processes like metabolism and gene expression. Males and females react differently to inflammation. To understand both molecular and physiological sex differences in inflammation, we examined how inflammation affects gene expression and glucose metabolism. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR1) is upregulated by inflammation and catalyzes RNA editing, a process where nucleotides encoded by the genome are modified. ADAR1 also controls the innate immune reaction by decreasing activity of …

The Physiological And Psychological Performance Effects Of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements In Females During Resistance Training, Mariah L. Snyder

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

In recent years, the use of supplements to aid resistance training performance has increased, particularly through the consumption of multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS). However, limited research exists regarding the efficacy of MIPS on physiological and psychological performance in resistance-trained females.

PURPOSE: To determine the physiological and psychological performance effects of MIPS compared to a placebo and caffeine-only supplement in resistance-trained females.

METHODS: Resistance-trained females (n=10) volunteered for the study. One-repetition maximum (1RM) was established at baseline for leg press (LP) and bench press (BP). A within-groups, double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced design was used to assign the four supplement drinks (i.e., …

Gustation In Insects: Taste Qualities And Types Of Evidence, Bethia H. King, Panchalie B. Gunathunga

Faculty Articles, Papers, and Other Scholarship

The insect equivalent of taste buds are gustatory sensilla, which have been found on mouthparts, pharynxes, antennae, legs, wings, and ovipositors. Most gustatory sensilla are uniporous, but not all apparently uniporous sensilla are gustatory. Among sensilla containing more than one neuron, a tubular body on one dendrite is also indicative of a taste sensillum, with the tubular body adding tactile function. But not all taste sensilla are also tactile. Additional morphological criteria are often used to recognize if a sensillum is gustatory. Further confirmation of such criteria by electrophysiological or behavioral evidence is needed. The five canonical taste qualities to …

Intrinsic Foot Muscle Training For Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome, Katherine Newsham, Michelle Boyd, Christine Lauber

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), a common condition in physically active individuals, is widely studied, yet effective and efficient intervention is elusive. We compared the effects of a 2-week neuromuscular-based intervention to the “usual treatment” in a non-randomized trial involving intercollegiate athletes with complaints of MTSS involving soft tissue. The neuromuscular-based intervention focused on relieving trigger points in the deep compartment and improving intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) function. The control group received “usual treatment” that did not include the study exercises, but did include rest, modalities, stretching, and/or strengthening exercises. Pre- and post-intervention measures included pain at rest, during activities …

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Of A College Student With A Prosthetic Limb: A Disablement Model Case Study, Sara A. Zilvetti, Amanda Y. Young, Jeff Stein, Scott E. Lawrance

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

This case examines a 19-year-old male college student with a left anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) secondary to a motor vehicle accident (MVA). The accident caused numerous severe injuries to both lower limbs including untreatable right lower leg injuries, leading to a right below knee amputation, and a left ACL tear. Before the accident, the patient was a varsity cross country and track athlete expecting to continue in college. Six weeks following surgical reconstruction, the patient reported to the rehabilitation clinic for standard ACLR rehabilitation practices including lower leg and proximal hip strengthening, attaining full knee ROM, and balance exercises. …

Interventions For The Mind, Body, And Spirit Of Ncaa Student-Athletes: An Evidence To Practice Review, Molly M. Osborn, Victoria A. Williams, Allison B. Smith, Zachary K. Winkelmann

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Life as an athlete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) can enrich and play an integral part in a young student-athlete's development. Consequently, this lifestyle comes with its own stressors that affect one’s physical, spiritual, and psychosocial well-being. These issues can affect various aspects of a student-athlete’s life, including their performance in sports, school, and social settings. Recent studies have begun connecting these domains directly to the health and well-being of NCAA student-athletes, leading to new evidence focused on the best intervention protocols for the biopsychosocial-spiritual (BPSS) model of health. A systematic review was conducted using five electronic databases. …

The Association Of Vitamin D, Bone Mineral Density, And Injuries Among Acrobatics And Tumbling Athletes, K Lee, A Gallucci, J Forsse, L Cherpe De Souza, L Irvin, E Boyer, L Funderburk

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Introduction: Acrobatics and Tumbling (A&T) is an emerging sport incorporating various elements of gymnastics and competitive cheerleading. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the sport presents with high injury rates potentially due to the high impact nature of the activity. Due to the potential aesthetic sport related concerns, bone mineral density and risk of injury presents a concern for patients, athletic trainers and stakeholders. Increased understanding of the relationship between bone mineral density, serum vitamin D status, and injury incidence in A&T may be useful to athletic trainers, registered dietitians, and others working with these athletes. The objective of this study was …

Use Of Blood Flow Restriction Training With A Collegiate Baseball Player Following Hook Of The Hamate Excision, J P. Goza, R M. Galbraith, A P. Jacobsen, B J. Warner, S A. Cage

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Background: A 21-year-old male collegiate baseball player underwent successful excision of the hook of hamate of the left hand. Following two weeks in a padded splint to allow for appropriate scar healing, the patient’s sutures were removed and rehabilitation was initiated. Initial rehabilitation consisted of passive range of motion exercises progressing to active range of motion exercises. After one week of range of motion exercises and improvement of range of motion, resistance training with blood flow restriction was initiated. Differential Diagnosis: Hook of the hamate excision. Treatment: Week 3: Prior to beginning resistance training with blood flow restriction, grip strength …

Twelfth Rib Avulsion Fracture In A Collegiate Baseball Pitcher: A Case Report., L K. Warner, A P. Jacobsen, R M. Galbraith, C Hodges, B J. Warner, S A. Cage

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Background: A 21-year-old male collegiate baseball player reported to the athletic training staff after experiencing acute pain in his left side following throwing a pitch. The patient experienced immediate difficulty with active lateral flexion and trunk rotation. Palpation revealed spasm and tenderness along the internal and external oblique muscle. The patient reported having subluxed a rib on a previous occasion. While the pain experienced was similar, the patient stated that there was more pain along the muscle bellies of the internal and external oblique muscles compared to the previous injury. No difficulties with breathing, bowel movements, or urination were reported. …

Slowing It Down: The Impact Of A Core Stabilization Program Of Hypermobile Sprinters, T Spears, J Gonzalez-Pons, J Debose

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint in sprinters, and it can present itself in many ways. One study published in 2019 surveyed 2539 runners; 22.6% of them reported LBP of some kind at least once within that year.5 LBP can occur in sprinters for many reasons. One study noted that muscle weakness, imbalance, and improper recruitment of hip and/or core musculature are a few sources of LBP in athletes.4 The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a core stabilization program on athletes suffering from lumbar facet hypermobility. Differential Diagnosis: Conditions that are typically …

A Case Study On Treatment Of Subcoracoid Impingement In An Overhead Athlete With Manual Therapy, M Mennell

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

Introduction: Subcoracoid impingement of the shoulder is a condition that occurs when the tendons or soft tissues in the shoulder are compressed or pinched between the coracoid process and the humeral head. It is also suspected that subcoracoid impingement can occur when the humerus translates anteriorly, decreasing the subcoracoid space. This impingement can cause pain, inflammation, and limited mobility in the shoulder joint. All kinds of impingement are typically multifactorial, and have several areas that need to be addressed. The purpose of this case report is to examine the effects of therapeutic exercise as well as manual therapy on subcoracoid …

Superficial Peroneal Nerve Entrapment In Female Collegiate Tennis Athlete: A Disablement Model Case Study, Sarah Branning, Neeru Jayanthi, Zachary K. Winkelmann

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

A 19-year-old female, NCAA Division I collegiate tennis player presented with a burning and aching sensation halfway up the lateral portion of her right calf following an extensive period spent in a squatting position. This discomfort began distal to the fibular head, then ran along her lateral calf, reached into her ankle, and wrapped behind the lateral malleolus. Initially, the patient only noticed this discomfort during long durations of physical activity. However, she began to report symptoms with activities of daily living (ADLs) and following workouts. The patient first received a working diagnosis of a stress reaction along the mid …

Return-To-Tennis Considerations And An Elusive Diagnosis For A Cuboid Avulsion Fracture: A Disablement Model Case Study, Grant G. Yee, Zachary K. Winkelmann, Zoe J. Foster

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

This disablement-model case study is focused on a 23-year-old NCAA Division I men’s tennis player that sustained an injury in a competitive singles tennis match. Upon initial examination, the athletic trainer diagnosed the individual with an anterior talofibular ligament sprain and treated conservatively. The patient experienced significant disruptions to his activities of daily living due to his difficulties with ambulation during the early stages of his recovery. Interestingly, the patient was eventually diagnosed with a cuboid avulsion fracture. Midfoot fractures are uncommonly experienced in the general population, and are particularly uncommon in tennis athletes, making them difficult to recognize. Clinical …