Plant Pathology Commons^™

Heterosis Effect In Advanced Generations Of Synthetic Varieties Of Alfalfa, M Seki, F Fujimoto, S Inami, M Kanbe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Heterosis effect in advanced generations of synthetic varieties of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., using component lines bred for one breeding objective and those using unrelated component lines for different objectives was investigated. Heterosis effect in yield in advanced generations of synthetic variety composed of unrelated lines selected from different varieties were higher than that of synthetics composed of lines from the same variety. In synthetics composed of selfed lines, component lines more than 6 seem to be necessary to avoid inbreeding depression. Futhermore, even with parents from maternally selected lines inbreeding would be unavoidable when lines are closely related. Considering …

The Release Process And Initial Adoption Of Andropogon Gayanus In Tropical Latin America, J E. Ferguson, C Sere, R R. Vera

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Following introduction into Colombia in 1973, Andropogon gayanus CIAT 621 has been evaluated within various countries by many institutions and researchers. Between 1981-1985 it has achieved the status of a cultivar by a formal release process within Colombia, Brazil, Panama, Peru and Venezuela as Carimagua 1, Planaltina, Veranero, San Martin and Sabanero, respectively. The release process evolved independently in each country. The decision to release was taken by a single institution, except in the case of Panama. Each country elected to give a different name to an equivalent cultivar. Ample supplies of basic seed generally were made available, especially in …

Domestication Of Phalaris Aquatica As A Pasture Grass, R N. Oram, H E. Schroeder, R A. Culvenor

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Australian cultivar of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) is a wild Mediterranean population that has been useful for increasing and stabilizing pasture productivity in south-eastern Australia, but it has many deficiencies. This review describes the discovery and exploitation of the genetic variation needed to domesticate and improve the species. Domestication began with the reduction of dimethyltryptamine alkaloids in the herbage. However, the low alkaloid cultivar, Sirolan, is still toxic, possibly due to hypomagnesaemia. The second domestication step is the suppression of seed dispersal. At least four recessive genes and dominance modifiers appear to control the non-shedding trait. These are …

Collecting And Breeding Legumes For Brazilian Tropical Pastures, E M. Hutton, F B. De Sousa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Brazil has a wealth of native legumes in Stylosanthes, Centrosema and Zomia in soils with pH 4.2-6.5. Collection of those with pasture potential is needed before elimination by agricultural development. Main ecological zones for legume collection include the Cerrados, Amazonia and the Caatinga. Acid-soil factors determining legume adaptation are discussed. Efficient root absorption in the presence of high Al saturation is critical. Increased Ca migration into subsoils through the use of appropriate compounds in needed. Native legumes like Stylosanthes species from areas with pH 4.2-5.4 have potential for oxisols-ultisols. Anthracnose resitance is essential in all Stylosanthes species, and …

Variation In Photoperiodical Response Of Heading In Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum Lam.), H Yamaguchi, Shigeru Suzuki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The response of heading to short day and low temperature has been studied in 48 lines of Lolium species grown under four photoperiod conditions. After fully vernalized in field, materials were grown under four conditions: 24 hours at high and natural temperatures, 13 hours and natural daylength. The number of days from beginning of treatment to flag leaf expansion was recorded. We considered response to short day (RSD), response to low temperature(RLT), and earliness in a narrow sense as three important components controlling heading behavior after vernalization. RSD was measured by difference of the number of days to flag leaf …

A Method Of Accelerating Generation-Cycles In Orchardgrass, F Ikegaya, S Kawabata, S Sato

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

advance two generations a year was designed and demonstrated by using two cultivars with different maturity. The method consisted of the following five procedures; 1) growing of seedlings under 24 hr day-length at day/night temperature of 25°C/15°C, 2) floral induction treatment under 10 hr day-length at 10°C, 3) promotion of the period from inflorescence differentiation to seed ripening under 24 hr day-length at the temperature which increased gradually from 15°C to 24°C, 4) air-drying of freshly harvested seeds at room temperature, and 5) breaking of seed dormancy by prechilling at 50°C.

Germinable seeds were obtained from more than 90 percent …

A Dimorphic Pollination System In A Potentially Valueable Semi-Arid Pasture Legume, The Psoralea Patens Complex, E J. Britten, Ian S. Dundas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A closely related group of leguminous plants in the genus Psoralea has been reported to be potentially useful for pasture in the semi-arid tropics and sub-tropics of Australia. Attempts to produce seed for research purposes were frustrated by seed failure in certain lines while other lines produced seed freely. Examination of meiosis, pollen production and embryo development indicated no abnormality leading to seed failure. Pollination experiments by hand manipulation showed self incompatibility not to be the cause of poor seed set. Close examination of the structure of the flowers disclosed two types of stigmas. The stigmas of the free seeding …

Grass-Legume Associations And Breeding For Yield, L Zannone, R Paoletti, C Scotti, P Jacquard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The results obtained at the Forage Crops Institute of Lodi concerning binary grass-legume associations are discussed. The experiments were realized either in greenhouse or in field with different techniques. Varieties were grown in association and in pure stand. The nature of inter-specific interference proved to be the same as the intra-specific interference; its interpretation is based on the biological density hypothesis (Rotili, 1979). Within the grass-legume associations situations of competition with overcompensation are created alternatively in favour of one species or the other, depending upon their earliness and biological cycle. The overcompensation effects are cumulated, bringing to an agronomical advantage …

Using Acid Soil Selection To Develop Alfalfa Cultivars, J H. Bouton, M E. Sumner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is very sensitive to acid soils, it is logical to question whether alfalfa cultivars selected for acid soil tolerance will be as productive as cultivars selected in limed fertile soils when tested under production schemes which exhibit a range of soil pH and fertility conditions, especially in the subsoils. In this paper, the value of acid soil selection for developing alfalfa cultivars productive in both limed and acidic soil profiles are reported. Selection in acid soils was found to be better than selection in limed, fertile soil for developing alfalfa germplasms more productive in …

Competitional Effects Of Neighbor Plants And Genetic Variations In Experimental Populations Of Timothy, Phleum Pratense L., Y Shimamoto, Ch Tsuda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Genet and Ram et populations of timothy, Phleum pratense L., were raised to investigate the effects of neighbour plants on their growth. The adjoining plants were positively or none correlated in Ramet and negatively or none done in Genet populations in a number of traits. In number of tillers at both the first and second cuts negative and none correlation coefficients between the adjoining plants were observed in Genet and Ramet populations, respectively. Also competitional effects were obviously distinguished in dry weight of Genet population at both first and second cuts. Thus competitional variances for these characters were significantly observed …

Acid-Soil Tolerant Hybrids In The Tree Legume, Leucaena, E M. Hutton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leucaena Jeucocephala (Lam.) de Wit is adapted to less acid and alkaline soils. It is potentially valuable for the American tropics, but much of this vast area has low pH soils (oxisols and ultisols) with high Al and low Ca saturations. Adaptation to these conditions needed sources of acid-soil tolerance in Leucaena and a definition of the characters basic to this tolerance. A field trial at Carimagua (Colombian llanos) indicated that subsoil Ca rather than Al was the main factor in Leucaena adaptation. Consequently interspecific crosses mainly between L. leucocephala and acid-soil tolerant L. diversifolia (Schlecht) Benth. Hook. …

Evaluation Of Orchardgrass And Alfalfa For Its Nutritive Value And Voluntary Intake By Neutral Detergent Analysis, T Ishiguri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A series of trials has been carried out over a ten-year period to determine the ad lib. intake and digestibility of clipped orchardgrass and alfalfa fed at several growth stages to wethers. Forage and feces were fractionated into cell wall (CW) and cell content (CC) with neutral detergent solution, moreover the digestibility and the digestible amount of CW, CC were determined. The changing amount of digestible dry matter (D DM) in grass and legume related to the amount of digestible CC and indigestible CW, whereas digestible CW was observed to have little relation.

orchardgrass varied little between the first cut …

Seasonal Beef Performance On Au Triumph And Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue At Three Fungal Endophyte Infection Levels, J P. Pedersen, S P. Schmidt, C C. King Jr, C S. Hoveland, J A. Mcguire

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Greatly improved performance has been reported from cattle grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) free of Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Garns compared to those grazing heavily infected tall fescue. However, cultivar effects and the effects of intermediate infection levels have not been adequately explored. Therefore, a 3-year grazing study was conducted in west-central Alabama to compare beef steer performance on non infected 'AU Triumph' and 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue at three levels of A coenophialum infection. A. coenophialum infection levels of 0% on AU Triumph and 1, 34, and 90% on Kentucky 31 resulted in average daily gains (ADG) …

Effects Of Fluidized Bed Combustion Residue Application To Reclaimed Mine Land On Yield And Composition Of Forage And Performance Of Grazing Steers, K O. Smedley, J P. Fontenot, V G. Allen, H D. Perry, O L. Bennett

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fluidized bed combustion residue (FBCR), a waste product resulting from the addition of limestone to coal prior to combustion, is high in sulfur (S) and has approximately 50% of the neutralizing capacity of limestone. Research was conducted to study effects of repeated applications of FBCR to pastures on forage yield and composition, and on performance and health of grazing cattle. Three treatments were applied in three replicated .81 ha pastures located on acidic reclaimed land which had been previously mined by mountain top removal. Treatments were control, dolomitic limestone (3380 kg/ha) and FBCR (6760 kg/ha), applied in split applications. Pastures …

Lamb Performance On Extended Season Grazing Of Brassica Pekinensis X B. Rapa, D W. Koch, F C. Ernst Jr, N R. Leonard, R R. Hedberg, J R. Mitchell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Brassica pekinensis X B. rapa var. tyfon was evaluated for its potential for extending the grazing season and utilization for finishing lambs. Tyfon was seeded without tillage in mid-July and grazing was initiated in each of two years about 70 days after seeding with lambs which had previously grazed clover-grass. A similar group was placed on a balanced ration of hay and grain. Tyfon maintained high quality throughout the grazing period, which was 45 days in 1983 and 68 days in 1984. Lambs gained an average 214 and 249 g day-1 in 1983 and 1984, respectively, on tyfon, while lambs …

Changes In Production And Quality With Plant Elongation And Maturity Of American Jointvetch, P Mislevy, F G. Martin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

. Preliminary information indicates forage quality of American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana L.) decreases rapidly with age. The purpose of this study was to determine the dry matter (DM) yield growth curve and changes in quality as plants elongated and matured. The study was conducted _at Ona, Florida in the summer of 1977 and 1978 when plants attained multiple heights of 15 cm. Plants were established m July and sampled, beginning at about 6 wks. They were clipped into se_cti?ns and analyzed for in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD) and crude protein (CP). Simultaneously with each clipping treatment a plot …

Qualitative Evaluation Of Spontaneous Forage Legumes Growing In Central Italy, S Arcioni, M Falcinelli, U Francia, F Lorenzetti, V Negri, F Veronsei

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Several natural populations belonging to 13 different species of annual, biennial and perennial forage leguminous plants were evaluated at Perugia (Italy) for forage quality in 1983 and 1984. On the basis of the results relative to annual legumes, Medicago arabica, M. orbicularis and Trifolium subterraneum appeared interesting materials. For what biennial and perennial species are concerned, T. repens, Lotus corniculatus and L. tenuis which, as well known, are important forage plants in Central and North Europe and North America, showed high feeding values appearing of great interest also in Mediterranean environment.

The Digestion By Cattle Of Grass Silages Made With The Application Of Formic Acid Or Formic Acid And Formaldehyde, Nam-Hyung Lee, J A. Rooke, D G. Armstrong

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of applying formic acid at ensilage or formic acid/formaldehyde to the standing crop of herbage before ensiling upon the subsequent digestion of the silages by cattle. Unwilted grass silages were made from perennial ryegrass ensiled at a DM of 170g kg-1 with application of 2.22 liters ton-1 of formic acid and wilted grass silages was made by spray to the standing crop of herbage with 90 liters ha -i of a solution containing 50 liter formalin, 500ml of 10% Tween 20, and 2.5 liter water giving an application rate of …

Comparison Of Nitrogen Utilization From Wilted And Direct-Cut Silages By Growing Sheep, Elisabeth Grenet, C Demarquilly, C Beranger, D Micol

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of wilting on the conservation quality, intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of silages was studied. 32 silages made from 10 fresh crops were fed to growing sheep. For each crop a direct-cut silage without additive, a direct-cut silage with formic acid and a wilted silage were prepared. Conservation of wilted silages was not as good as that of direct-cut silages with formic acid but was better than that of silages without additive. However, both intake and protein digestibility of wilted silages were the lowest of the three types. The nitrogen balance was also lower with wilted silages than …

The Effect Of Leucaena Leucocphala As A Supplement On The Utilization On Low Quality Roughage By Small Ruminants, A Bamualim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the value of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as a supplement to low quality roughage of spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) hay fed to goats and sheep. In the first experiment using goats, a basal diet of spear grass (SG) was supplemented with urea (SG + U) or Jeucaena (SG + L). Daily organic matter (OM) intake was significantly greater on the SG + L diet (38 g/kg BW0•75) than on the SG or SG + U diets (21 and 23 g/kg BW° 75 respectively). Non ammonia nitrogen (NAN) flowing from the abomasum was …

Effects Of Variety And Soil Difference On The Feeding Value Of Whole Crop Barley, M Ogawa, H Abe, E Takahashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of varietal (Azuma Golden, Akagi Nijyo and New Golden) and soil differences (Red Yellow Soils, Grey Lowland Soils, Light Colored Andosols and Thick Humic Andosols) on the feeding value of whole crop barley were investigated to ascertain each proportion of plant portions to the total plant weight and carbohydrate contents and the main results are as follows. 1) The differences in IVDMD (in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility) were independent of variety, but they were influenced considerably by soil differences. The lowest IVDMD value of 56% was in Grey Lowland Soils and the highest of 63% was produced in …

Rumen Degradation Of Dry Matter And Protein Of Tropical Forage And Water Plant, M Saadullah, K V. Thomsen, A N. Niemann-Sorensen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The dry matter and protein degradation rate of some tropical Bangladeshi forages were determined by using the nylon bag technique. The different forages and concentrates were dhancha (Sesbania aculeata), matikalie (Phaseolus mungo), ipil ipil (Leucaena) and water hyacinths (Echhomia crassipes), mustard oil cake and fish meal as control. A slow dry matter disappearance (from nylon bags) was observed for fish meal followed by ipil ipil and water hyacinths. It was also observed that the dry matter from mustard oil cake disappeard very rapidly, while the dhancha and matikalie formed intermediate of the …

The Digestibility, Intake And Rumen Fermentation By Sheep Of Some Tropical Grasses In Japan, O Kawamura, S Tanaka, T Miaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cultivation of tropical grasses is gradually becoming widespread in southwest Japan. In this research, the digestibility, voluntary intake and rumen fermentation of the tropical grasses (green panic, Rhodes grass, Sudan grass and African millet) were compared with Italian ryegrass. The crude protein contents of all tropical grasses tested were over 10% in the dry matter, and were not so much different from the Italian ryegrass. The tropical grasses, in general, had higher contents of cell wall materials and lower content of total non-structural carbohydrate than the Italian ryegrass. In the dry matter digestibility and digestible nutrient contents, the tropical …

Evaluation Of Digestible Dry Matter Productivity Of Sugar Cane In Warm Temperate Zone Of Japan, T Takamura, H Nakano

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field trials were carried out to evaluate and to utilize the potential productivity of sugar cane as a forage crop in warm temperate zone of Japan. Improved, modem varieties NiN2 and NCo310 were cultivated at Oshima Island, Kushimoto-cho, (Wakayama Prefecture), Takatsuki City, (Osaka Prefecture), and Sanyo-cho, (Okayama Prefecture). The results obtained were as follows: In experiment 1, it was demonstrated that dry matter yield (DM) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were the highest in ratooning crop, and higher in April planting crop than in May planting crop. These levels of yields of ratooning and April planting of sugar cane were …

Effect Of Cutting Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) And Wheat (Triticum Oestivum L.) On The Yield Of Grain And Straw With Special Reference To The Nutritive Value Of The Green Forage Cut, M S. Nowar, S Y. Sherif, G A. Abdel-Rahman, S N. Abdel-Baki, K M. El-Gindi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It was intended to study the possibility of cutting green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) before obtaining grains. The grains of the two crops were sown in broadcasting. Half of the cultivated area of both crops were cut manually at 30 cm plant height, while the others were left as controls. Two digestibility trials using 3 fistulated castrated Ossimi rams were carried on the green forage cut of barley and wheat. The obtained results are summarized as follow:

1. The values of in vitro disappearance, in vivo digestion coefficients (except EE), nutritive value (SV, …

Feeding Value In Grain And Straw Of Paddy Rice At The Different Stage, K Taji, S Kumai, R Fukumi, E Horiuchu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were carried out to estimate the feeding value and the rate of undigested excretion of starch in grain and ammoniated straw (AS) of paddy at the dough and the ripe stage. The plant material used was Matsuyama Mii, a late variety. Materials and experimental animals for the digestion trial were rough rice and AS, and sheep, respectively. In chemical composition, each content of crude fat (CF) and crude ash (CA) of the ripe rough rice (RRR) was higher than that of the dough rough rice (DRR), and moreover, each content of CF and CA of AS at the dough …

Digestibility And Chemical Composition Of Cell Walls From Grass And Legume Stems, D R. Buxton, J O. Fritz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lignin concentration and chemical composition, associated phenolic monomers, and arabinose branching of the xylose core of hemicellulose are all thought to affect the rate and/or extent of digestion. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of maturity on rate of cell wall ( CW) digestion of stems from two legume species and on CW constituents in legume and grass stems. The rate of CW digestion was determined by fermenting samples in rumen fluid for various periods. Structural carbohydrate composition was determined in ethanol-insoluble residues and phenylpropanoid components were determined in CW after alkali treatment and nitrobenzene oxidation. Rate of …

Evaluation Of Grain Sorghum As A Silage Crop, R L. Smith, K K. Bolsen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value and yield potential of grain sorghum cultivars harvested as whole-plant silage. A commercial yellow endosperm grain sorghum was harvested at late-dough and hard-grain stages of maturity. Each silage was fed unprocessed and processed through a roller mill to steers in growth and digestion trials. A yield study compared five cultivars of grain sorghum and one forage sorghum, each harvested at three stages of matuirity (milk to early dough, late-dough, and hard-grain). Processing the silages significantly improved steer gains and feed efficiencies. There was a nonsignificant increase in silage DM digestibility due …

Studies On The Utilization Of Water Hyacinth Plants As Feed, K Kabata, M Shimizu, N Ashikari, T Sawada, I Goto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to promote the utilization of water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes) plants as feed.

Water hyacinth was cultivated at the eutrophic lake, Ezuko in Kumamoto city from May, 1982 to December, 1984. The plants had the highest absorbing ability from October to November in a growing season. The raw material of the silage has been used for the plants harvested in October, 1984. After being washed, the plants were squeezed by the roller press machine and the press cake containing 85% moisture was used as raw silage material. The quality of the silage was ranked excellent grade …

Development Of The Practical Use Of Water Hyacinth As The Water Purification And The Feed Of Animals, M Shimizu, K Kabata, N Ashikari, I Goto, T Sawada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

1. The global prolific growth of water hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) and effect of its vigorous reproduction on the environment is an increasing serious world-wide problem challenging an environmental menace. But Fortunatly, it contains much protein and essential amino acid. From above mentioned characteristics the plants are probably the most promising species for feed of animals and nutrient removal from eutrophic water. But unfortunately, the plants are so succulent that the practical use has not been realized. From such circumstances, we want to solve the hard problems by cutting down production expenses for the practical utilization of the plants. …