Plant Pathology Commons^™

Simplification Des Systemes De Paturage Pour Vaches Laitieres, A Hoden, A Muller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Le systeme de paturage utilise pour Jes vaches laitieres est souvent de type « rationne ». Face a cette technique contrai­gnante sont apparus des systemes plus «simplifies» avec une reduction du nombre de parcelles (paturages « tournant » et « intensiflibre »). Une comparaison de ces differents systemes a ete realisee de 1982 a 1985 au Domaine INRA du Pin au Haras (Hoden et al., 1986 et 1987).

Production And Utilization Of Short Grass And Tall Grass Growing Around Dung Pats In A Perennial Ryegrass Sward Grazed By Dairy Cows, S Fitzgerlad, S Crosse

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A considerable amount of herbage which is only partially grazed accumulates around dung pats over the grazing season in swards grazed by dairy cows or beef cattle. This tall grass can represent 15-45 % of the sward area (Marsh and Cam piing, 1970) depending on stocking rate or herbage allowance, grass growth rate and season of the year. The present study was un< ;lertaken to measure the area and proportion of a perennial ryegrass sward represented by short-grass and tall grass, the extent to which each category was grazed and their contri­bution to the diet of cows when rotationally grazed in an inten­sive leader/follower grazing system.

Contribution Of The Study Of Tropical Pasture Management For Intensive Milk Production, Irma Jerez, M Menchaca, H Jordan, T R. Garcia, Lidia Gonzalez, M Sosa, E De La Rosa, J L. Rivero

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Milk production in Cuba has been increased and this was possible by the increasing introduction of the Holstein breed and its crosses with Zebu. At the same time, this augmented the need for developing a feeding base satisfying the increasing demand of nutrients. A series of experiments to evaluate new pasture species, intensive pasture management and concentrate supplemen­tation to increase animal productivity per unit area was carried out.

Integrating Forage Maize With Pasture Legumes For Efficient Dairy Production In South Eastern Australia, K E. Pritchard, W K. Mason, C R. Stockdale, J B. Moran

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In south eastern Australia, the mild climate permits year­round grazing for 1.5 million dairy cows which results in a low production cost for milk. More than 1 million hectares of annual and perennial pastures are irrigated to supplement rain­fall of 300-500 mm/ annum, for dairy, beef and sheep pro­duction. Animal production from the present system of grazing pasture is limited by the inefficient conversion of solar radiation achieved by temperate pasture species ; seasonal variation in quantity and quality of pasture forage ; by poor utilization of pasture ; and by the low quality of grass-dominant pasture. The Kyabram Research …

Valorisation Des Paturages De Haute-Belgique Par La Vache Laitiere A Travers Deux Systemes D'Exploitation Differents, P Limbourg, M Gielen, L Istasse, J M. Bienfait

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

La prairie permanente occupe en Haute-Belgique environ 70 % de la surface agricole: il importe done d'en exploiter tou­tes les potentialites. Si le chargement constitue le facteur essen­tiel de la bonne utilisation de l'herbe au paturage, les modalites d'exploitation jouent egalement un role non negligeable. C'est ainsi que le paturage continu intensif est tres attractif aupres des eleveurs en raison de l'economie de main-d'ceuvre qui en resulte. Des experiences anterieures ont cependant demontre la plus faible productivite en herbe d'un tel systeme par rapport au paturage classique en rotation, du fait notamment de la reduction des temps de repos. Dans …

New Grazing Animal Production System In Japan, H Kobayashi, K Ochiai, S Shioya, Y Togamura, T Ami, N Harashima, K Sato, M Nashiki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The amount of animal production from pasture by conven­tional grazing system in Japan stays at low level as 300 kg body weight gain of steers per hectare in one grazing period. This is supposedly caused by the following problems concerning graz­ing in Japan ; cold or hot temperature, rainy season, steep slope pasture, low fertilizer application, sharp seasonal fluctuation of grass production (spring flush, summer depression), faulty warm-up grazing, lots of blood-sucking insects and diseases (piroplasmosis, pneumonia etc.). Settling these problems, we have developed a new short rot­ational grazing system to get three times animal production (1,000 kg body weight …

Determination Of The Number Of Paddocks Necessary For The Rotation Of Grazing Dairy Cows, A Senra, J Ugarte, M A. Menchaca, J Galindo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Great importance in the grassland management has been given to the paddock system, since it allows animal rotation. However, fencing costs must be minimal without affecting ani­mal or pasture performance. Thus, it is necessary to obtain results that can be applied to a wider range of grasslands, tak­ing into consideration that each pasture could show a different performance. The objective of this study was aimed to deter­mine the minimum number of paddocks necessary for grazing dairy cows with pastures of greater and lesser aggressiveness.

Etude Comparative De Deux Varietes De Fetuque Elevee De Qualite Differente Conduites En Paturage Continu Avec Vaches Laitieres, J C. Emile, M Gillet, L Huguet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dans des essais anterieurs (Gillet et al., 1986 et 1989), nous avons mis en evidence chez la fetuque elevee Festuca arundin­acea Schreb. des differences varietales pour la valeur alimen­taire avec des moutons a l'entretien, des chevres laitieres et des vaches laitieres. Ces differences etaient observees a l'auge. Nous avons voulu verifier si, et dans quelles conditions, elles se retrouvaient !ors d'une utilisation en paturage continu par des vaches laitieres. (cf Roden et al., 1987). Notre demarche peut aider a mettre en evidence les conditions de valorisation de la qualite dans les especes fourrageres.

Phosphorus Fertilizer And The Long Term Productivity Of Nitrogen Fertilized Dairy Pasture, T M. Davison, W N. Orr, B A. Silver, F Duncalfe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Milk production responses to nitrogen fertiliser on tropical grass systems have been well documented (Davison et al. 1985a; 1985b). However, there are no reports on the long term phosphorus fertiliser requirements of dairy pastures. This experiment, which ran for 7 years, was designed to determine the long term phosphorus fertiliser requirements, for mainten­ance of a grass pasture fertilised with nitrogen. The effects of fertiliser level were monitored in terms of changes in soil fer­tility, plant productivity and milk yield.

Prospects For Legume-Based Dairying In Cool Temperate Conditions, M Ryan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is increasing interest in exploiting legume-based pastures in the temperate zones of NW Europe-their value for lamb and beef production being recently documented (Stewart, 1984; Davies and Munro, 1988). Legume-based intensive dairying is currently not prevalent north of - 49 NL but quota restrictions leading to fewer cows may create conditions favourable to legumes within dairying. This paper describes the results of experimentation comparing N and legume-based dairying in cool temperate conditions and assesses future pros­pects.

Simplification De La Distribution Des Aliments Concentres Aux Vaches Laitieres Pendant La Periode De Paturage, J I. Andries, D L. De Brabander, Ch V. Boucque, F X. Buysse

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

En vue de remplacer le systeme complique de distribution de concentres selon le niveau de production, la recherche s'efforce, ces dernieres annees, de simplifier la distribution de concentres pour le betail laitier. On a examine si une distribution d'une quantite egale de concentres a toutes Jes vaches d'un groupe en fonction d'un niveau de production laitiere preetabli, peut etre un systeme valable pour la periode de paturage. Ce systeme est voisin de la « distribution d'une quantite fixe de concentres », aussi appele "flat rate feeding", dont la convenance pour la periode de sta­bulation a deja ete demontree plusieurs fois …

Production And Utilization Of High-Quality Cold-Hardy Forages, D W. Koch, C Kercher, D Agee, R Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing is generally the least expensive method of forage utilization ; however, in temperate climates the growing season is relatively short and perennial forages are at peak nutritive value for a relatively short time. Brassica spp. have several characteristics which make them prime candidates for extending the grazing season : (1) they mature rapidly (Guillard and Allinson, 1984); (2) they are frost tolerant and maintain high nutrient value well during cold weather (Jung et al., 1984); and (3) they can be established with minimum tillage techniques (Jung et al., 1984; Koch et al., 1987). The purpose of this study was …

Multispecies Grazing Systems In Iowa, Midwestern Usa, W F. Wedin, M A. Sanderson, C Ohlsonn, D G. Morrical

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Combining species of grazing animals such as cattle and sheep into appropriate grazing systems may help producers to use grazing land resources more efficiently (Heinemann, 1970 ;Van Keuren and Parker, 1967: Winrock, 1985). Earlier pasture research on lands unsuited for row-crop production has shown that renovation to incorporate a pasture legume has been very beneficial (Wedin et al., 1967). Yet, grazing manage­ment has lagged behind legume incorporation and fertilization (Wedin, 1985). Practices used in animal management must be taken into account in new grazing systems. In midwestern USA, producers commonly buy stocker steers in spring to take advantage of ample, …

Implications Of Grazing Experiments Which Employ Only One Grazing Level Per Treatment, David I. Bransby

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Stocking rate is one of the most powerful driving variables in grazing ecosystems, but its influence on animal production is mediated through effects on pasture sward state, and associated effects on quantity and quality of forage consumed by animals. Consequently, confounding important sward state char­acteristics with treatments in grazing experiments will often mask treatment effects and lead to erroneous conclusions. While this problem has generally been recognized (e.g. Mott and Lucas, 1952; Wheeler et al. 1973 ; Hodgson, 1985), attempts to overcome it appear to be less than satisfactory. The aim of this paper is to discuss methods of stocking …

Experiments And Extension Of The Utilization And Improvement Of Sandy Rangelands In Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region, China, Hou Yong-Zhang, Bai Ri-Sheng, Li Xhang-Chun

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are about 60 million ha. of rangelands available for livestock in Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region. In the great vast area of rangelands there are 4 rather large sandy rangelands: 1) the Hulun Beir Sandy Rangeland; 2) the Kerching Sandy Rangeland ; 3) the Hunshandak Sandy Rangeland ; and 4) the Maowoos Sandy Rangeland. Their total area covers about 20.8 million ha and accounts for more than 1/3 of that available in N. M. A. R.

The Hulun Beir Sandy Rangeland located in the northeast part of N. M.A. R. - N 47° 40'-50°12' E 118°3!'-121°03' 355 km …

Production De Viande Bovine Et Ovine Sur Prairie Dans Les Monts Sudetes, Janina Fatyga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Par suite du depeuplement des villages et de !'abandon de la culture dans des zones situees en altitude dans !es Sudetes, on y observe l'accroissement de la superficie des paturages perma­nents. Des 1968, on y cree des zones de pature OU en ete de jeu­nes bovins et des ovins provenant des fermes situees plus bas sont conduits en permanence. L'importance du phenomene est illustre par le fait qu'a present, sur le terrain d'une seule region de Walbrzych, il y a 103 bases de pature d'une superficie de 7.000 ha, appartenant a 54 fermes d'etat ou paissent environ 25.000 ovins et …

A Standard Livestock Unit (Slu) For Defining Stocking Rate In Grazing Studies, D J. Minson, P C. Whiteman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The weight of animals and hence their intakes vary between grazing experiments and at different stages of the same study but the results are often presented as though these differences do not affect grazing pressure (Roberts, 1980). Thus we have sheep/ha and cattle/ha, with no indication of the effects that differences in intake and hence grazing pressure might have on the pasture/animal interaction. Pastures are utilized by different classes of stock and there is a need to have a common basis for comparing their productivity. These problems would be over­come by the use of a Standard Livestock Unit (SLU).

Optimization Of Downy Mildew Management And Baby Kale Production On The Central Coast Of California, Emily M. Locke-Paddon

Master's Theses

Baby kale (Brassica oleracea and other species) is a vital commodity as a salad green in spring mix and is widely produced on the Central Coast of California. Downy mildew, caused by Hyaloperonospora brassicae, is a devastating disease infecting economically important crops like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, horseradish, rapeseed, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, and kale. This foliar disease causes plant tissue to exhibit chlorotic and necrotic flecking and gray-white sporulation, affecting both the yield and quality of the crop and rendering the affected leaves unmarketable. The Central Coast’s cool climate and nighttime moisture, combined with dense plantings and sprinkler irrigation, …

Arkansas Corn And Grain Sorghum Research Studies 2024, Jason Kelley, Travis Faske

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

The 2024 edition of the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Research Studies Series includes research results on topics pertaining to corn and grain sorghum production, including weed, disease, nematode, and insect management; economics; irrigation; agronomics; soil fertility; drone use; and research verification program results.

Our objective is to capture and broadly distribute the results of research projects funded by the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Board. The intended audience includes producers and their advisors, current investigators, and future researchers. The Series serves as a citable archive of research results.

The reports inform and guide our long-term recommendations, but should not …

Changes In Elephantgrass Plant Components With Maturity: 1. Percentage Dry Yield, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, M B. Adjei

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) biomass can be a source of energy for tropical regions of the world because of its high dry matter production (Mislevy et al., 1986 ; Prine et al., 1987). Research has shown the production of energy (meth­ane) from biomass can be best understood through systems analysis methodology that integrates the availability of land, climate, production inputs, plant quality, etc. To assess avail­able technology and identify information gaps Biomass to Methane (Biomet) models have been developed to determine the impacts of basic growth processes in response to the crops environment (Mishoe et al., 1987). Biomass growth …

Teneurs En Constituants Parietaux Et En Matieres Azotees Des Ligneuz Fourragers D'Afrique Occidentale, A R. Kone, D Richard, H Guerin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dans !es pays intertropicaux d'Afrique, l'elevage est surtout extensif et l'alimentation du betail est essentiellement basee sur le paturage nature! ou la strate ligneuse (arbres, arbustes) fournit des fourrages verts pendant la periode seche de l'annee, periode pendant laquelle le tapis herbace est sous forme de paille sur pied. Les ligneux sont done tres importants dans l'alimentation des ruminants domestiques et ii est necessaire d'en connaitre la composition chimique comme dans le cas des fourrages herbaces.

Evaluation Of Tree Legumes Species At Different Agroclimatic Zones Of Indonesia, Mas'ud Panjaitan, R Jessop, W W. Stur

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The population of Indonesia is over 145 million and more than 56 % of them earn their living from agriculture (Bi. Stat. Ind., 1983). A major problem in the development of improved animal production has been the shortage of feed and the generally low nutritive value of tropical forages which limit livestock pro­duction in Indonesia (Asian Agriculture Survey, 1969). The production of feed of adequate quality for ruminants is an important consideration particularly for small holders. In many situations, nitrogen fixing legume trees can be used as a high protein feed supplement which improves the utilization of grasses and crop …

Valeur Nutritive D'Un Parcours Mixte A Acacia Cyanophylla, Atriplex Nummularia Et Medicago Arborea, Y Saadani, C Kayouli

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

II existe tres peu de donnees concernant la valeur nutritive des arbustes fourragers ; les rares etudes realisees en Tunisie ont porte surtout sur leur productivite, la charge animale et sur leur appetence (Hamrouni et Sarson, 1975; Ben Boubaker, 1985). L'objectif de ce travail est d'etudier la valeur nutritive des feuilles et brindilles d' Acacia cyanophylla, d' A triplex nummula­ria et de Medicago arborea ainsi que leur contribution dans la ration de caprins et d'ovins.

Utilization Of Native Mediterranean Fodder Trees By Dairy Goats, M Meuret

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Few data are available on utilization of fodder trees and shrubs by lactating goats. In most cases, predictions of animal performances on the basis of recommendations obtained from standard reference trials, do not correspond with production results achieved on the farm. Using measurements in digesti­bility cages and on rangelands (chromic oxide marker), we recorded intake, apparent digestibility of diets and perform­ances of goats well used to rangelands and browsing fresh oak foliage (Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens).

Phenols As Defensive Compounds In Birch (Betula Spp.) Metabolism Of Platyphylloside In Goats, Rabbits And Hares, R T. Palo, G Iason, P G. Knutsonn

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Herbivores of the boreal forest like moose (Alces alces), hares (Lepus spp.) and birds (Tetranoidae) use birch as a major feed source. The tree is of medium preference to the animals and is low in available nutrients for most of the year. Apart from a high amount of lignified cell walls it also contains con­siderable amounts oflow molecular phenolic substances (Palo, 1984). A herbivore feeding on birch could thus be excepted to ingest large amounts of phenols. These are in general enough fat soluble to enter animal cells expected to ingest large amounts of …

Forage Production And Nutritive Value Of Leucanea Leucoephala In Southern Puerto Rico, L E. Tergas, R Milton Martinez, A V. Mendez Cruz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leucaena leucocephala (L.) is a perennial schrub native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, considered by investigators as a valuable forage legume because of its capacity for high production of digestible forage with a high protein content and tolerance to drought in semiarid regions with annual rainfall less than 1,000 mm (Skerman, 1977). The soil fertility of the semiarid region in southern Puerto Rico is adequate, but rainfall distribution is limiting for forage production and nutritive value. There is a demand for a suit­able and inexpensive source of high quality forage to improve the diet of the grazing cattle …

Effect Of Chemical Composition Of Roughages On Their Degradation Characteristics In The Rumen And Their Relationship With The < In Vitro > Organic Matter Digestibility, S Lopez, Dolores Carro, J S. Gonzales, Conchita Carpintero

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The microbial fermentation of feeds in the reticulo-rumen allows ruminants the utilization of feeds with amounts of cell wall components, i.e. roughages. This rumen fermentation can be affected by the feed chemical composition and numerous techniques have been developed for its determination (Van Soest, 1982). The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of the chemical composition of forages preserved under differ­ent methods on their degradation characteristics in the rumen determined by the « in sacco » method and to study the rela­tionships between the « in vitro» organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and the rumen degradability.

Rumen Degradation Of Various Grass Species At Different Stages Of Growth, L J. Halliday

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The species and cultivars sown depends on the farming sys­tem practiced. These developing swards are however, always invaded by native species including Agrostis, Paa and Festuca spp. which are generally referred to as 'weed' grasses. While the merits of Lolium spp. are well documented (Minson et al. 1960; Norton, 1982) information on the weed grasses is limited (Hag­gar, 1976). The potential for milk and meat production is dependent on the supply of utilizable nutrients to the animal's tissues which in turn is largely governed by the ability of rumen microbes to degrade plant cell walls. Although the degradability of dry …

Apparent Digestibility, Dynamics Of Rumen Fermentation And Sites Of Digestion Of Hays Of Leucaena Leucocephala (Lam) De Wit Cv. Peru, N M. Rodreiguez, I Borges

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Protein deficiency, among others, is a common problem for livestock production in tropical regions. The use oflegumes has been suggested as a solution and Leucaena leucocephala has shown a great potential due to its capacity of nitrogen (N) fix­ation and dry matter (DM) production (NAS, 1984). However, very little is known about its nutritive value regarding its protein-energy balance and the process of digestion. The present work aimed the evaluation of the nutritive value of hays of Leucaena leucocephala cut at two stages of growth, through trials of apparent digestibility, dynamics of rumen fer­mentation and partition of digestion.

In Situ Degradation Of Cell Wall Neutral Sugars Of Normal And Brown Midrib Sorghum X Sudangrass Hybrids, K J. Moore, J O. Fritz, E H. Jaster

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The nutritive value of forage for ruminants is limited by the digestibility of the complex polysaccharides cellulose and hemicellulose by rumen microbes. In grasses, the polysacchar­ide fraction of the cell wall is composed largely of polymers of neutral sugars and to a lesser extent uronic acids. Cellulose is a high molecular weight linear polymer of B-1 ➔ 4) linked D­gluco-pyranose units. Hemicellulose is a complex mixture of linear and branched-chain heteropolymers containing xylose, arabmose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and uronic acids (Van Soest, 1982). Lignification of the cell wall is a primary factor limiting the digestion of cell wall polysaccharides. Close …