Physiology Commons^™

Casein Protein Supplementation In Trained Men And Women: Morning Versus Evening, Jose Antonio

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 479-486, 2017. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of casein supplementation (54 grams) in the morning (Casein-MOR) or evening (Casein-EVE) (90 minutes or less prior to sleep) on measures of body composition and exercise performance in trained men and women. Twenty-six healthy men and women who had been training regularly for greater than 12 months completed this 8-week study (mean±SD; Casein-MOR group [n=14, seven male, seven female]: 30.0±8.2 yr; 170.7±9.5 cm; 70.9±13.9 kg. Casein-EVE group [n=12, nine male, three female]: 28.9±9.5 yr; 172.9±7.3 cm; 72.6±10.9 kg). Subjects in each group …

Assessment Of Differences In The Anthropometric, Physiological And Training Characteristics Of Finishers And Non-Finishers In A Tropical 161-Km Ultra-Marathon, Philip Ls Tan, Frankie Hy Tan, Andrew N. Bosch

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 465-478, 2017. This study aimed to compare and determine the differences in the physiological, anthropometric and training characteristics of the finishers (FIN) and non-finishers (N-FIN) in a 161-km race. Two groups of runners (FIN; N=12 and N-FIN; N=14) completed a series of anthropometric and physiological measurements over two separate sessions at least three weeks prior to the race. Training sessions starting from six weeks prior to the race were recorded. Sum of 7 skinfolds, arm and calf girths, VO2max and peak treadmill speed (PTS) were taken during session 1 while the lactate threshold (LT) …

Demands Of Simulated Commuting Using An Electrically Assisted Bicycle, D. Taylor La Salle, Robert Shute, Matthew Heesch, Dustin Slivka

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 454-464, 2017. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends adults participate in weekly aerobic activity for a minimum of 30 minutes moderate intensity exercise 5 days per week or 20 minutes of vigorous activity 3 days per week. The electrically assisted bicycle may help individuals achieve the ACSM’s aerobic recommendations and introduce inactive individuals to physical activity. To compare the physiological requirements of riding a bicycle with electric pedal assist versus non-assist among healthy active young adults. 6 males and 6 females completed two randomized cycling trials using electric pedal assist (PAB) and …

Self-Optimization Of Stride Length Among Experienced And Inexperienced Runners, Iain Hunter, James B. Tracy, Jared Ward

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 446-453, 2017. Experienced runners appear to naturally select a stride length which is optimal for minimizing oxygen uptake. However, whether this ability is naturally built into the human body or whether it is learned through experience has not been previously tested. This study investigated whether inexperienced runners are as capable as experienced runners of self-optimizing stride length to minimize oxygen uptake. Thirty-three subjects (nineteen experienced and fourteen inexperienced) ran for twenty-minutes while preferred and economical stride lengths were measured. A t-test checked for differences between the experienced and inexperienced groups in the percent increase …

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Immunometabolic Perspective., Paras K. Mishra, Wei Ying, Shyam Sundar Nandi, Gautam K. Bandyopadhyay, Kaushik K. Patel, Sushil K. Mahata

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

The heart possesses a remarkable inherent capability to adapt itself to a wide array of genetic and extrinsic factors to maintain contractile function. Failure to sustain its compensatory responses results in cardiac dysfunction, leading to cardiomyopathy. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced diastolic function, with or without concurrent systolic dysfunction in the absence of hypertension and coronary artery disease. Changes in substrate metabolism, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, formation of extracellular matrix proteins, and advanced glycation end products constitute the early stage in DCM. These early events are followed by steatosis (accumulation of lipid droplets) …

A Correlational Study Of Religiosity And Total Body Fat Composition In Collegiate Populations, Courtney Bostrum, Ryan Radtke, Seth A. Paradis

Applied Health Sciences Student Works

Previous research indicates rising levels of body fat composition in Americans. One contributing factor may be an individual’s degree of religiosity. Although not all, most studies have found religiosity to negatively impact body mass index (BMI) and obesity levels. Minimal research has been conducted regarding the relations between religiosity and body fat percentage. Not only do the overall increasing trends in body fat composition cost the American people between $48 and $68 billion per year in medical care, but excess body fat increases the risk for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Religious factors have been shown to play a role …

Hypotensive Responses Of Reciprocal Supersets Versus Traditional Resistance Training In Apparently Healthy Men, Claudio Melibeu Bentes, Pablo B. Costa Corresponding Author, Victor Gonçalves Corrêa Neto, Roberto Simão, Gabriel Andrade Paz, Marianna Maia, Tiago Figueiredo, Gabriel Rodrigues Neto, Jefferson S. Novaes, Humberto Miranda

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 434-445, 2017. The purpose of this study was to compare the hypotensive responses of reciprocal supersets (SS) versus traditional training (TRAD) methods. Thirteen men with at least five years of recreational experience in resistance training (RT) volunteered for the study. When completing the TRAD protocol, participants performed the following exercises separately in sequence: chest press (CP), low row (LR), leg extension (LE), leg curl (LC), pull down (PD), and shoulder press (SP). The SS method required participants to complete the same exercises as in the TRAD protocol, but exercises were coupled such that muscles …

Passion For Academics And Problematic Health Behaviors, Alex T. Bureau, Selen Razon Ph.D, Umit Tokac, Bryan K. Saville, Lawrence W. Judge

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 417-433, 2017. According to the Dualistic Model of Passion (39), passion entails valuing, liking, and spending time on an activity. The Dualistic Model also posits two types of passion for activities: harmonious passion (individual voluntarily engages in the activity) and obsessive passion (individual is compelled to engage in the activity). The purpose of the present study was to examine the possible links between college students’ passion for academic activities and problematic health behaviors including smoking, excessive drinking, exercise addiction, disordered eating, and sleepiness, which is a possible indicator of sleep deprivation. Participants (n = …

Resistance Training Contribute To The Aerobic Components Of An Exercise Session In Adults But Not As Much In Older Adults, Neha Bharti, Travis Hrubeniuk, Andrea Mayo, Martin Senechal, Danielle R. Bouchard

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 406-416, 2017. Previous research has indicated that active adults are able to achieve moderate intensity as measured via heart rate during a typical resistance training (RT) session. The main objective was to identify if overweight adults and older adults can reach aerobic moderate intensity at a rate comparable to adults displaying a recommended body mass index. Twenty participants in each group were asked to visit a fitness facility twice if they self-reported doing RT for a minimum two days per week. At the first session baseline characteristics and maximal lifting capacity for each RT …

College Students’ Knowledge Of Recovery Beverage Serving Sizes, Stephanie Lewis, Victoria Baxter, Kim Spaccarotella, Walter Andzel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 397-405, 2017. Previous research suggests that chocolate milk may be a beneficial recovery beverage, yet little is known about how athletes and students training for careers in sports science or health-related fields interpret recommended recovery beverage serving sizes. This study examined college students’ ability to correctly apply serving size recommendations for chocolate milk and protein powder used during post-exercise recovery and assessed usual consumption of milk as a recovery beverage. College students (34 women, 39 men) poured the amount of chocolate milk they would consume within 90 minutes after exercise unaided and with the …

The Effect Of Acute Hyperglycemia On Muscular Strength, Power And Endurance, Franklin Lime-Ma, Joshua A. Cotter, Evan E. Schick

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 390-396, 2017. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of acute hyperglycemia on skeletal muscle strength, power, and endurance. Ten male collegiate athletes (age 21.5 ± 1.5 years, height 186 ± 2.03 cm, body mass 108.8 ± 7.6 kg) participated in 2 testing sessions, separated by 7 days and randomized for either high glucose (HG) or control (C) treatment conditions. HG consumed a high glucose drink (2 g glucose/kg body weight) while controls consumed an isocaloric nutrition bar (40% protein, 30% fat, and 30% carbohydrate). Blood glucose (BC) levels for HG …

Better Health-Related Fitness In Youth: Implications For Public Health Guidelines, Mitch Barton, Allen W. Jackson, Scott B. Martin, James R. Morrow Jr., Trent A. Petrie, Christy A. Greenleaf

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 379-389, 2017. Public health guidelines for physical activity (PA) behaviors are being updated with 2018 as a proposed release date. Currently, ≥60 minutes of daily PA are recommended for youth. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between reported days of aerobic PA and health-related fitness (HRF). Participants included 4448 students in grades 6-8. Self-reported days of ≥60 minutes of aerobic PA was obtained. HRF was assessed with FitnessGram. Discriminant analysis indicated that weekly days of aerobic PA related to HRF. Adolescents who participated in ≥5 days of weekly aerobic …

Antiproliferative Effects Of Hibernating American Bullfrog (Rana Catesbeiana) Blood Plasma On Thp-1 Cells, Sean Robbins

Annual Graduate Student Symposium

Hibernation is an incredible adaptation that allows an organism to go dormant during the winter, when food is scarce. Much is unknown physiologically about hibernation, and most current research comes from mammalian models. During hibernation, the cells of mammals are impeded from going through mitosis. 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) and woodchucks (Marmota monax) have a protein, alpha-2-macroglobulin, in their blood plasma, which has significant antiproliferative effects on spleen cells. The goal of my study was to determine if an exothermic organism, the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), also actively suppresses mitosis while hibernating and if so, determine if it is …

Time Course Of Changes In Neuromuscular Responses At 30% Versus 70% 1 Repetition Maximum During Dynamic Constant External Resistance Leg Extensions To Failure, Cory M. Smith, Terry J. Housh, Ethan C. Hill, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 365-378, 2017. The purpose of the current study was to examine the time course of changes in neuromuscular responses from the vastus medialis (VM) during low versus high intensity dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) leg extension muscle actions to failure. Thirteen men performed DCER leg extensions to failure at 30% and 70% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) as well as 1-RM measurements pretest and posttest. Electromyogaphy and mechanomyographic signals were measured from the VM. There were no differences in neuromuscular responses pretest versus posttest 1-RM. There were time-dependent differences between the 30% and 70% 1-RM protocols. …

Effects Of Different Number Of Sets Of Resistance Training On Flexibility, Thalita B. Leite, Pablo B. Costa, Richard D. Leite, Jefferson S. Novaes, Steven J. Fleck, Roberto Simão

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 354-364, 2017. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of six months of training with three different number of sets of resistance training on flexibility in young men. Forty-seven men (mean ± SD age = 24 ± 1yrs; body mass = 79.39 ± 9.12 kg; height = 174.5 ± 5.6 cm) were randomly divided into three training groups performing either one set (G1S), three sets (G3S), or five sets (G5S) of all exercises in a resistance training session or a control group (CG). All groups were assessed pre- and post-training for …

A Low Dose Caffeine And Carbohydrate Supplement Does Not Improve Athletic Performance During Volleyball Competition, David Pfeifer, Kelsey Arvin, Nicholas Haynes, Courtney Herschberger, Matthew S. Renfrow

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 340-353, 2017. Dietary supplements are widely used to enhance sport performance and the combination of carbohydrate and caffeine (CHO+CAF) has yielded particularly high performance gains. Though the effects of a CHO+CAF supplement have been studied in a laboratory environment, little research exists on the effects of supplementation during competition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a CHO+CAF supplement on athletic performance in competition. Eight female collegiate volleyball players completed three testing sessions under three different conditions separated by approximately one week each: CHO+CAF supplement, placebo (PBO), and control …

The Relationship Of Living Environment With Behavioral And Fitness Outcomes By Sex: An Exploratory Study In College-Aged Students, Kaelah Shaffer, Melissa Bopp, Zack Papalia, Dangaia Sims, Christopher M. Bopp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 330-339, 2017. Although physical activity (PA) is associated with several health benefits, there is a marked decline during college years, which is an influential period for the development of health behaviors. This study examined the relationship of neighborhood and living environment with behavioral (PA and sedentary behavior) and fitness outcomes by sex. Participants were college students that participated in a fitness assessment, followed by a survey that measured self-reported exercise and perception of one’s environment (sidewalks, crime, traffic, access to PA resources in their neighborhood and/or apartment complex). Pearson correlations examined the relationship between …

How Different Respiratory Rate Patterns Affect Cardiorespiratory Variables And Performance, Harutiun Minas Nalbandian, Zsolt Radak, Jun Taniguchi, Masaki Takeda

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 322-329, 2017. This study aims to elucidate how respiratory rate (RR) patterns may affect respiratory gas exchange variables and performance during incremental intensity- exercise. 10 healthy young men (mean ± SD, age: 20.7 ± 0.5 years, height: 174.3 ± 5.7 cm, and body mass: 72.6 ± 10.4 kg) performed three incremental tests on a cycle ergometer at three different RR (60, 45 and 30 breaths per min) in each trial. During the tests, tidal volume (TV), minute ventilation (VE), fractional content of oxygen (FeO₂), fractional content of carbon dioxide (FeCO₂), …

The Determination Of Total Energy Expenditure During And Following Repeated High-Intensity Intermittent Sprint Work, Christopher Irvine, Matthew Laurent, Kaitlyn Kielsmeier, Stephanie Douglas, Matthew Kutz, Adam Fullenkamp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 312-321, 2017. The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in oxidative, glycolytic, and post-exercise O₂ kinetic contribution during two distinct high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols using a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio (30:30 sec) and a 2:1 work-to-rest ratio (30:15 sec). HIIT familiarized males (n =6) and females (n = 8) were recruited for this study. All subject underwent 3 testing session, an incremental maximal exertion treadmill test and 30:30 and 30:15 HIIT protocols in a counterbalanced order. Each HIIT protocol measured oxygen consumption (VO₂), carbon dioxide production …

Life-History And Energetics Of The Diamond-Backed Watersnake, Jeremy David Chamberlain

Theses and Dissertations

Life-history research explores how environmental variation and physiological constraints shift the energy allocation decisions to competing functions of the body among individuals and populations. Variation in the energy available across the environmental landscape is of particular interest as it dictates the amount energy available for organisms to acquire and allocate to their life-history. Additionally, individuals vary in their ability to capture and assimilate energy from the environment. This dissertation seeks to understand how environmental variation in energy availability and physiological constraints of attaining this energy shape allocation decisions among individuals and populations. I examined diamond-backed watersnakes (Nerodia rhombifer) from five …

Acute Kidney Injury And Chronic Kidney Disease, Jin Wei

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Ischemia and reperfusion are natural steps during kidney transplantation, and IRI is considered one of the most important nonspecific factors affecting allograft dysfunction. Transplanted organs experience several episodes of ischemia, in which cold ischemia occurs during allograft storage in preservation solutions.

Even though cold ischemia has been studied extensively, all of the studies have been carried out in vitro and ex vivo models. There is no in vivo model available to examine renal IRI induced solely by cold ischemia.

In the present study, we developed an in vivo mouse model to study renal IRI induced exclusively by cold ischemia through …

Motion-Induced Position Shifts Activate Early Visual Cortex, Peter J. Kohler, Patrick Cavanagh, Peter U. Tse

Dartmouth Scholarship

The ability to correctly determine the position of objects in space is a fundamental task of the visual system. The perceived position of briefly presented static objects can be influenced by nearby moving contours, as demonstrated by various illusions collectively known as motion-induced position shifts. Here we use a stimulus that produces a particularly strong effect of motion on perceived position. We test whether several regions-of-interest (ROIs), at different stages of visual processing, encode the perceived rather than retinotopically veridical position. Specifically, we collect functional MRI data while participants experience motion-induced position shifts and use a multivariate pattern analysis approach …

Metabolic Flexibility Among Women After A Single High Fat Meal, Alyssa Olenick

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

PURPOSE: Obese women have increased rates of metabolic diseases compared to those of healthy weight status. Additionally, African-American (AA) women have higher rates of metabolic disease compared to Caucasian (CA) women. Metabolic inflexibility is the inability to adjust substrate oxidation in response to dietary intake; potentially leading to weight gain and the development of metabolic disease. Few studies have investigated the impact of weight status and/or ethnicity on the metabolic response of women to a single high fat meal. An acute unfavorable metabolic response may contribute to the higher incidence of metabolic disease among not only obese, but also AA …

Clinical Applications Of Near-Infrared Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy And Tomography For Tissue Blood Flow Monitoring And Imaging, Yu Shang, Ting Li, Guoqiang Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Objective. Blood flow is one such available observable promoting a wealth of physiological insight both individually and in combination with other metrics.

Approach. Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and, to a lesser extent, diffuse correlation tomography (DCT), have increasingly received interest over the past decade as noninvasive methods for tissue blood flow measurements and imaging. DCS/DCT offers several attractive features for tissue blood flow measurements/imaging such as noninvasiveness, portability, high temporal resolution, and relatively large penetration depth (up to several centimeters).

Main results. This review first introduces the basic principle and instrumentation of DCS/DCT, followed by presenting …

Enzyme-Dependent Fluorescence Recovery Of Nadh After Photobleaching To Assess Dehydrogenase Activity Of Isolated Perfused Hearts., Angel Moreno, Sarah Kuzmiak-Glancy, Rafael Jaimes, Matthew W Kay

Pharmacology and Physiology Faculty Publications

Reduction of NAD(+) by dehydrogenase enzymes to form NADH is a key component of cellular metabolism. In cellular preparations and isolated mitochondria suspensions, enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (ED-FRAP) of NADH has been shown to be an effective approach for measuring the rate of NADH production to assess dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Our objective was to demonstrate how dehydrogenase activity could be assessed within the myocardium of perfused hearts using NADH ED-FRAP. This was accomplished using a combination of high intensity UV pulses to photobleach epicardial NADH. Replenishment of epicardial NADH fluorescence was then imaged using low intensity UV illumination. NADH …

Undergraduate Research On General Aviation Hypoxia: A Student's Perspective, Timothy B. Holt, Jacqueline Luedtke, Claire G. Schindler

Publications

The problem this study addresses is the uncertainty of the common circumstances that general aviation pilots find themselves in that create a hypoxic state, as well as whether or not that pilot reported the occurrence to the proper establishments. The results of this study showed not only those that were impacted the greatest by hypoxia, but also a caring concern for reporting these events. The key elements for this research were:

• Level of flying experience that encountered hypoxia

• Reporting statistics

• Reasons for not reporting the event

• Suggestions for bettering flight physiology training

Cross-Modal Attention Influences Auditory Contrast Sensitivity: Decreasing Visual Load Improves Auditory Thresholds For Amplitude- And Frequency-Modulated Sounds, Vivian M. Ciaramitaro, Hiu Mei Chow, Luke G. Eglington

Dartmouth Scholarship

We used a cross-modal dual task to examine how changing visual-task demands influenced auditory processing, namely auditory thresholds for amplitude- and frequency-modulated sounds. Observers had to attend to two consecutive intervals of sounds and report which interval contained the auditory stimulus that was modulated in amplitude (Experiment 1) or frequency (Experiment 2). During auditory-stimulus presentation, observers simultaneously attended to a rapid sequential visual presentation—two consecutive intervals of streams of visual letters—and had to report which interval contained a particular color (low load, demanding less attentional resources) or, in separate blocks of trials, which interval contained more of a target letter …

Proteome Dynamics During Postnatal Mouse Corpus Callosum Development., Alexander I Son, Xiaoqin Fu, Fumikazu Suto, Judy S Liu, Kazue Hashimoto-Torii, Masaaki Torii

Pharmacology and Physiology Faculty Publications

Formation of cortical connections requires the precise coordination of numerous discrete phases. This is particularly significant with regard to the corpus callosum, whose development undergoes several dynamic stages including the crossing of axon projections, elimination of exuberant projections, and myelination of established tracts. To comprehensively characterize the molecular events in this dynamic process, we set to determine the distinct temporal expression of proteins regulating the formation of the corpus callosum and their respective developmental functions. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling was performed on early postnatal mouse corpus callosi, for which limited evidence has been obtained previously, using stable isotope of labeled …

Mechanotransduction Current Is Essential For Stability Of The Transducing Stereocilia In Mammalian Auditory Hair Cells, A. Catalina Vélez-Ortega, Mary J. Freeman, Artur A. Indzhykulian, Jonathan M. Grossheim, Gregory I. Frolenkov

Physiology Faculty Publications

Mechanotransducer channels at the tips of sensory stereocilia of inner ear hair cells are gated by the tension of 'tip links' interconnecting stereocilia. To ensure maximal sensitivity, tip links are tensioned at rest, resulting in a continuous influx of Ca²⁺ into the cell. Here we show that this constitutive Ca²⁺ influx, usually considered as potentially deleterious for hair cells, is in fact essential for stereocilia stability. In the auditory hair cells of young postnatal mice and rats, a reduction in mechanotransducer current, via pharmacological channel blockers or disruption of tip links, leads to stereocilia shape changes and shortening. …

A Prototypical First-Generation Electronic Cigarette Does Not Reduce Reports Of Tobacco Urges Or Withdrawal Symptoms Among Cigarette Smokers, Arit M. Harvanko, Catherine A. Martin, Richard J. Kryscio, William W. Stoops, Joshua A. Lile, Thomas H. Kelly

Psychology Faculty Publications

It is unknown whether first-generation electronic cigarettes reduce smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms following a 24 h deprivation period. This study tested whether a first-generation electronic cigarette reduces smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms in cigarette smokers. Following 24 h of tobacco deprivation, using a within-subjects design, eight nontreatment seeking tobacco cigarette smokers (3 females) administered 10 puffs from a conventional cigarette or a first-generation electronic cigarette containing liquid with 0, 8 or 16 mg/ml nicotine. Conventional cigarettes ameliorated smoking urges and electronic cigarettes did not, regardless of nicotine concentration. First-generation electronic cigarettes may not effectively substitute for conventional cigarettes in …