Plant Pathology Commons^™

Studies On The Phosphorus Utilization Of Orchardgrass And Ladino Clover As Affected By Compost Application In Volcanic Ash Soils, M C. Kim, D A. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The growth response of pasture species on phosphorus utilization of two compost application methods was compared on black and very dark brown volcanic ash soils. With the exception of orchardgrass in very dark brown soils, the establishment of pasture species was reduced if seed was mixed with P-fertilizer and compost when compared with no compost or compost treatment not mixed with seed and fertilizer.

Compost treatment caused increasing dry matter yields of pasture in the two soil types tested. However, Jadino clover, grown in black soil, did not benefit from compost treatment. There was a higher P content of pasture …

Studies On The Sulfur Nutrition Of Forage Crops, S Ogata, K Kouno, S Kobayashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Greenhouse experiments and field surveys were conducted (1) to evaluate the S-supplying capacity of soil in Chugoku area, and (2) to determine some diagnostic criteria by which S-status of plants can simply be assessed, and (3) to find out a critical S values in several forage crops. The results obtained are as in the following; 1) The S-supplying capacity of soil is estimated 5mgS/Kg in granite regosols and 58mgS/Kg in andosols. The S-supplying capacity of soil could not be estimated by only available-S content, but may be reliably estimated by total-S and the mineralization rate of organic matter. 2) Grassland …

The Comparison Of The Tolerance To Soil Acidity Among Several Pasture Grasses, H Hokito, A Nishimune, K Takao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Five kinds of grasses which are common in Hokkaido were studied for the purpose of comparing these grasses' tolerances to soil acidified mainly by fertilyzer anions. The experiments were separated into categories, : aluminum tolerance (pot experiment) and tolerance to acidic soil (pot and field experiments). Orchardgrass, Timothy and Perennial ryegrass showed strong tolerances and Ladino clover showed weak tolerance in each experiment. Although Alfalfa showed a weak tolerance in the pot experiment it was not as weak in the field. In this experiment the role of the root system seemed to be very important. That is, in the case …

Concentration Of Trace Elements In Grass On Shinshu High Land Area, H Danbara, H Arima, T Baba, T Matano, M Yamaguchi, T Kikuchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

About twenty kinds of trace elements in grass grown on Shinshu high land area were determined with non destructive activation analysis. These elements in grass will be taken by beef cattle as nutrients. Zinc and manganese were found remarkablly high concentration then copper came after. Cobalt and selenium such as important elements for physiology of cattle were not determined so high.

Herbage Dry Matter Yield And Nitrogen Content Of A Reproductive Growth According To Spring Management Case Of Permanent Meadows In The Pyrenees Mountains, M Duru

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In mountains farming systems, the wintering is the principal constraint because hay stock by ewe is low and has poor feed value. The objective of this research is to show the effect of spring management (fertilization, grazing) on the reproductive growth. We measured herbage dry matter on three plots of different fertility levels (0.108 % - 0.045 % - 0.018 % P205 Dyer) at an altitude of 1250 m. We show that the net starting growth is afunction of the soil fertility level (we observed differences of a month between plots). Consequently, the grazing effect on the regrowth does not …

Studies On The Numbers, Activity And Seasonal Dynamics Of Nitrogen Metabolic Microorganisms In Soils Of Qinghai-Xizang Alpine Meadow, Jiazao Li, Tao Yang, Guiru Zhu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The numbers, activity and seasonal dynamics of nitrogen metabolic bacteria in soils of Qinghai-Xizang alpine meadows were studied at Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station. The numbers of these microbes were highest in the 0-10 cm soil layer and these numbers decreased with the deepening of the soil. In the surface soil layer, the denitrifying bacteria were dominant, the next were the nonsymbiotic anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria showed the lowest counts. The numbers and activity of nitrogen metabolic bacteria also showed markedly seasonal dynamics. The microbial peaks usually appeared between June and August. The ammonifying …

Effect Of Source, Rate And Time Of Application On Nitrogen Fertilizer On Growth Of Ky 31 Tall Fescue, M Rasnake, L Murdock, G Lacefield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The use of urea as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer is becoming more prevalent in Kentucky and most other parts of the world (Englestad and Hauk, 1974). However, research shown that under certain conditions, N volatilization losses from urea can be excessive (Wells et al., 1978). A research project was initiated in 1980 at Princeton, Kentucky to determine the probability and extent of N loss from surface applied urea and a urea-containing fertilizer (Rasnake et al., 1982) developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TV A) National Fertilizer Development Center (NFDC). Results have shown that N volatilization losses from urea are small …

Field Water Regimes Of Sandy Loam Soils On Arid Rangelands Of Southern New Mexico, Carlton H. Herbel, Robert P. Gibbens

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is little information on field measurement of soil water on arid rangelands. Forage production is largely dependent upon adequate water. The soil water potential is characterized for three sandy loam soils during 1957-76 on arid rangelands of southwestern United States. Gypsum-impregnated resistance blocks were placed at soil depths of 10, 25, 41, 61, and 91 cm. The average annual precipitation during the study periods was 244, 265, and 233 mm. At the 10-cm soil depth, the probability of soil water :2: -1.5 megapascals during December-March was 66, 70, and 68% at the three sites; during July-September, it was 40, …

Experimentation Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients On A Sainfoin (Onobrychis Sativa Lamk.) Pasture In The Garrigue (S. -France): The Vegetation, Production And Its Chemical Composition, P S. Ogereau-Poissonet, C Charlot, A Hentgen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment concerning the sainfoin pasture fertilization in the "garrigue" (humid mediterranean climate and poor soil with limestone in the South of France) is presented. The aim is to find out if the spreading of cheap micronutrients (powdered pozzolana), with and without macronutrients increases the dry matter production and changes its chemical composition. The main results show that the production is multiplied by about 1.5 with 100 kg/ha/year of each macronutrient and 5000 kg/ha of pozzolana ; this increase varies in relation to species. Most of micronutrients have an effect on the specific chemical composition, according to treatments. Probably, toxicity …

Effect Of Fertilization On The Grass Tetany Potential And Organic Acid Composition Of Tall Fescue, D L. Grunes, S R. Wilkinson, P K. Joo, W A. Jackson, R P. Patterson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass tetany has caused the death of beef cattle grazing Kentucky-31 (KY-31) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae Schreb) fertilized with high rates of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and potassium chloride (KCl), or with broiler litter. A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of fertilization on the chemical composition of the forage. The addition of either inorganic fertilizer or broiler litter markedly increased concentrations of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in the plants. Fertilization with 448 kg N/ha markedly increased the concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and, to a lesser extent, calcium (Ca) in the plants. Fertilization with broiler litter markedly …

Comparisons Of Nutritious Specificity For Mineral Absorption Of Species Between The Alfalfa And The Orchardgrass Grown On The Same Soil, I Harada, I Shinohara, K Aoki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Very little is known about the compare of mineral absorption between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) grown on same soil condition in Hokkaido. The objective of this study was to compare the longterm effects of nutritious specificity for species of the absorption of mineral elements. The soils used were Nopporo diluvial, Shinotsu alluvial, Uenai pumice volcanic,. and Bibai peat soil. Alfalfa and orchardgrass were grown on these soils with eight different fertilizer regimes, namely, barnyard manure and NPK, NPK, PK, NK, NP, NPK with sulphur, NPK with chloride and control {nil fertilizer). The treatment have …

Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilization During Early Growth Duration On The Total Water- Soluable Carbohydrate, Nitrate And Crude Protein Content In Orchardgrass, W B. Chun, D A. Kim, J M. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the pot experiment, the content of total water-soluble carbohydrates (TSC) in stubble, leaves and shoots temporally decreased following nitrogen fertilization during early growth duration, after which it again increased, and that of each part of plants in the pots fertilized increasing nitrogen decreased more than that of each part of plants in light nitrogen. The content of TSC was higher in stubble than in leaves, and that of parts of plants decreased by tillering. Nitrate-nitrogen content decreased following nitrogen fertilization and gradually increased. However, it tended to decreased at the end of experiment. Crude protein content rapidly increased immediately …

Aluminum Toxicity: Effects On Growth And Nodulation Of Subterranean Clover, Moo-Key Kim, C J. Asher, D G. Edwards, R A. Date

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Although effects of Al toxicity on the growth of non-nodulated subterranean clover have been studied in controlled experiments in the presence of adequate mineral nitrogen, effects of Al toxicity on nodulation have not been examined critically. Two such experiments were conducted in solution cultures maintained at pH 4.5 and at a range of concentrations of monomeric Al, using an acid tolerant strain of R. trifolii as the inoculant. The first experiment, with cv. Bacchus Marsh, showed that the growth of tops and roots were significantly depressed only at Al concentrations > 24.2 µ,M. However; Rhizobium survival both in the nutrient solution …

Effect Of Deep Liming And Surface Applied Gypsum On Alfalfa Production On Highly Weathered Soils, M E. Sumner, J H. Bouton, J Hammel, H Shahandeh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) production on highly weathered soils is often severely limited by the subsoil acidity syndrome which prevents root penetration. The possibility of encouraging deeper rooting by deep liming and surface-applied gypsum which is leached into the subsoil were investigated on a highly weathered soil (Typic Hapludult) in Georgia. 1Sufficient lime to neutralize exchangeable Al was incorporated by thorough mixing to a depth of 1 meter. Gypsum (10 t ha- ) was incorporated to 20 cm without any subsoil disturbance. Topsoils of all plots were limed and fertilized according to soil test recommendations. Deep liming increased alfalfa …

Fate Of 15 N-Labelled Fertilizer Nitrogen Applied At Different Times Of The Year On Bahiagrass Pasture, Y Sugimoto, M Hirara, M Ueno

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was carried out to search the fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer nitrogen applied at different time of the year

on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) f.asture to know how fertilizer nitrogen is used effectively according to the season. Ammonium chloride labelled with 1.N (10.3 atom%) was applied on 12, Sept. 151982 (autumn application), 18, Apr. 1983 (spring application) and 14, Jul. 1983 (summer application) respectively. Fate 15of N was traced for a year in each treatment. Most of tsN loss from soil-plant system occurred withi�� two months after N application for each treatment. Also, much of 1sN recovered in plant was …

Effects Of Al Concentration In Culture Solution On The Growth And N2 Fixation Of Some Tropical Pasture Legumes, S Ogata, K Fujita, K Morishima, T Kazari

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four tropical pasture legumes, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Stylosanthes humilis, Desmodium intortum and Centros­ema pubescens and a temperate pasture legume, Trifolium repens were grown at the graded levels of Al concentration in a culture solution in order to examine the effects of Al on their growth and N2-fixing activities (CzH2 reduction). In a separate experiment, two tropical pasture legumes, M. atropurpureum and C.pubescens dependent upon combined-N or symbiotically fixed-N were subjected to the graded levels of Al concentration and their dry weight, Nz-fixing activities and root length were measured. The results obtained are as follows.

1) The tolerances to Al in terms …

The Effects Of Lime On The Dry Matter Production And Chemical Composition Of Pennisetum Clandestinum On Highly Weathered Soils, N Miles, C I. Macdonald, J M. Cunningham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A dearth of knowledge relating to the effects of soil acidity on the growth of kikuyu grass presents constraints in formulating lime recommendations for kikuyu pastures. The response of kikuyu to lime at constant nitrogen and varying rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization was studied in field trials on three highly weathered soils. Significant increases in dry matter yield in response to liming were noted on all the soils, with these responses, together with large responses to P, being restricted almost entirely to the spring/early summer growth periods. Yield responses to lime were not related to soil pH or acid saturation …

Varying Phosphorus Fertilization With Pasture Type And Longevity, W F. Wedin, A P. Mallarino, M S. Gregory, C P. West, R D. Voss

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We conducted studies which assessed soil phosphorus (P) status and responses to P fertilization in five pasture types of varying longevity. The main objective was to determine if current recommendations for P fertilizer on pastures, as based on P fertilization response studies in ungrazed small-plot studies, are suitable. In two of the five pasture types, soil P was at levels such that yield response from applied P was insignificant. Plant tissue P concentration was increased but was not a good indicator of P fertility needs. Soil P was both concentrated in areas of the pasture extending to 30 m from …

Some Ecological Features Of Phosphate - Solubilizing Microorganisms In Grassland Soil, M Nishio

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Phosphate-solubilizing (PS) microorganisms made up ca. 1 % of bacterial (including actinomycetous) and ca. 10% of fungal populations of grassland soils. They were speculated to solubilize bound phosphates in the non-rhizosphere soil in the presence of a large amount of available carbon sources by the following results; 1) plate counts of PS bacteria and fungi greatly increased on the agar plate rich in carbon source, 2) the numbers of PS bacteria and fungi significantly increased in proportion to the content of total carbon and not to that of total or available phosphorus in soil, 3) the soil applied with a …

Effect Of Anhydrous Ammonia (Nh3) And Nitrifying Inhibitor On Productivity Of Grass Pastures, V G. Iglovikov, V A. Kulakov, G V. Blagoveshchensky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Investigations on the effect of anhydrous ammonia and nitrifying inhibitor on qualitative and quantitative indices of stand formation have been carried out during 4 years in the irrigated pasture with grass stand established on the drylands with sod-podzolic soils. The positive effect of anhydrous ammonia on pasture productivity had been determined: on an average for 4 years dry matter yield increased compared to PK by 1.6 times and protein - by 2.2 times. When applying anhydrous ammonia together with nitrifying inhibitor dry matter yield increased by 1.9 times compared to PK by 16 % relative to NH3PK, protein - by …

Effects Of Interactions Between Temperate And Phosphorus Supply On Growth And Critical Phosphorus Concentrations In Macroptilium Atropurureum Cv. Siratro, F W. Smith, C S. Andrew

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Effects of interactions between aerial temperature, root temperature, and phosphorus (P) supply on growth and critical P concentrations in the tropical legume Mecroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro have been studied in controlled environ­ments. Maximum growth of siratro when supplied with adequate P was achieved at aerial temperatures of 30/25°C ( day/night) and 35/30°C when root temperatures were maintained at 30°C. Aerial temperatures of 25/20 °C severely restricted growth, particularly when a root temperature of 20°C was used. Neither aerial temperatures nor root temperatures had any discernible effect on the amount of P needed to be applied to obtain maximum yield. …

Phosphorus Requirement For Grass Establishment In Five Tropical Soils, M C. Rego, J A. Gomide, R F. Novais

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Phosphorus (P) requirement of 4 grasses grown in 5 tropical soils was studied, in a pot trial. Each soil was screened, limed, fertilized with nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sulphur and microelements. Five P does - 0, 50,100,200 and 278 ppm -were added to each soil. Guineagrass (Panicum maximum), Jaraguagrass (Hyparrhenia rufa), Buffelgrass ( Cenchrus ciliaris) and Molassesgras (Melinis minutiflora) were grown in each soil. Response to P varied from soil to soil and from grass to grass. Atthe O ppm P dose Guineagrass showed poor establishment in 3 of the soils Molassesgrass established reasonably …

Preliminary Fertilizer Requirement Studies For Legume Based Pasture In Mid-Altitude Zone, Central Yunnan Province, Wang Jinjing, J R. Bruce-Smith, Li Jixin, Wang Mingliang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are large areas of hilly land swathed in poor native pasture in Yunnan. While not suited for intensive cropping, the mid altitude areas (1500-3000m) seem ideally suited for development into legume based permanent pastures capable of supporting a substantial grazing industry. The objective of a joint Chinese -Australian project is to find suitable pasture species and define their fertilizer requirements at selected sites within the Province. The field and glass house experiments described here demonstrate there is a need for phosphorous and possibly lime as an essential part of successful legume establishment. There is also an additional requirement for …

Growth And Minerals Of Wild Soybean And Their Relations To Soil, H Park, S N. Hur, U J. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to elucidate plant-soil relationship in natural habitat of wild soybean ( Glycine soja) dry matter yield, number and weight of root nodule mineral content at flowering stage, seed yield and its component, seed protein content and soil chemical characterstics were investigated. Dry matter yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with seed yield and no. of branch per plant. Seed yield greatly depended its components expects no. of seed per pod. Dry matter yield had significant positive correlation with P and pH of soil, K,P and N in plant, and negative with Mg in plant. Seed yield …

Studies On Nitrogen Fixation Of Forage Grasses In Taiwan, K C. Lee

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted to determine the nitrogen(N)-fixing activities of the tropical forage grasses in Taiwan, the relationship between N-fixing activity and soil fertility and the morphological and the physiological properties of the associated bacteria. Hybrid napier grass (Pennisetum americanum X P. purpureum) cv.A7005 was the most effective in N fixation among 13 species of forage grasses,with 97 nmoles C2H4 per gram dry roots per hour. A negative correlation was found between N activity and total N content in soil. However, no relationship was observed between N-fixing activity and pH value, organic matter, and available P and K in …

Studies On Leucaena-Rhizobium Symbiosis On Northeast Thailand, J Homchan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A few studies on the symbiosis between Rhizobium and Leucaena leucocephala under soil and environmental conditions of Northeast Thailand are presented. The results obtained so far indicated that the response of high yielding introduced cultivars of L.leucocephala varied with the sources of inoculant used. The finding that some local Rhizobium isolates showed superior symbiotic performance compared with the introduced recommended strain implies that local strains may be of great potential especially for local use. Further study on the ecology of leucaena rhizobia will be useful in an attempt to increase the herbage yield of L.leucocephala through biological nitrogen fixation.

A Tentative For Appreciation Of The Nitrogen Nutrition Status In Grasses- Red Clover Mixtures Compared To Pure Stands, Noelle Amarger, A Mariotti, J Picard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In our country it is commonly accepted at the level of extension services that growing forage grasses and legumes mixtures can offer to the farmers a good opportunity to achieve high dry matter yield and good quality feed at a lower rate of input than growing pure grass stands. This is supposed to be so due to combination of the chief advan­tages coming from each component as far as their chemical composition and feeding value, the influence of their root system on soil structure, their mineral nutrition character­istics, ... are concerned. A number of experiments have been done, the results …

Effect Of Early Season Nitrogen On Nitrogen Fixation In A Ryegrass/ White Clover Pasture, P M. Murphy, P. Roger Ball

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of rate and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on nitrogen fixation by white clover (Trifolium repens) in a ryegrass sward was studied under field conditions in two consecutive years. Very different weather conditions prevailed over the two years resulting in contrasting seasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation. In 1983 only 30% of the total annual fixation rate was achieved by rate June and this pattern was reversed in 1984. Nitrogen fertilizer affected nitrogen fixation more than clover growth in 1983 but in 1984 a combination of fertilizer and drought reduced both clover growth and nitrogen fixation. At the highest …

Competition Effects On Nitrogen Fixation And Mineral N Uptake In Trifolium Repens L.- Lolium Perenne L. Associations, C P. West, K W. Steele, E A. Halligan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Improved While clover (Trifolium re pens L.) cul ti vars can potentially increase the input of nitrogen (N) from symbiotic fixation into clover-grass pastures and maintain elevated N2 fixation rates in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizers. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of interspecific competition on N2 fixation and mineral N uptake in white cover-perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) associations with either a medium-small ('Grasslands Huia') or large leaved ('G18') cultivar. The clover and grass were grown in a controlled environment room in pots that were partitioned to allow either no interspecific competition for shoots and …

Interspecific Differences In Sodium Nutrition Among Tropical Grasses, T Ando, Y Masaoka, K Matsumoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to clarify interspecific differences in sodium (Na) accumulation and requirement, the following grasses were grown in the nutrient solution with 0-40 ppm Na for 4 weeks; Panicum coloratum (Coloured guineagrass: abbr. as CG, Kabulabula grass: KB and Makarikari grass: MK), P.maximum (green panic: GP and Guineagrass: GG), P. dichotomiflorum (fall panic: FP), Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass: RG), Echinochloa care-galli (Jananese millet: JM), Eleusine coracana ( African millet: AM) and Sorghum vulgare (Sorghum: SG). The ability to accumulate Na in shoots was ranked in the following order; KB and RG: high, GP and MK: intermediate, CG, GG, JM, …