Food Chemistry Commons^™

A Galactomannoglucan Derived From Agaricus Brasiliensis: Purification, Characterization And Macrophage Activation Via Mapk And Ikappab/Nfkappab Pathways, Yanqing Zhang, Danting Liu, Leilei Fang, Xiaotong Zhao, Aimin Zhou, Junbo Xie

Chemistry Faculty Publications

In this study, a novel galactomannoglucan named as TJ2 was isolated from Agaricus brasiliensis with microwave extraction, macroporous resin, ion exchange resin and high resolution gel chromatography. TJ2 is composed of glucose, mannose and galactose in the ratio 99.2:0.2:0.6. Infrared spectra (IR), methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra indicated that TJ2 mainly contained a b-(1?3) – linked glucopyranosyl backbone. Interestingly, TJ2 significantly promoted RAW264.7 cell proliferation, and was able to activate the cells to engulf E. coli. In addition, TJ2 induced the expression of Interleukin 1b (IL-1b), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in …

The Effects Of Chitosan On Resveratrol-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles, Brian Sohn

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound showing health benefits, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, anti-HIV/AIDS, neuro-protective, and cardio-protective activities. It has been proposed as a promising dietary supplement or functional ingredient in foods to lower the prevalence of many chronic diseases. However, due to the molecule’s chemical instability, low bioavailability, and poor water solubility, its application was vastly limited. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted regarding microencapsulation of resveratrol. In this study, resveratrol was double encapsulated with zein, a prolamine protein found in maize, and chitosan, a hydrophilic, linear polysaccharide derived from chitin via a deacetylation reaction. Due to their biocompatible, …

Nutraceutical Snack Prepared From Sprouted Rough Rice And Green Gram And Its Physicochemical Properties And In Vitro Glycemic Index, Rachel Browder, Navam Hettiarachchy, Ronny Horax

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Snacks make up a large portion of the U.S. daily meals, but unhealthy snacks are a concern that can lead to being overweight or obese. Healthy alternatives can be germinated cereals and legumes, which undergo chemical compositional changes producing smaller size molecules for easier digestion and generate bioactives that can have health benefits. The objective of this research was to develop a healthy and nutritional snack chip from germinated rough rice and germinated green gram that will be easier for the body to digest, provide much higher protein than conventional chips or crackers with low glycemic index. Rough rice and …

Evaluating Consumer Sensory And Composition Attributes Of Arkansas-Grown Fresh-Market Blackberries, Aubrey N. Dunteman, Renee T. Threlfall, John R. Clark, Margaret L. Worthington

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Blackberries are grown worldwide for commercial fresh markets. Three Arkansas-grown fresh-market blackberry genotypes (‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and A-2418) were evaluated for consumer sensory and compositional attributes at the University of Arkansas Food Science Department, Fayetteville. The compositional attributes of the blackberries were within an acceptable range for commercial markets (soluble solids=8.20-11.90%, pH=2.79-3.18, titratable acidity=1.09-1.32%). In terms of soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio, ‘Ouachita’ (10.92) had the highest ratio, followed by ‘Natchez’ (8.93) and A-2418 (6.25). A consumer sensory panel (n=80) evaluated fresh-market blackberry attributes using a 9-point hedonic scale for overall impression, overall flavor, sweetness, and sourness and a 5-point …

Geographic Classification Of Wines Using Their Elemental And Water Isotopic Composition; Special Emphasis On Washington State, Usa, Shirley Orellana

All Master's Theses

The frequency and scope of wine fraud cases have increased worldwide, leaving wineries vulnerable to damage in reputation and potential lost revenue. In the United States of America, Washington State (WA) is the second-largest premium wine producer where wine fraud could have a significant impact on the industry. In an effort to reduce this risk, advanced analytical instrumentation and statistics were employed to chemically characterize, and thus geographically classify, 118 wines from 4 major wine producing regions located on 3 continents, including 64 wines from WA. Focus was on the analysis of inorganic and chemically stable tracers that are conserved …

Protein And Lipid Characterization Of Acheta Domesticus, Bombyx Mori, And Locusta Migratoria Dry Flours, Emily N. Brogan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cricket (Acheta domesticus), silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori), and locust (Locusta migratoria) dry flours were obtained to examine the biochemical properties and composition of the flours. This study aimed to characterize the protein and lipid components of three insect species utilizing proximate composition analyses, amino acid composition analysis, protein solubility, SDS-PAGE, fatty acid composition analysis, and thin layer chromatography to determine lipid classes, and lipid extraction efficiency. Kjeldahl determined the cricket, locust, and silkworm flours contained 72.0%, 53.1%, and 71.2% protein, respectively. All proximate composition analyses were significantly (p< 0.05) different between species. Amino acid composition analysis revealed that the flours contained 3.6-3.9% and 0.90-1.5% of lysine and methionine, respectively. Many countries have cereal grains and legumes as a staple in their diet that contain these limiting amino acids. Essential amino acids were 22% of total amino acids. Protein solubility revealed that the three species studied were most soluble in alkaline environments with highest protein solubility occurring at pH 13 at 66% solubility in silkworm. Lowest solubility occurred in more acidic conditions between pH 4-5. SDS-PAGE revealed five major protein fractions with estimated molecular weights of 27 (cuticle proteins), 41 (arginine kinase), which has been identified as an allergen in shrimp, 42 (actin), 71 (hemocyanin), and 220 myosin) kDa. Soxhlet extraction determined cricket, silkworm, and locust flours contained 15.4%, 33.3%, and 11.4% lipid, respectively. The only omega-3 fatty acid found in the flours was α-linolenic acid. Silkworm flour contained the most α-linolenic acid at 33.3% of total fatty acids, followed by locust (13.7%), and cricket (0.6%). TLC resolved lipids for typical lipid classes. The four major lipid classes noted were triacylglycerol, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid. Lipid extraction efficiency found that the organic solvents chloroform and methanol had the highest lipid extraction yield in both cricket (69.3%) and locust (93.0%). Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) extracted lipids most efficiently in the silkworm. Proteins and lipids found in insects need to be isolated to further or commercial use.

Influence Of Dietary Ractopamine And Supranutritional Supplementation Of Vitamin E On Proteome Profile Of Postmortem Beef Longissimus Lumborum Muscle, Hyun Mok Kim

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The effects of dietary ingredients on the proteome profile of postmortem beef longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle were evaluated. In the first experiment, the influence of dietary ractopamine on the whole-muscle proteome of beef LL was examined. Five proteins were differentially abundant between ractopamine-fed (RAC) and non-ractopamine fed (CON) groups. The differentially abundant proteins were over-abundant in RAC and were related to muscle structure development (F-actin-capping protein subunit beta-2 and PDZ and LIM domain protein-3), chaperone (heat shock protein beta-1), oxygen transportation (myoglobin), and glycolysis (L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain). These findings indicated that ractopamine influences the abundance of proteins associated with …

Changes In Enzymatic Activities And Functionality Of Whole Wheat Flour Due To Steaming Of Wheat Kernels, Rachana Poudel, Devin J. Rose

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

The effects of steaming wheat kernels on lipolytic degradation of resulting whole flour was studied by quantifying enzyme activities and lipid degradation products during storage. Lipase, lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activities were decreased by up to 81%, 63%, 22%, and 34%, respectively, as the time of steaming increased up to 90 s. Steaming had no effect on starch and gluten properties. Upon storage free fatty acids decreased with respect to time of steaming. Time of steaming did not affect lipid oxidation in flour; however, total carbonyls produced in dough made from stored flour were decreased with the increase in …

Microstructural Changes To Proso Millet Protein Bodies Upon Cooking And Digestion, Paridhi Gulati, You Zhou, Christian Elowsky, Devin J. Rose

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Cooking results in a drastic decline in digestibility of proso millet proteins, panicins. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy were used to observe morphological changes in proso millet protein bodies upon cooking and digestion that could be associated with the loss in digestibility. Spherical protein bodies (1–2.5 mm) were observed in proso millet flour and extracted protein. Cooking did not result in any noticeable change in the size or shape of the protein bodies. However, upon digestion with pepsin the poor digestibility of cooked proso millet protein was clearly evident from the differences in microstructure of the protein bodies: large cavities …

Targeting The Folate Receptor: Improving Efficacy In Inorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Pauraic Mccarron, Aisling Crowley, Denis O'Shea, Malachy Mccann, Orla L. Howe, Mary Hunt, Michael Devereux

Articles

The discovery of the high-affinity, high-specificity folate receptor in mamalian kidney cells, coupled with the ability of folate to enter cells by folate receptor-mediated endocytosis and the subsequent elucidation of the folate receptor’s overexpression in specific cancer cell types; heralded the arrival of the area of chemotherapeutic folate targeting. The application of purely organic folate-based small-molecule drug conjugates that selectively target the folate receptor, which is over expressed in several diseases such as cancer, is well established. The application of inorganic folate-targeted drugs offers significant potential to expand and enhance this therapeutic approach. From the data made available to date, …

Chemical Modifications Of Lipids And Proteins By Nonthermal Food Processing Technologies, Juan M. PéRez-AndréS, CléMentine Charoux, Patrick J. Cullen, Brijesh K. Tiwari

Articles

A range of nonthermal techniques have demonstrated process efficacy in ensuring product safety, extension of shelf life, and in general a retention of key quality attributes. However, various physical, chemical and biochemical effects of nonthermal techniques on macro and micro nutrients are evident, leading to both desirable and undesirable changes in food products. The objective of this review is to outline the effects of nonthermal techniques on food chemistry and the associated degradation mechanisms with the treatment of foods. Oxidation is one of the key mechanisms responsible for undesirable effects induced by nonthermal techniques. Degradation of key macromolecules largely depends …

Radiofrequency Processing For Inactivation Of Salmonella Spp. And Enterococcus Faecium Nrrl B-2354 In Whole Black Peppercorn And Ground Black Pepper, Xinyao Wei

Department of Food Science and Technology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Black pepper has been implicated in several foodborne illness outbreaks and food product recalls due to Salmonella contamination. Conventional decontamination methods for black pepper are challenged by harmful residues or quality deterioration. Radiofrequency (RF) heating reduces the come-up time which allows to design a high-temperature short-time processing to inactivate Salmonella with minimal deterioration in product quality. The objectives of this study were to investigate RF heating for inactivation of Salmonella in whole black peppercorn and ground black pepper samples, evaluate Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for Salmonella, and assess quality deterioration during RF heating of whole black peppercorn …

Increasing Cis-Lycopene Content Of The Oleoresin From Tomato Processing Byproducts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide And Assessment Of Its Bioaccessibility, Lisbeth Vallecilla Yepez

Department of Food Science and Technology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In recent years, health- and wellness-promoting foods have been one of the major focus of consumers; therefore, the food industry is increasing its efforts in developing these food products. Tomatoes, tomato-food products and their byproducts have gained special attention in virtue of the carotenoids-rich source that they represent, especially lycopene (~90%). The role of lycopene in human diet has been highlighted as a result of its direct relationship with the decrease of chronic diseases. Nevertheless, lycopene is water-insoluble making its extraction simple with organic-toxic solvents; in addition, lycopene degrades easily with light, time, and storage. Lycopene exist in nature mostly …

Whole Grain Processing And Effects On Carbohydrate Digestion And Fermentation, Sandrayee Brahma

Department of Food Science and Technology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Whole grains are a major source of dietary fibers in the human diet that provide specific nutrients to the gut microbiota and thereby plays a major role in modulating microbiota composition and increasing diversity of the gut ecosystem. A common approach of consuming whole grains is in the form of ready-to-eat extruded breakfast cereals. Studies reported herein established that extrusion conditions not only affected the physicochemical properties but also in vitro starch digestibility, β-glucan extractability and in vitro fermentation characteristics of whole grain oats. Moderate screw speed (300 rpm) led to higher slowly digestible starch (SDS) with an accompanying decrease …

Effects Of Vagotomy And Fenugreek On Hyperlipidemia And Insulin Resistance, Rituraj Khound

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Hyperlipidemia is the impairment of lipid metabolism marked by abnormally high levels of lipid in circulation. This has been implicated in a number of metabolic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Insulin resistance is the impairment of insulin action, which leads to several diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. New clinical and therapeutic approaches are warranted for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. In our study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of complete disruption of the sub-diaphragmatic vagus nerve (vagotomy) on hyperlipidemia and insulin sensitivity. We observed that vagotomy …

Characterization And Mechanisms Of Anthocyanin Degradation And Stabilization, Nathan Blaine Stebbins

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Anthocyanins (ACYs) are polyphenol compounds found in nature, which contribute vivid colors to many fruits and vegetables, while also possessing significant health benefits. These pigments range in color from orange-red to blue-violet and could serve as natural colorants to replace artificial additives. There is a great demand from consumers to have fewer artificial compounds in their foods. However, the relatively instability of ACYs must be further understood in order to limit color degradation before they can completely replace synthetic colorants.

ACYs slowly degrade over time, but there is a knowledge gap on their fate and mechanisms causing degradation. In order …

Use Of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Screen For Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, And Deoxynivalenol In Dry Pet Foods, Tara A. Okuma, Thu P. Huynh, Rosalee S. Hellberg

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

The objective of this study was to perform a market survey on dry pet foods using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect total aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON). Pet food products (n = 58) marketed for dogs, cats, birds, and rabbits were tested in duplicate with ELISA, and results above the limit of quantitation were confirmed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). OTA was detected in one product (rabbit food) and AFs were detected in two products (one dog treat and one bird treat). In contrast, DON was detected in the majority (74%) of products …

Evaluating The Effect Of Chitosan, Water-Soluble Chitosan And Chitosan Application Techniques On The Quality Of Refrigerated Catfish Fillets, Franklin Bonilla Torres

LSU Master's Theses

Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer synthetized by deacetylation of chitin, it is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, cell wall of fungi, and insects. CH’s water insolubility limited the used of this compound in some food systems. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of CH yields water-soluble chitosan (WSC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan, water-soluble chitosan, and chitosan application techniques on the quality of refrigerated catfish fillets. This research was conducted in two separated studies. In the first study, three solution treatments were prepared: (1) a 1% acetic acid (AA) solution, (2) a 0.5% CH solution …

Chlorogenic Acid Induced Colored Reactions And Their Effect On Carbonyls, Phenolic Content, And Antioxidant Capacity In Sunflower Butter Cookies, Sihui Liang, Lilian Were

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

The high chlorogenic acid (CGA) content of sunflower seeds causes a greening reaction in sunflower butter baked products which can deter application of sunflower butter as an allergen-free alternative to other plant and dairy based butters. This study focused on how greening intensity of sunflower butter cookies made with different sweeteners (maple, agave, corn syrups, honey and xylitol) affected greening, protein oxidation products, Folin and ABTS^•+ radical scavenging ability. Cookies made with maple syrup and xylitol had higher pH and resulted in more greening. The dough made with agave syrup had highest total carbonyls caused by its highest reducing …

Chlorogenic Acid Oxidation-Induced Greening Of Sunflower Butter Cookies As A Function Of Different Sweeteners And Storage Conditions, Sihui Liang, Lilian Were

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

Sunflower butter use as an allergen-free alternative to tree and legume nut butter in baking is limited by chlorogenic acid induced greening that occurs at alkaline pH. Limited information is available on controlling this greening in a food matrix. This study examined how different liquid sweeteners and relative humidity influenced greening of sunflower butter cookies. Doughs had similar initial pH (7.52–7.66) which increased to 8.44–9.13 after baking as ranked: xylitol > maple syrup > corn syrup > honey > agave syrup. Cookies made with maple syrup had the highest moisture and greening corresponding with lowest free chlorogenic acid. The % greening followed the same …

Effects Of Chemical And Enzymatic Modifications On Starch And Naringenin Complexation, Ana Isabel Gonzalez Conde

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Naringenin is a flavanone naturally present in grapefruit and tomato skin, which has been demonstrated to have health benefits. However, because of the low water solubility and bioavailability, naringenin applications are limited. Starch inclusion complexes have been shown to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water soluble bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to prepare and characterize complexes of naringenin with starches, including potato starch and high amylose corn starch (Hylon VII), which were chemically (acetylation or hydroxypropylation) and enzymatically modified (debranched or debrahced/β-amylase treated). Soluble and insoluble complexes were recovered, and their physicochemical properties were characterized. The treatments …

Weird Science: Frankenstein Foods And States As Laboratories Of Democracy, Jennifer Mcgee

Journal of Law and Health

The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (the 'National Standard') was signed into law July 29, 2016. This Article analyzes the National Standard and posits that Vermont’s Act 120 was a more effective labeling law because it safeguarded consumer sovereignty. The State regulatory scheme in place prior to the passage of the National Standard satisfied consumer demand for disclosure while allowing for necessary experimentation with GMO labeling. Part I provides an overview of the current federal scheme regulating GMOs. Part II analyzes of the conflict surrounding GMOs and labeling. Given that analysis, Part III compares the disclosure requirement of the National …

The Chemistry Of Matching Italian Foods With Wines, Samuel Collinsworth, Rachael Maynard

Senior Theses

This report attempts to explain the science behind matching Italian food with wines. Common knowledge states that certain wines make better pairings with certain food dishes, but the general public knows little about why these foods and wines make better matches. This paper aims to use examples of tastings of Italian foods with different wines in order to educate its readers on the science behind the pairings. Before these tastings are analyzed, background information is provided about the science of taste. A description of the five basic tastes is given, separating them into appetitive and aversive tastes, and the chemistry …

The Inhibitory Effects Demonstrated By Manuka Honey On Biofilms: How Manuka Honey May Soon Replace Conventional Antibiotic Therapy, Laura Pavelik, Cundell, Phd

CSHLA Scholar Day

Introduction:

The surge of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has raised substantial concerns over how to effectively and efficiently control antibiotic-resistant bacteria capable of secreting biofilms. A biofilm can be defined as a self-producing extracellular matrix (Carter, et, al., 2016). Manuka honey, an alternative to conventional antibiotics, has proven successful in inhibiting planktonic cells and killing bacteria living under the protection of biofilms (Brudzynski & Sjaarda, 2015)

Effect Of Red Cabbage Extract On Minced Nile Perch Fish Patties Vacuum Packaged In High And Low Oxygen Barrier Films, Ayse Demirbas, Yavuz Yagiz, Ziynet Boz, Bruce A. Welt, Eric Mclamore, Maurice Marshall, William Pelletier, Amarat Simonne

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish causes loss of product quality. Oxidative rancidity causes loss of nutritional value and undesirable color changes. Therefore, powerful antioxidant extracts may provide a relatively low cost and natural means to reduce oxidation, resulting in longer, higher quality and higher value shelf life of foods.

In this study, we measured synergistic effects of red cabbage antioxidant and vacuum packaging on lipid oxidation in fresh tilapia patties using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, peroxide value (PV), pH and color analysis.

Concentrated red cabbage extract was obtained …

Reactivity Of Ketyl And Acetyl Radicals From Direct Solar Actinic Photolysis Of Aqueous Pyruvic Acid, Alexis J. Eugene, Marcelo I. Guzman

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The variable composition of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) contributes to the large uncertainty for predicting radiative forcing. A better understanding of the reaction mechanisms leading to aerosol formation such as for the photochemical reaction of aqueous pyruvic acid (PA) at λ ≥ 305 nm can contribute to constrain these uncertainties. Herein, the photochemistry of aqueous PA (5-300 mM) continuously sparged with air is re-examined in the laboratory under comparable irradiance at 38° N at noon on a summer day. Several analytical methods are employed to monitor the time series of the reaction, including (1) the derivatization of carbonyl (C═O) functional …

Seaweed Carotenoid Fucoxanthin As Functional Food., Nissreen Abu-Ghannam, Emer Shannon

Books/Book Chapters/ Proceedings

Fucoxanthin is a bioactive compound found in one of the most prolific and sustainable organisms on the planet, alga. Its efficacy and potential in terms of health applications have been widely reported in clinical studies. Technical modifications, such as encapsulation, and sensory trials must be undertaken before fucoxanthin can be successfully utilised as a functional food ingredient. Factors to consider include solubility in the food matrix, organoleptic effects, stability, preservation against oxidation, consumer acceptability, bioavailability, and toxicity risk. Possible solutions may include the development of more efficient and greener extraction technologies, which require shorter extraction times and less solvent, and …

Study Of Phenolic Extractability In Grape Seeds By Means Of Atr-Ftir And Raman Spectroscopy, Julio Nogales-Bueno, Berta Baca-Bocanegra, Abigail Rooney, José Miguel Hernández-Hierro, Hugh Byrne, Francisco José Heredia

Articles

Near infrared hyperspectral imaging has been applied to grape seeds in order to select a representative subset of samples according to their spectral features in the 900-1700nm range. Afterwards, selected grape seeds have been classified according to their total phenol and flavanol extractabilities. In this way, samples were sorted in three different groups identified as low, medium and high extractability levels. In order to establish the chemical structures which can be responsible for the different extractabilities, vibrational spectroscopy has been applied to the non-extracted material after seed extractions. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectra of non-extracted …

The Science Behind Popcorn, Tori R. Witruck

Natural Sciences Student Research Presentations

This poster for the Natural Sciences Poster Session at Parkland College explores the science behind popcorn, including the effects that heat and pressure put on the chemical makeup of the pericarp, endosperm and the germ of the kernel and why there are always unpopped kernels at the bottom of the bowl.

Achieving Reactive Species Specificity Within Plasma Activated Water Through Selective Generation Using Air Spark And Glow Discharges, Peng Lu, Daniela Boehm, Paula Bourke, Patrick J. Cullen

Articles

Plasma activated liquids (PAL) attract increasing interest with demonstrated biological effects. Plasma exposure in air produces stable aqueous reactive species which can serve as chemical diagnostics of PAL systems. Here, we tailor aqueous reactive species inside plasma activated water (PAW) through treating water with AC air spark and glow discharges in contact with water. Chemical probing demonstrated species specificity between two types of PAW. Spark discharge PAW contains 2 2 H O and 3 NO , while 2 NO and 3 NO are generated in glow discharge PAW. Species formation in different PAWs have been discussed in terms of discharge …