Physiology Commons^™

Sex Differences And Physical Activity Status On The Hamstring: Quadriceps Ratio, Activities Of Daily Living, And Functional Movement In Older Adults, Brittany N. Followay, Haley A. Reierson, Emily M. Rigden

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 1228-1243, 2023. The study aimed to investigate sex differences and the effect of physical activity on the hamstring:quadriceps (H:Q) ratio, activities of daily living (ADLs), and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in older adults. Thirty older adults (72.56 + 6.22) completed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs), ADLs, the FMS, and three closed-kinetic chain exercises (CKCs); front lunge (FL), side lunge (SL), and bilateral squat (BLSQ). Electromyography was recorded from the biceps femoris (BF) and vastus lateralis (VL) on the dominant and non-dominant limbs during the MVICs …

Are Self-Selected Intervals As Effective As Fixed Intervals In Controlling Acute Responses In High-Intensity Interval Resistance Training?, Andressa Fidalgo, Paulo Farinatti, Humberto Miranda, Lenifran Matos-Santos, Jeffrey Willardson, Walace Monteiro

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 1205-1215, 2023. Physical conditioning programs often apply high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), but there is a lack of research investigating the effects of using fixed or self-selected resting intervals between exercises on the performance, relative intensity, and affective perception during this modality of training. This study compared fixed versus self-selected rest intervals in HIRT sessions on cardiorespiratory responses, number of repetitions, and enjoyment perception in trained young men. Sixteen trained males (27.1 ± 3.9 years; 56.6 ± 7.5 mL.kg^-1.min^-1) performed HIRT circuits with 30-s and self-selected recovery interval. The duration of …

The Relationship Between Physical Mobility And Firefighter Occupational Task Performance., Shelby Harbison, Bridget F. Melton, Nicholas Hunt, Benjamin Adams, Nancy Henderson, Richard Westrick

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 1216-1227, 2023. Firefighters work in a dangerous profession with high injury rates. Mobility dysfunction in firefighters may impact performance and contribute to injury. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is commonly used to evaluate individuals for mobility dysfunction and compensatory movements. The purpose of this study was to identify if mobility is related to firefighters' occupational task performance. This was a retrospective study assessing 29 career firefighters using FMS and occupational performance task scores. Statistical analyses consisted of a multiple linear regression assessing predictors on occupational task performance, and 21 point-biserial correlations ran to assess …

Using Noninvasive Calibrated Cuff Plethysmography To Observe The Effects Of Cold-Water Immersion On Arterial Compliance, Rita M. Grigorian

Master's Theses

As the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases continues to exponentially grow in populations across the globe, the necessity of determining underlying factors, effective methods of diagnoses, and universally available preventive measures also grows. Early detection of endothelial dysfunction, a proven precursor of cardiovascular diseases, can be extremely impactful in encouraging preventative measures and early intervention before medical conditions become chronic. In recent years, ice plunging, a form of cryotherapy involving full body immersion in cold water, has gained popularity within circles of fitness and health practitioners, gaining the interest of people of all backgrounds. Certain parallels observed between the human physiological …

Dental Hygiene Students Reported Physiological Symptoms Associated With Wearing An N95 Respirator Mask, Peyton Shea Butler

Dental Hygiene Theses & Dissertations

Purpose: Physiological symptoms and comfort levels while wearing an N95 respiratory mask has not been examined with dental hygienists. The purpose of this study was to investigate dental hygiene students reported physiological symptoms and comfort perception while wearing an N95 respirator mask during patient care appointments. Methods: After IRB approval (IRB #1987754-2), a 16-item questionnaire was distributed through email to a convenience sample of 65 dental hygiene students. Questions assessed respiratory, dermatologic, cardiac, mask mouth and general physiological symptoms, as well as comfort levels. Additionally, participants were asked to respond to demographic questions and one open ended question inquiring about …

Effect Of Acute Caffeine Ingestion On On-Field Performance In Division 1 Female Field Hockey Players, Nicole Danielle Fredricks

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Theses & Dissertations

This study aimed to determine the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on on-field performance in collegiate female field hockey players. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, crossover experimental design was utilized. The participants (N=10) were female division 1 field hockey players (age: 20.0 ± 1.6 years). They competed in two 60-minute, off-season scrimmages separated by two weeks. They were randomly assigned to ingest the caffeine, 3 mg/kg of body weight, or placebo treatment 60 minutes before each scrimmage. They wore a PLAYERTEK (Catapult, Australia) global positioning system (GPS) device to track their total distance, sprint distances, power plays, and zone three and …

Elongation Of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids-3 (Elovl3) Is Activated By Zhx2 And Is A Regulator Of Cell Cycle Progression, Kate Townsend Creasy, Hui Ren, Jieyun Jiang, Martha L. Peterson, Brett T. Spear

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 (Zhx2) are transcriptional regulators of liver gene expression with key functions in embryonic development as well as tissue regeneration in response to damage and disease, presumably through its control of target genes. Previous microarray data suggested that elongation of very long chain fatty acids-3 (Elovl3), a member of the ELOVL family of enzymes that synthesize very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), is a putative Zhx2 target gene. VLCFAs are core component of ceramides and other bioactive sphingolipids that are often dysregulated in diseases and regulate key cellular processes including proliferation. Since several previously identified Zhx2 …

Regulated Translocation Of Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 To The Plasma Membrane Drives Insulin Resistance In Steatotic Hepatocytes, Salim S. El-Amouri, Alexander A. Karakashian, Erhard Bieberich, Mariana N. Nikolova‑Karakashian

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Abstract Obesity-associated diabetes is linked to the accumulation of ceramide in various organs, including the liver. The exact mechanisms by which ceramide contributes to diabetic pathology are unclear, but one proposed scenario is that ceramide accumulation may inhibit insulin signaling pathways. It is unknown however whether the excess ceramide is generated proximal to the insulin receptor, that is, at the plasma membrane (PM), where it could affect the insulin signaling pathway directly, or the onset of insulin resistance is due to ceramide- induced mitochondrial dysfunction and/or lipotoxicity. Using hepatic cell lines and primary cultures, gain- and loss- of function approach, …

Recovery Effects Of Foam Rolling On Psychophysiological Responses In Thai National Male Ice Hockey Players, Fuengfa Khobkhun, Rakchai Sukwiboon, Papatsorn Ramyarangsi, Mark Willems, Amornpan Ajjimaporn

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 1191-1204, 2023. We examined the short-term effects of foam rolling (FR), dynamic stretching (DS), and passive rest (PR) following simulated ice hockey exercise (IHE) on heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL), leg choice reaction time (CRT_leg), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and global rating of change (GRC) in elite ice hockey players. The study followed a randomized cross-over design. Fifteen national male ice hockey players were assigned to the FR, DS, or PR interventions for 10 mins following 35-min of simulated IHE. HR and BL were obtained at 0-, 5- and 10-min …

Effects Of Photobiomodulation On High-Intensity Intermittent Anaerobic Performance Of Lower Limbs In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind Clinical Trial., Rubens B. Dos Santos Junior, Bráulio H.M. Branco, Leonardo V. Andreato, Deborah C. S. Marques, Fabiano M. De Oliveira, Willian C. Ferreira, Eduardo M G Bardi, Eduardo V. Fernandes, Solange De Paula Ramos

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 1165-1181, 2023. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has ergogenic effects on aerobic and anaerobic efforts and may improve sports performance. As Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) fighting requires both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, so PBM may be effective in increasing the physical performance of BJJ athletes. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effects of PBM with different energy doses (6 or 12 J per point) on high-intensity intermittent anaerobic performance in BJJ athletes. Methods: Eleven male athletes performed three lower limb Wingate testing sessions. At the beginning of each session, in a randomized, crossover, double-blind fashion, the athletes …

Wellness Following Wins & Losses Based On Psychological Hardiness In Division I Women’S Lacrosse, Abigail Cooley, Paula Parker, Sarah Grace, Andrew R. Thornton, Jennifer A. Bunn

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(5): 1182-1190, 2023. Psychological hardiness encompasses three components: commitment, control, and challenge, and illustrates how individuals respond to stressors. Analyzing athletes’ responses to wins and losses, depending on their psychological hardiness level, may provide insight of the impact of game outcome on student-athlete wellness. The purpose of this study was to examine post-game subjective wellness scores based on level of psychological hardiness following wins and losses in collegiate female lacrosse athletes. Players (n = 17) took the Dispositional Resilience Scale Scale-15 (DRS- 15) at the start of the academic year and were grouped based …

Cardiovascular Responses To Unilateral, Bilateral, Upper, And Lower Limbs Resistance Exercises, Jean L. S. De Oliveira, Leonardo C. R. Lima, Renan V. Barreto, Witalo Kassiano, José De O. V. Neto, Júlio C. C. N. Filho, Túlio Banja, Robson S. De Matos, Cláudio De O. Assumpção

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 1154-1164, 2023. The effects of different resistance exercises on cardiovascular responses remain elusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate acute cardiovascular responses to unilateral and bilateral upper and lower limb resistance exercise. Young healthy males (n = 22; 26.9 ± 5.4 years, 170.0 ± 6.0 cm, 77.0 ± 10.8 kg) participated in the present study. Four experimental sessions were carried out, each consisting of one of the four exercises: unilateral and bilateral knee extension, unilateral and bilateral biceps curl. Cardiovascular responses (heart rate; HR, systolic blood pressure; SBP, and rate-pressure product; RPP) …

Canine Testes Thin Sections Culture​, Nguyen Khoi Nguyen, Ramanpreet Singh

2023 Symposium

Canine testes thin section culture

Testes tissue culture systems would provide a tool to elucidate spermatogenesis mechanisms, with the aim of genetic preservation of mammals, especially endangered species. Our experiment aims to develop a culture system capable of producing viable mammalian sperm cells in vitro.

Dogs were chosen as the model organism because testes are readily available. Canine testes were obtained from a local veterinary clinic. Thin sections were generated using a commercial electric slicer. They then were cleaned using Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) supplemented with antibiotics then cultured in a modified Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM-199). Sections were …

Canine Testes Thin Sections Culture, Nguyen Khoi Nguyen, Ramanpreet Singh

2023 Symposium

Canine testes thin section culture

Testes tissue culture systems would provide a tool to elucidate spermatogenesis mechanisms, with the aim of genetic preservation of mammals, especially endangered species. Our experiment aims to develop a culture system capable of producing viable mammalian sperm cells in vitro.

Dogs were chosen as the model organism because testes are readily available. Canine testes were obtained from a local veterinary clinic. Thin sections were generated using a commercial electric slicer. They then were cleaned using Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) supplemented with antibiotics then cultured in a modified Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM-199). Sections were …

Is The Nucleus The Unwitting Architect Of Asymmetric Cell Division In Plants?, Janlo M. Robil

Biology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Muscle Architecture And Maximal Strength Between Male Practitioners Of Functional Fitness Training And Strength Training, Silas Nery De Oliveira, Grazieli Maria Biduski Zapello, Débora Aparecida Knihs, Gabriela Fischer, Antônio Renato Pereira Moro

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 1142-1153, 2023. Functional Fitness Training (FFT) is a very popular training method in recent years. However, the combination of aerobic and strength components of this training method raised the hypothesis of impaired strength and muscle structure when compared to Strength Training (ST). Thus, the study aimed to compare muscle architecture and strength between FFT and ST, and the relationship between muscle architecture and maximum strength performance. Males (28.46 ± 6.03 years), nonathletes, and practitioners for two years in FFT (n = 8) and ST (n = 8), in addition to males classified as physically …

Impact Of 10-Week Evidence–Based Falls Prevention Program On Outcomes Related To Falls Risk In Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Mark A. Schafer, Paula Upright, Jana Michalik, K. Jason Crandall

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 1131-1141, 2023. This quasi-experimental study evaluated the impact of a 10-week evidence-based falls prevention program (Bingocize®) on self-reported fear of falling, general health, physical activity, social isolation, and avoidance behavior, in community-dwelling older adults in Virginia. Participants > 60 years of age (n= 481) attended Bingocize® group sessions twice per week for 10 weeks. The program combined conventional bingo with periodic strength, balance, flexibility exercises, and fall prevention education. Pre and post assessments gauged participants' self-perception of fear of falling, general health, physical activity, social isolation, and avoidance behavior. 481 participants attended at least 80% …

The Efficacy Of Ruesi Dadton And Yoga On Reducing Neck And Shoulder Pain In Office Workers, Bussaraporn Thanasilungkoon, Sunyarn Niempoog, Kusuma Sriyakul, Parunkul Tungsukruthai, Chuntida Kamalashiran, Somboon Kietinun

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 1113-1130, 2023. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders can cause neck and shoulder pain in office workers. The research objective was to investigate the efficacy of Ruesi Dadton exercise (RD) and Yoga exercise (YE) compared with Stretching exercise (SE) on reducing neck and shoulder pain in office workers. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted at Thai Traditional Health Promotion Center, Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine Hospital. A total number of 80 participants, equally divided into three groups: two intervention groups of RD (n=26), YE (n=28), and a control group of stretching exercise (SE) (n=26) who completed …

Trunk Muscle Thickness During Supine And Crawling Exercises, Fumiya Ando, Tsubasa Terashima, Hiroto Takahashi, Honoka Kurita, Ayaka Takayama, Yoshiaki Endo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 1103-1112, 2023. The purpose of this study was to measure and validate trunk muscle thickness while performing the Heel Off (HO-ex) and Bird Dog exercises (BD-ex), which are hip extension exercises in the supine position. Thirty-one healthy young males who provided informed consent were included in the study. The thicknesses of the right trunk muscles (lumbar multifidus (LM), erector spinae (ES), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transverse abdominis (TrA) were measured using an ultrasound machine. Measurements were taken under four random conditions: supine, HO-ex, crawling on all fours, and BD-ex. One-way analysis …

The Impact Of Gloves And Occupational Tasks On Handgrip Strength In Structural Firefighters, Sarah N. Lanham, Emily L. Langford, Haresh Rochani, Bridget F. Melton, Stephen J. Rossi, Mark Abel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 1087-1102, 2023. Adequate handgrip strength (HGS) is important to safely perform fireground tasks. However, there is limited research describing the deleterious impact of glove use and fatigue from occupational tasks on HGS. Therefore, the aims of this investigation were to quantify the impact of glove use and occupational tasks on HGS, to explore the relationship between HGS versus the glove and task-induced decrement in HGS, and to evaluate the relationship between HGS and decrement in HGS versus occupational performance. Fourteen (Male: n = 13) career structural firefighters (Age: 35.5 ± 7.2 yr) performed a …

Effects Of 3 Weeks Yogic Breathing Techniques On Sub-Maximal Running Responses, Christie L. Clifton, Lauren Killen, Matt Green, Eric O'Neal, Jonathan C. Swain, Christopher Frisbie

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 1066-1076, 2023. This study investigated the influence of yoga breathing techniques (YBT) on physiological and perceptual responses during sub-maximal treadmill running. Runners (n = 21) of various fitness (VO2max 48.4 ± 9.5 ml/kg/min) were assigned to Yoga (YG) or control (CT) group before completing pre/post treadmill trials where velocity was self-selected to produce an RPE 4 and RPE 7 (10 min each). YG (n =11) practiced three styles of YBT (30 min/day, 6 days/wk) for 3 consecutive wks. Self-selected running velocity for YG improved significantly at both prescribed RPE 4 (pre 157.63 ± 26.20 …

Diagnostic Ultrasound Shows Preferential Activation Of Rectus Abdominis Segments With Exercises Targeting Upper Versus Lower Segments., Aaron P. Gomirato, Sylvain G. Grenier

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(1): 1077-1086, 2023. Preferential activation of rectus abdominis sections during crunch or leg lifts has long been disputed. The objectives of this study were to both explore the activation of the rectus abdominis during these exercises. This study used a randomised independent measures design utilising both EMG and diagnostic ultrasound to record changes in rectus abdominis activity. Fifteen participants each performed multiple repetitions of a 45° crunch, a 90° sit-up, and finally a 90° leg raise, sufficient for an 8-second ultrasound recording utilising M-mode of all four unilateral abdominal segments during each of the exercises, …

Identifying Consistent Metrics From The Force-Time Curve Of The Countermovement Jump In Combat Fighters And Physically Active Men., Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira, Victor Macedo, Daniel Boullosa, Amilton Vieira

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 1038-1051, 2023. We investigated the consistency of metrics obtained from the unweighting, braking, propulsive, and landing phases of the countermovement (CMJ) force-time curve in combat fighters and physically active men. Combat fighters (n=21) and physically actives (n=21) were tested for three days (2-7 days apart). Participants performed four maximal CMJ separated by 1-min for between-day comparisons. From force-time recording, the consistency of 16 CMJ metrics (peak and mean ground reaction forces (GRF), net impulse, and duration from each phase) was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error (CV_TE). We …

Towards The Development Of A System Dynamics Model For The Prediction Of Lower Extremity Injuries., Nikolaos I. Liveris, George Papageorgiou, Elias Tsepis, Konstantinos Fousekis, Charis Tsarbou, Sofia A. Xergia

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 1052-1065, 2023. Acute noncontact Lower Extremity (LE) injuries constitute a significant problem in team sports. Despite extensive research, current knowledge on the risk factors of LE injuries is limited to static simplistic models of instantaneous cause and effect relationships ignoring the time dimension and the embedded complexity of LE injuries. Even though complex systems approaches have been used in various cases to improve policy and intervention effectiveness, there is limited research on predicting and managing LE injuries. This creates an opportunity to fill the gap in the current literature by applying the System Dynamics …

Attenuation Of Neuromuscular Fatigue By Ischemic Preconditioning With Moderate Cuff Pressure Is Not Related To Muscle Oxygen Saturation In Men, Anderson Meireles, Hiago Leandro Rodrigues De Souza, Rhaí André Arriel, Guilherme Guedes Silva Ribeiro, Alex Batista Rodrigues, Géssyca De Oliveira, Bernardo Ide, Mauro Heleno Chagas, Moacir Marocolo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 1025-1037, 2023. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been an excellent strategy for enhancing sports performance recovery, although there is still no consensus on the ideal protocol. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of IPC with different cuff pressures (low pressure, medium pressure, and high pressure) on the attenuation of neuromuscular fatigue after an isometric test protocol. And to verify whether this improvement was related to muscle oxygen saturation during the test protocol. Thirty males (18-35 years old) with experience in resistance training were allocated to three different groups: low pressure (20 mmHg), medium …

A Quantification Of The Metabolic Demand Wrought By Explosive Ordinance Disposal Load Carriage, Gage Cousineau

Online Theses and Dissertations

In the last 7 years, there have been landmark studies concerning Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) load carriage. These studies (Bach et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2022) have worked to quantify the ability of an operator to work while encumbered by EOD personal protective equipment (PPE), but have not evaluated possible sources of mitigation for the increased demand. Intuitively, it seems that greater levels of fitness would modify the degree of increased demand an operator may acquire during EOD load carriage. The current study seeks to illuminate relationships between strength, power, and/or endurance and EOD load carriage performance. Recreationally trained …

Effectiveness Of Intervention Studies Based On Diet And/Or Physical Activity In Treatment, Prevention, And Management Of Diabetes Among South Asians: A Systematic Review, Ishaan Arora

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to describe diet and/or physical activity-based interventions and their control in cardiometabolic risk factors of diabetes for the South Asian (SA) population. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Seventeen randomized control trials meeting the inclusion criteria were included for analysis. Interventions with type-2 diabetic SA showed significant improvements in HbA1c% (4/5 studies), fasting blood glucose (3/4 studies), and postprandial glucose (2/2 studies). Interventions with at-risk/prediabetic and non-diabetic SA showed a modest change in overall outcomes, with significant change reported for post-prandial insulin (3/4 studies), BMI and weight (2/4 studies), …

The Effect Of Outdoor And Indoor Group Exercise Classes On Psychological Stress In College Students: A Pilot Study With Randomization, Raeann C. Bramwell, Aspen E. Streetman, Gina Besenyi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(5): 1012-1024, 2023. Emerging evidence suggests that outdoor group exercise may reduce stress more than indoor group exercise because the outdoor environment provides unique mental health benefits. Stress leads to illnesses and diseases, but exercise mitigates harmful impacts. This study explored differences in perceived stress and outdoor physical activity participation among college students in an indoor or outdoor group exercise class. Data were collected pre-, mid- (after four sessions), and post-intervention (after eight sessions). Seventeen participants indicated an interest in the study, but 13 signed up. Participants completed a four-week group exercise intervention that met …

Acute Effects Of Different Set Configurations On Neuromuscular, Metabolic, And Perceptual Responses In Young Women, Francisco Dalton-Alves, Lígia Martins, Witalo Kassiano, Mário Simim, Alexandre I. A. Medeiros, Cláudio De O. Assumpção

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 974-986, 2023. We compared neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses between different resistance training configurations in young women. In a counterbalanced randomized order, 13 young women performed the following protocols in separate sessions (sets x repetitions): traditional (TRAD): 5x10, 90-s of rest interval between sets; more frequent and shorter total rest (FSR): 10x5, 30-s of rest interval between sets. The sessions were composed of leg press exercise with the same intensity. Force (maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) and metabolic (lactate concentration) responses were measured pre- and post-resistance training sessions. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) …

Does Beta-Alanine Supplementation Potentiate Muscle Performance Following 6 Weeks Of Blood Flow Restriction Or Traditional Resistance Training?, Kassiana De Araujo Pessoa, Jason Michael Cholewa, Rayssa Sousa-Silva, Xia Zhi, Alessandro M. Zagatto, Antonio Herbert Lancha-Jr, Jakob D. Lauver, Fabricio Eduardo Rossi, Nelo Zanchi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 999-1011, 2023. We aimed to compare the effects of beta-alanine on Traditional Resistance Training (TRAD) or Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFR). Methods: 19 subjects were randomly allocated to a Placebo (n = 10) or beta-alanine (n = 9) group. Subjects from both groups were trained unilaterally (unilateral arm curl) for six weeks, and each arm was trained using a different paradigm (BFR or TRAD). One repetition maximum (1RM) test measurements were performed before and after the strength training program. Work output was accessed as the total weight lifted (repetitions × weight lifted …