Toxicology Commons^™

In Vitro Assessment Of The Toxicity Of Cocaine And Its Metabolites In The Human Umbilical Artery, Tessa L. Long

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

An in vitro model was used to assess the effect of cocaine and its metabolites on the umbilical artery. Objectives were to pharmacologically confirm the presence of adrenergic innervation using tyramine, evaluate the ability of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine and cocaethylene to potentiate vasoconstriction by serotonin and norepinephrine, examine the ability of ketanserin to block the enhanced vasoconstriction produced by cocaine, and determine displacement of 3 H-ketanserin by serotonin, norepinephrine, tyramine and mianserin. The vasoconstrictive effect of tyramine (100 μM) was enhanced in the presence of cocaine by 257%. Vasoconstrictive effects of serotonin and norepinephrine were significantly enhanced by cocaine by …

Mouse Embryo Development In The Presence Of Capsaicin, Carlos Santiago Villar-Gosalvez

Theses and Dissertations in Biomedical Sciences

Capsaicin is the pungent agent found in hot peppers of the Capsicum genus. It is a potent neurotoxin that stimulates the degranulation and degeneration of C-afferent neurons. Capsaicin is widely used as a food condiment and medicine. Human exposure of capsaicin can exceed levels shown to be neurotoxic in laboratory animals. Additionally, capsaicin can cross the blood/placenta barrier and affect an embryo in utero. In order to assay the potential for toxicity to human embryos, mouse embryos were exposed to capsaicin and the effect of the capsaicin on embryo development was measured. Embryos were co-cultured in Krebs medium with 1% …

Sensitizing Resin Acids In Aerosol Derived From Rosin Flux Used In Electronics Soldering: Molecular Mechanistic Studies In Resin Acid/Protein Hapten Formation, Philip A. Smith

Biology

Exposure to rosin and its resin acid constituents is associated with dermal and pulmonary sensitization. Methodologies to detect resin acid compounds in aerosol from heated rosin flux included air filtration, filter extraction, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Various resin acids were seen in aerosol collected under field conditions, and in the laboratory. The predominant resin acid recovered was dehydroabietic acid, with lower levels of abietic acid and oxidized resin acids, which included 7-oxodehydroabietic, 15-hydroxydehydroabietic, and 7-hydroxydehydroabietic acids. Mass balance experiments with a soldering iron and liquid rosin flux showed most of the nonvolatile mass in unheated flux to be filtrable following …

The Effects Of Retinoic Acids On The Angiogenic Growth Factors Produced By Solid Tumors, Lynn C. Burgess

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

These studies investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on angiogenesis. Three human, neoplastic cell lines were used to examine angiogenic promotion and/or inhibition. The cell lines, U-373MG glioblastoma, DU-145 prostate carcinoma, and TCCSUP bladder transitional cell carcinoma, were treated with the following: all-trans, 9-cis, or 13-cis RA, at doses from 0.0001 to 100 μM. Hypoxia was used to assist the expression of the angiogenic phenotype. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared by growing the tumor cells in the presence of RA and hypoxia for 24 hours, and then the CM was transferred to bovine, capillary endothelial …

Evaluation Of Toxicity, Bioavailability And Speciation Of Lead, Zinc And Cadmium In Mine/Mill Wastewaters, Mujde Erten-Unal, Bobby G. Wixson, Nord Gale, Jerry L. Pitt

Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The toxicity of common compounds of lead, cadmium and zinc was evaluated in waters similar to that found in the world's largest lead producing area in Missouri. Static, acute toxicity tests were performed using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and water fleas (Daphnia magna) respectively. Test organisms were subjected to varying amounts of sulfide, carbonate, chloride and sulfate salts of lead, zinc and cadmium mixed in hard, alkaline waters typical to this region. Median lethal concentrations were calculated using nominal versus measured metal concentrations. Measured metal concentrations included four different metal fractionation (extraction/filtration) techniques at different pH …

1080 Operational Procedures Manual - Second Edition, Agriculture Western Australia

Biosecurity published reports

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is an extremely toxic substance which can be a danger to humans if handled incorrectly. At the same time 1080 is the most effective and efficient poison for the control of Western Australia's main vertebrate pest species including rabbits, wild dogs and foxes. One of the main reasons for its usefulness in Western Australia is that many native animals have a high tolerance to it and so may not be affected by baiting.

Industry Resource Protection Program (IRPP) This program, part of Agriculture Western Australia, supports feral animal control carried out by its staff and community groups. …

Effect Of Cocaine On Rabbit Renin Angiotensin System: Cocaine Detection In Adult And Fetal Tissue And Adult Plasma Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Barbara Belinda Guinn

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was used to detect cocaine and/or the metabolite ecgonine methyl ester (EME) in tissue and plasma samples from male, maternal, and fetal New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. EME was consistently detected in all adult plasma samples 5 minutes after the injection of cocaine hydrochloride (cocaine•HCI, 2 mg/kg). EME was also in the liver, kidneys, testicles, and ovaries. Five minutes after the injection of cocaine•HCI, the male arterial pressure (MAP) increased from a mean control value of 79 ± 3.2 mmHg to 88 ± 4.1 mmHg, and the pCO₂ increased from a control value of28 ± …

A Study Of The Immune Effects Of Orally Ingested Ginseng Combined With Moderate High-Intensity Exercise In Mouse And Human Subjects, Gordon Hunter Pedersen

Biology

Ginseng, an extract of the Panax ginseng plant, and exercise producing a heart rate of 82.5% of maximum were studied alone and in combination for effects on certain immune parameters in mice and young adult humans, and on development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in mice. A motorized treadmill was used in the mouse experiments, with a clinical pulse oximeter adapted to monitor heart rates and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂). Compared to infected controls whose death rate was 60%, orally administered ginseng (250 mg/kg/day) beginning 48 hours pre-CMV inoculation caused a 25% survivor increase. Exercise (six repetitions of running …

Superoxide Dismutase And Catalase In Trichoderma Harzianum, A Biological Control Fungus Of Rhizoctonia Solani Disease Of Sugar Beet, June Inez Pounder

Biology

A strain of Trichoderma harzianum (referred to as Tex) and its chemically generated mutant, T95, produced antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The mutant and wild type had similar enzyme activity levels but differed in isozyme patterns and response to exogenous activated oxygen species. Superoxide dismutases had manganese and copper-zinc prosthetic groups, determined by selective inactivation with sodium azide, potassium cyanide, diethyldithiocarbamate, and hydrogen peroxide. Catalases from Tex and T95 were inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Antioxidant enzymes may be important in survival of T. harzianum and its effective biocontrol of root diseases. In its role as a biocontrol agent, T. harzianum …

Alterations In Human B Cell Calcium Homeostasis By Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Possible Associations With Cytochrome P450 Metabolism And Increased Tyrosine Phosphorylation, Barbara J. Mounho

Pharmaceutical Sciences ETDs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are known immunotoxicants in animals, and are suspect toxins to the human immune system. The mechanism(s), however, by which PAHs exert immunosuppression have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have shown that PAHs, such as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)- anthracene (DMB A) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) may exert their immunotoxic effects by altering intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in lymphocytes. Intracellular Ca2+ is an important second messenger in the immune response, and the mobilization of Ca2+ is critical in the transduction of intracellular signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. The overall objective of this project …

Ecological Water Treatment System For Removal Of Phosphorus And Nitrogen From Polluted Water, Ray W. Drenner, Donald J. Day, Stacy J. Basham, J. Durward Smith, Susan I. Jensen

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

We propose that phosphorus and nitrogen can be removed from polluted water using an ecological water treatment system consisting of periphyton and fish. In the proposed system, polluted water flows through a series of vessels, and the nutrients are taken up by periphyton growing on porous screens. Algal-grazing fish feed on the periphyton and either assimilate or egest the nutrients in mucus-bound feces that settle from the water into a sediment trap. Both the fish and their feces can be harvested as nutrient sinks. In this study we examined the effects of an algal-grazing cichlid (Tilapia mossambica) and …

Evaluation Of A Rapid-Screening Toxicity Test Using The Ciliate, Colpoda Inflata (Stokes): Sensitivity And Bioavailability To Model Compounds, Daria Galina Mochan

Dissertations and Theses

Standard toxicity tests often require high costs for maintaining healthy cultures, so few test species are employed in routine ecotoxicological analysis. An alternative is the "battery of tests" approach involving using rapid toxicity tests for screening. Rapid-screening toxicity tests must display organism sensitivity, similarity in responses to other test organisms, relevancy to many circumstances, and repeatability. Protozoa are ideal candidates for rapid-screening bioassays. They are cosmopolitan, play important roles in ecosystems, and have high reproductive rates. Many protozoa can form a resting stage (cyst) that remains viable during adverse conditions, eliminating the need for maintaining continuous cultures for testing.

The …

Lead Activation Of A Developmentally Regulated Calcium Channel In Rat Hippocampal Nerve Terminals, Troy E. Rhodes

Theses and Dissertations in Biomedical Sciences

Low level lead (Pb²⁺) exposure may produce lasting deficits in learning and memory by altering calcium (Ca²⁺) dependent processes. Isolated presynaptic nerve terminals from rat hippocampus were loaded with the intracellular (Ca²⁺) indicator Fura-2. The changes in cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) were measured by stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy following depolarization with elevated potassium on a millisecond time scale (Lentzner et al., 1992). Depolarization promoted a rapid increase in Ca²⁺_i which occured in two kinetically distinguishable phases: a fast component, representing the activity of rapidly inactivating Ca²⁺ channels (τ …

Comparison Of Positive Screening And Confimatory Results From Federally Mandated Drug Testing Of Urine, Mary M. Stuck

Community & Environmental Health Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of FDA approved immunoassays for the detection of drug positive urine samples.

Federal civilian employees are tested under the strict protocol of the Department of Health and Human Services mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs. The guidelines provide for a two instrument testing protocol for the analysis of urine samples. The first is an FDA approved immunoassay. Samples which test positive on this screening immunoassay are then submitted for confirmatory testing with the "gold standard" gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Agency monthly drug testing summaries, required under the DHHS guidelines …

Influence Of Soil On Bioremediation Potential Of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, Brian J. Tucker

Biology

Successful bioremediation in soils using Phanerochaete chrysosporium is determined by many soil factors. Several biotic and abiotic soil factors inhibited P. chrysosporium in the mineralization of pyrene when compared to a non-soil system. Inhibition of pyrene mineralization was also observed with layers of sterilized silt and clay but not sand. Two clays, bentonite and kaolinite, differentially sorbed and decreased the mineralization of pyrene. Four artificial sterile, nonorganic soils, made with different proportions of sand, silt, and clay, inhibited pyrene mineralization by P. chrysosporium. Both purified humic acid and manganese oxide significantly reduced the mineralization potential of P. chrysosporium. …

Alteration In Basic Macrophage And Lymphocyte Cytokines From Benzene And Phenol In The Drinking Water Of Male Institute Of Cancer Research Mice, Jay C. Albretsen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Groundwater contamination is a concern due to the large number of people that can become exposed to the contaminant. The chemicals benzene and phenol are known groundwater contaminants. The main health problem caused by benzene or phenol is bone marrow toxicity. Benzene and phenol are also immunotoxins reported to cause decreased thymic weights, altered lymphocyte mitogenic responses, and lower antibody production.

Cytokines are key signaling molecules produced by the cells of the immune system to activate other cells in the immune system, produce antibodies, and recruit other cells to sites of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine …

The Evaluation Of Succinylcholine Chloride For Harmful Effects Upon Early-Stage Mouse Embryos, Francis Warren Prescott

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Succinylcholine (SCh) chloride is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used to paralyze patients for surgical procedures. Over 1,800 clinical observations of newborn infants have demonstrated that succinylcholine does not cross the placenta in quantities detrimental to fetuses (Kolstad, et al., 1957, Bakhoum, et al., 1957, Hodges, et al., 1959, Duffield, et al., 1958, Dennis, et al., 1954, 1956, McNab, 1955, Coleman, et al., 1956, Lund, 1953). Later investigations which involved comparison of blood levels of SCh in the mother to those in fetuses bolstered the finding that SCh fails to cross the placenta in significant amounts (Moya and Kvisselgaard, 1961, …

Acidic Marine Biotoxins Implicated In Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning, Eoin P. Carmody

Theses

An okadaic acid (OA) etiology has been demonstrated for most outbreaks of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in Europe, An isomer of OA, dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), has recently been found in Irish waters and, in 1991 and 1994, was the major toxin during prolonged infestations in cultivated mussels (Mytilus edulis) along the south-west coast of Ireland.

The OA class of DSP toxins have been analysed by HPLC using modified versions of three established fluorescent derivatisation methods. A ‘dual tag’ method for the confirmation of specific toxins has also been developed.

Survey work has been carried out over the past four years on …

Toxin Producing Phytoplankton In Chesapeake Bay, Harold G. Marshall

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Three diatoms and nine dinoflagellates, known to be associated with toxin production, have been identified within Chesapeake Bay. Over the past several decades this number has increased to its present level so that they now represent approximately 1.7% the total number of phytoplankton species reported for the Bay.

Fish Tissue Contamination In Maine Lakes : Data Report, Jeanne Difranco, Linda Bacon, Barry Mower, David Courtemanch

Maine Collection

Fish Tissue Contamination in Maine Lakes : Data Report

by Jeanne DiFranco, Linda Bacon, Barry Mower and David Courtemanch

Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (REMAP)

State of Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Land and Water Quality, Division of Environmental Assessment, State House Station 17, Augusta, Maine 04333 (September 1995).

Contents: List of Figures and Tables / I. Introduction / II. Goals and Objectives / III. Experimental Design / IV. Methods / V. Data / VI. Quality Assurance-Quality Control / Appendices A-H

Alteration Of Key Cytokine Levels By Aflatoxin B1 And T-2 Toxin In Male Cd-1 Mice, Raviprakash R. Dugyala

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin are mycotoxins, which produce their immunotoxic effects by affecting nonspecific and acquired immunity in different species. The mechanisms of their immunotoxicity are still obscure. Cytokines are the key signaling molecules during the immune response. In this study, expression of macrophage-produced cytokines Interleukin-lα (IL-lα), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-6, and lymphocyte-produced cytokines IL-2, interferon y (IFNy), and IL-3 was measured at the mRNA and protein levels, after in vitro activation with mitogens in AFB₁-and T-2-toxin-exposed mice.

Significant changes in the organ weights, especially in the mice exposed to a high dose of …

Metabolism Of Selected Antiviral Agents In Cells Infected With Drug-Resistant And Wild-Type Strains Of Murine Cytomegalovirus, Kevin M. Okleberry

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Resistance of human viral pathogens to various antiviral drugs is a serious medical problem. Two modes of drug resistance in cytomegalovirus infections have been observed, the first being altered (decreased) drug metabolism by the infected cells, and the second reduced sensitivity of the viral deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase enzyme to the active form of the drug. Mice infected with the murine cytomegalovirus have been used extensively as an animal model for the human cytomegalovirus, and drug-resistant strains in this model have been identified. To better understand the mode of drug resistance of the virus, the metabolism of two antiviral drugs, 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine …

Indomethacin Reduces Splenic Red Pulp Macrophage Populations In Female New Zealand White Rabbits, Thane S. Thurmond

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In an effort to elucidate the mechanism by which indomethacin (IN) attenuates the stimulatory effect of estradiol (E$\sb2$) on rabbit splenic red pulp macrophages (RPM), thirty-nine female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 10 groups: ovariectomized (OVX), OVX/IN at 0.1 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day; sham OVX (SOVX), SOVX/IN at 0.1 and 5.0 mg/kg bw/day; OVX/25 mg E2, OVX/25 mg E$\sb2$/IN at 0.1 and 5.0 mg/kg bw/day; intact Control. Quantitative changes in RPM population in response to the treatments were measured using a 0 to 4 histologic grading scale. Estradiol treatment resulted in increased RPM grade when compared …

State Of Maine Handbook For Hazardous Waste Generators, Department Of Environmental Protection

Maine Collection

State of Maine Handbook for Hazardous Waste Generators

Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, Maine 1995.

Contents: Introduction to Hazardous Waste / Purpose of This Handbook / Who Generates Hazardous Waste and How? / How Do I Determine If I Generate Hazardous Waste? / Am I a Small Quantity Generator (SQG), an SQG Plus, or a Generator? / Hazardous Waste Management Practices / Manifesting Hazardous Waste / In Summary / Appendix A - D

Molecular Toxicology Of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, Hea-Young Kim

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are cytotoxic, carcinogenic, and anti-carcinogenic in vivo and in vitro, and they produce many hazardous effects in humans and animals. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) also cross-link with DNA and/or protein. However, whether such cross-linking is important to the toxic action of PAs is not known. In addition, the exact mechanism underlying these DNA cross-links or cytotoxicity is also not clear.

In three separate studies, I characterized the nature of PA-induced DNA cross-links and the relationships between PA structures and cross-linking potency. In the first study (Chapter II), I found that cross-linking potency of PA congeners coincided with their …

An Evaluation Of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Structure And Sediment Toxicity In Lake Taylorville, Sanhita Datta

Masters Theses

Sediments act as a "sink" for xenobiotics which can be accumulated by a variety of organisms and thereby enter the food chain contaminating fish, wildlife and humans. Although the chemical nature of these substances can be known by direct chemical analysis of the sediments, the significance of the contaminants and their bioavailability should be determined through bioassay techniques. A survey of the benthic macroinvertebrates of Lake Taylorville, a reservoir in central Illinois which is fed by two rivers that drain a primarily agricultural area, revealed a rather depauperate fauna. Subsequent studies were conducted in order to identify the underlying cause …

Validation Of A Bag Sampling Method For 1,3-Butadiene, Lori Eckenrode

Community & Environmental Health Theses & Dissertations

At this time there is no NIOSH approved means for bag sampling 1,3-butadiene. An attempt was made to use the application of cold (0°F) to inhibit the reactivity of the gas prior to analysis. The State of California Air Resources Board has an approved method for the gas chromatographic analysis of 1,3-butadiene from stationary sources. The method was utilized in the application of industrial hygiene monitoring of affected workers. The application of cold was found to be ineffective at inhibiting the highly reactive nature of 1,3-butadiene. Analyte losses were too great to classify the method as an accurate measure of …

Pesticide Use On Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower And Peppers Grown In Connecticut: 1991, James J. Turner Ii, Candace L. Bartholomew

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station

No abstract provided.

Pesticide Use On Peaches And Pears Grown In Connecticut: 1991, James L. Turner Ii, Candace L. Bartholomew

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station

No abstract provided.

El Envenenamiento De Aves Por Plomo: Un Grave Problema Que Sí Tiene Solución, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.