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Articles 2941 - 2970 of 4223
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Research Of State Vector In Short-Term Passengers Flow Forecasting Based On Nonparametric Regression, Guo Han, Pengpeng Jiao
Research Of State Vector In Short-Term Passengers Flow Forecasting Based On Nonparametric Regression, Guo Han, Pengpeng Jiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: KNNR (K Nearest Neighbor Based Nonparametric Regression) Method was used for short-term traffic forecast and the choice of state vector was studied. The result shows that taking the data of some historical periods as the state vector has a good prediction. Although the correlation of the historical passenger flow between different Rail transit sites is significant, it neglects the fact that the passengers enter each station is independent. So taking the historical passenger flow of adjacent sites as the state vector is not appropriate.
Research On Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem For Energy Consumption, Chen Chao, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Research On Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem For Energy Consumption, Chen Chao, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem of uneven load and energy consumption under disturbance, a flexible job shop scheduling model with average flow time and energy consumption was constructed. Aiming at the above model, a genetic and simulated annealing algorithm (GASA) was designed, which is based on the genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm. A new group of individuals were generated by genetic algorithm. And then the individual simulated the annealing process, in order to avoid falling into the local optimal. Aiming at the dynamic flexible job shop scheduling problem, the rolling window technique and GASA algorithm were …
Fault Diagnosis Method Of Rolling Bearing Based On Wkelm Optimized By Whale Optimization Algorithm, Jiya Xu, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Fault Diagnosis Method Of Rolling Bearing Based On Wkelm Optimized By Whale Optimization Algorithm, Jiya Xu, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to recognize rolling bearing's fault types accurately according to the optimal characteristics of fault vibration signal of rolling bearing, a rolling bearing fault diagnosis method was proposed based on orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm and the optimized wavelet kernel extreme learning machine method. The OMP algorithm was used to de-noising the vibration signal of the bearing. The wavelet packet decomposition of the signal after de-noising was used to obtain the frequency band energy, and the fault characteristics were extracted. By using an improved whale optimization algorithm based on von-neumann, the penalty factor and kernel parameter of wavelet kernel …
Study On Motion Cueing Algorithm Of High-Fidelity Based On Fuzzy Logic, Wang Hui, Daoyang Zhu, Ping Fan
Study On Motion Cueing Algorithm Of High-Fidelity Based On Fuzzy Logic, Wang Hui, Daoyang Zhu, Ping Fan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Because classical washout algorithm exists false cues and phase retardation, these problems cause the lack of motion proprioceptive fidelity in flight simulators. By combining human vestibular perception system and the theory of fuzzy logic control to regulate the feedback of its sensory error, the translational acceleration channel, the Tilt coordination channel and the angular velocity channel of classical wash out algorithm were compensated, respectively. Simulation and modeling was carried out by fuzzy logic washout algorithm, and simulation verification was conducted on a set of flight data within fuzzy logic washout algorithm. The simulation results show that the theory of …
Topology Control Algorithm Based On Link Available Time For Cognitive Radio Network, Huaide Yang
Topology Control Algorithm Based On Link Available Time For Cognitive Radio Network, Huaide Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The topology changes frequently in cognitive wireless network as nodes' mobility, the main user interference, residual energy of nodes which cause link unavailable. A new topology control algorithm based on predict of link available time was proposed to resolve the problem. The algorithm forecasted link available time using probabilistic principles, and built a stable topology with longest available time links. Simulation results show that the new algorithm can take advantage of links with low mobility nodes, less interference caused by the primary user, and large remaining energy, simplify the network topology, effectively reduce the cost of the link topology …
Uav-Mimo Channel Characteristic Analysis Based On Gbsbcs Model, Xijun Gao, Zili Chen, Yongjiang Hu, Zidong Zhou
Uav-Mimo Channel Characteristic Analysis Based On Gbsbcs Model, Xijun Gao, Zili Chen, Yongjiang Hu, Zidong Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The simple form of UAV space-time-frequency channel correlation function was presented based on the three-dimensional geometrically based single bounce concentric elliptic ring scattering (GBSBCER) channel model of Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The analytic formula of UAV-MIMO normalized correlation matrix was deduced. The effect of antennas structures, flight distance and scatters distributing on the characteristic parameters such as the condition number of UAV-MIMO channel matrix and the channel capacity were analyzed by this formula. The simulation results show that, the performance of UAV-MIMO communication can be improved by reasonably arranging the antennas, adjusting the flight parameters, which …
Filtering Based Maximum Likelihood Stochastic Gradient Prediction On Wind Power Curtailment, Ziyun Wang, Zhicheng Ji
Filtering Based Maximum Likelihood Stochastic Gradient Prediction On Wind Power Curtailment, Ziyun Wang, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The parameter estimation problem of Hammerstein finite impulse response models and its application on the wind curtailment prediction field were considered. By adopting the maximum likelihood principle, the maximum likelihood estimate was obtained by minimizing the likelihood function. To reduce the impact of the unknown noise term, the maximum likelihood idea and the filtering theory were combined by changing the coupled nonlinear model into a parameter-independent model and to derive a filtering based maximum likelihood stochastic gradient algorithm for the Hammerstein system modeling on wind power curtailment prediction. The given simulation validates that the proposed algorithm can identify the …
Intelligent Acp Based Experimental Approach, Bin Chen, Xiaogang Qiu, Yiping Wang
Intelligent Acp Based Experimental Approach, Bin Chen, Xiaogang Qiu, Yiping Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As an approach to solve the problems in complex system research, ACP (Artificial Society, Computational Experiments, Parallel Execution) has played an important role in research fields such as public safety. With the development of information technologies such as big data, intelligent learning, game play theory, an intelligent ACP based experimental approach was proposed to solve the kernel problems in current complex system research. The possibility analysis of the approach in public safety, biological threats and joint combat experiments was illustrated. The applications including evacuation, network opinion and chemical industrial park security of the approach in safety science …
Modeling And Simulation Of Superheated Steam Temperature Based On Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Zhenlong Wu, Ting He, Lingmei Wang, Fengsheng Jia, Yunkai Yang, Haishu Wu, Donghai Li, Han Lei
Modeling And Simulation Of Superheated Steam Temperature Based On Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Zhenlong Wu, Ting He, Lingmei Wang, Fengsheng Jia, Yunkai Yang, Haishu Wu, Donghai Li, Han Lei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The high order inertial transfer functions were used to approximate the distribution parameter model. In order to compare the influence of the order of the leading region and the inertia object model on the accuracy and get the dynamic parameters, the multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to optimize the model parameters according to the actual operation data of the power plant. The higher the order, the Pareto front moves forward and recognizes the higher accuracy by the simulation when the orders are in a reasonable range. The reasonable superheated steam temperature system model was established considering the engineering …
Research On Compensation Algorithms For Pneumatic Distortion Of Pneumatic Tube, Haifa Dai, Jianwu Tao, Yueming Yang
Research On Compensation Algorithms For Pneumatic Distortion Of Pneumatic Tube, Haifa Dai, Jianwu Tao, Yueming Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the problem for velocity attenuation of Flush Air-Data Sensing (FADS) system, a compensation algorithm was developed to compensate for the pneumatic distortion. The principle of velocity measurement by Flush Air Data Sensing (FADS) system based on vector sensor was introduced, the attenuation model was reduced to a second order, state variable model, the comparison of frequency response with both model verifying that the reduced model remains the most dynamic characteristics of the original one. Then, based on the state variable model, the algorithm to compensate for distortion was developed by utilizing minimum estimation theory and Kalman filtering …
Theoretical Model And Validation Of Delivery Time Of Ltp In Deep Space Communication, Wang Yang, Yang Hong, Xiaoguang Chen, Ding Kai
Theoretical Model And Validation Of Delivery Time Of Ltp In Deep Space Communication, Wang Yang, Yang Hong, Xiaoguang Chen, Ding Kai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: An accurate theoretical model of LTP in deep space communication was established, taking into account the characteristics of extremely long propagation delay, intermittent connectivity, asymmetric data rates and high error rates. Compared with the theoretical model built before, the model paid more attention to the different impacts of losses of different types of LTP data segments, multiple-session transmission characteristic of LTP, and calculated the expected value of transmission rounds. The performance of theoretical model with different channel BERs and file sizes was simulated and analyzed by MATLAB. A DTN testbed was built and the actual file transfer experiments …
Real-Time Simulation Of Realistic Melting In Fluid-Solid Interaction, Xuqiang Shao, Song Yu
Real-Time Simulation Of Realistic Melting In Fluid-Solid Interaction, Xuqiang Shao, Song Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to realize real-time simulation of realistic melting in fluid-solid coupling, a particle-based GPU parallel simulation method was proposed. This method employed an implicit heat diffusion model which took the heat conduction properties of materials to update the temperatures of each particle. Based on the lattice shape matching method, a stable topology change method was proposed to simulate the conversion of solid particles to the fluid particles. In order to improve the time performance of each time step, a parallel simulation method entirely implemented on GPU was put forward, and an iterative filling algorithm was designed to dynamically …
Visual Simulation Of Eroded Rill Evolution Process On Graphics Processing Unit, Mansheng Long
Visual Simulation Of Eroded Rill Evolution Process On Graphics Processing Unit, Mansheng Long
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A slope erosion model based on CA (Cellular Automata) and a corresponding simulation algorithm based on GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) were proposed to visualize rapidly the dynamic process of water erosion and microrelief development on hillslope under rainfall events. The model is composed of processes such as rainfall, infiltration, runoff, erosion, deposition, and sediment transport. At each time step, water and sediment were exchanged among adjacent cells observing sediment mass conservation law and flow continuity equation. All cells update their runoff and sediment simultaneously complying with the above simple rules so as to realize the evolution of hillslope microrelief. …
Research Of The Construction Of Gis-T Traffic Simulation Road Network, Huang Min, Zhongming Niu, Xiaolan Zhang, Jiajie Pan, Xueqiang Zhang
Research Of The Construction Of Gis-T Traffic Simulation Road Network, Huang Min, Zhongming Niu, Xiaolan Zhang, Jiajie Pan, Xueqiang Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to provide road network data for traffic simulation platform on the base of GIS-T, a GIS-T road network data model was created. The model put the emphasis on the description of traffic rules and road markings. On the basis of data model, a quantified cut method for linear referencing was proposed and the method was adopted to create road network element, such as lane boundary and road surface. Furthermore, the carriageway was regarded as the unit to keep the shape of road segment, and flow of building a road network was put forward. An intersection …
Research On Assessment And Decision Making Simulation Platform For Performance Of Diesel Engine Mixed With Water, Xianghuan Zu, Chuanlei Yang, Yinyan Wang
Research On Assessment And Decision Making Simulation Platform For Performance Of Diesel Engine Mixed With Water, Xianghuan Zu, Chuanlei Yang, Yinyan Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Focusing on assessment and decision making of the performance of diesel engine mixed with water under different water blending proportion, the grey decision making model for the best water blending proportion and evaluation model were established and implemented with the language of MATLAB based on grey decision making and grey-correlation analysis at first, which can offer theory supporting for the decision making of the best water blending proportion. The assessment and decision-making simulation platform was designed by GUI, which has the function of correlation analysis, decision making of the best water blending proportion, etc. The simulation platform case shows …
Numerical Study Of Characteristics Of Gas Liquid Coaxial Injector As Acoustic Resonator, Honghui An, Wansheng Nie
Numerical Study Of Characteristics Of Gas Liquid Coaxial Injector As Acoustic Resonator, Honghui An, Wansheng Nie
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The gas-liquid injector of the rocket engine was simplified to a quarter-wave resonator and a half-wave resonator respectively by adopting linear acoustic analysis. Acoustic-damping effect of the length and inlet jet of the injector on the first tangential mode of the chamber was found for ambient condition. It is found that when the first order longitudinal mode frequency of the injector is equal to the acoustic mode frequency of the combustion chamber intended for damping, for the inlet jet is choked, the optimum length of the injector to maximize damping capacity is near quarter of a full wavelength of …
Optimal Configuration Method Of Block Spare Parts For K/N Systems Considering Cannibalization, Yongpan Wang, Chunhe Chang, Jiangping Yang
Optimal Configuration Method Of Block Spare Parts For K/N Systems Considering Cannibalization, Yongpan Wang, Chunhe Chang, Jiangping Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the configuration problem of block spare parts in k/N systems, an optimal configuration method of block spare parts considering cannibalization and on-condition maintenance was proposed. A spare parts fill rate model for k/N systems was established on the basis of two parameters named cannibalization rate and SRU replacement rate, and the constraint conditions of both the parameters were given respectively. An optimal configuration model was built, which chose the minimum spare costs as the object and the spare fill rate as the subject, and a model solution algorithm based on the margin analysis theory was given. …
Adaptive Control For Hydraulic Servo Position System With Bounded Input, Jianfei Shi, Shujuan Yi
Adaptive Control For Hydraulic Servo Position System With Bounded Input, Jianfei Shi, Shujuan Yi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: An adaptive state feedback controller based on neural network fitting was proposed for hydraulic servo position systems containing parameter uncertainties, external disturbance and bounded input problem. Taking the saturation characteristic into account sufficiently, the adaptive state feedback trajectory tracking controller was designed with an adaptive law to real-timely adjust the disturbance parameters and the bounded hyperbolic tangent functions to promise the bounded of the control law. Moreover, the complete stability and performance analysis were presented using Lyapunov theory. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the designed controller for the trajectory tracking in the present of actuators saturation.
Combinatorial Optimization Of 3d Visualization Simulation Based On Automatic-Correction, Yanyang Zeng, Qingqing Pei, Fengju Kang
Combinatorial Optimization Of 3d Visualization Simulation Based On Automatic-Correction, Yanyang Zeng, Qingqing Pei, Fengju Kang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to enhance the visual simulation results, developers often need to combine and optimize the fine expression of the above entities, terrain and physical field by the individual experience under conditions of limited computer resources. The iterative process of debugging cycle is long, and it is difficult to solve the contradiction between good fidelity and real-time. So, cybernetics ideas, and proposes semi/fully automatic correction technology were introduced, which is composed of discrete multi-resolution representation of the three-dimensional model, assessment of visual effects and intelligent optimization, providing a decision support method for three-dimensional visual development. The method was applied …
Indoor Positioning Algorithm For Rfid Based On Newton Interpolation And Support Vector Regression Optimized By Hybridizing Grey Wolf Optimization, Yangjie Xu, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Indoor Positioning Algorithm For Rfid Based On Newton Interpolation And Support Vector Regression Optimized By Hybridizing Grey Wolf Optimization, Yangjie Xu, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Since the traditional LANDMARC location algorithms have poor positioning accuracy and cost laborious efforts to decorate reference tags in the RFID positioning system, a novel positioning algorithm proposed is based on the Newton interpolation method and support vector regression optimized by hybridizing grey wolf optimization with differential evolution (HGWOSVR). By using the proposed algorithm, Gaussian filter was used to deal with the sampling data of the reference tags.Newton interpolation method was adopted to estimate the RSS value of other reference tags to expand database. The HGWOSVR algorithm was employed to build the nonlinear relationship between the RSS value of …
Research On Real-Time Arterial Coordination Traffic Signal Control Model Based On Minimum Per Capita Delay, Li Yang, Pengpeng Jiao, Meiqi Liu
Research On Real-Time Arterial Coordination Traffic Signal Control Model Based On Minimum Per Capita Delay, Li Yang, Pengpeng Jiao, Meiqi Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To improve overall efficiency for all travelers of artery system, a real-time arterial coordination traffic signal control model was proposed. The model not only satisfied minimum per capita delay for all travelers on motor vehicles, but also selected effective green time and phase difference as the optimized parameters. The model of vehicle head delay and team tail delay was established based on traffic wave theory. The vehicle delay model for bus and social vehicles was developed in light of different occupancy rates, besides, the per capita delay could be obtained by introducing it. The results show that the …
Multi-Scale Mesh Saliency With Local Patch Weighted Curvature Entropy, Xiaodong Wang, Hongtao Liang, Fengju Kang, Gu Hao
Multi-Scale Mesh Saliency With Local Patch Weighted Curvature Entropy, Xiaodong Wang, Hongtao Liang, Fengju Kang, Gu Hao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Mesh saliency is an important geometrical characteristic of 3D mesh model and has been applied in many applications. Inspired by the existing algorithms, a novel multi-scale saliency detection method based on local patch weighted curvature entropy was proposed. A local coordinate system and curvature value of each vertex was estimated. An improved adaptive patch was defined on the tangent plane using accumulated volume of neighborhood. Furthermore, deviation of the patch of each vertex to their neighborhood was defined as the weight of curvature value. The Shannon entropy of weighted curvature values of neighbor vertices within a sphere …
Design And Application Of Surgical Navigation System Based On Visual Technology, Kun Lan, Zhang Yan, Xukun Shen
Design And Application Of Surgical Navigation System Based On Visual Technology, Kun Lan, Zhang Yan, Xukun Shen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A navigation system based on vision was designed to solve the problem of using complex equipment to assist the real-time tracking of surgical instruments because of low registration of 3D in the existing surgical navigation system. Face point cloud was reconstructed in the patient's space by using the sinusoidal structured light; From rough to precise registration, patient space and model space were made by using facial feature; The three dimensional coordinates of the marker points on surgical instruments was restored by using continuous corner detection algorithm, binocular stereo vision principle and Kalman filter algorithm to obtain accurate position …
Vehicle Logo Recognition Based On Sparse Sampling And Gradient Distribution Features, Binbin Zhou, Shangbing Gao, Zhigeng Pan, Liangliang Wang, Hongyang Wang
Vehicle Logo Recognition Based On Sparse Sampling And Gradient Distribution Features, Binbin Zhou, Shangbing Gao, Zhigeng Pan, Liangliang Wang, Hongyang Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The vehicle logo location and recognition are separated in the traditional method, the location errors will affect the subsequent recognition, at the same time the vehicle logo images are with low resolution and poor quality. Thus, a novel method was proposed which integrated the vehicle logo location and recognition organically. The sample images were sampled by sparse sampling, and then the point set was divided into adjacent point set and non adjacent point set, and the gradient feature and light and dark feature were extracted respectively, constructing the feature library. The logo coarse location area was multi-scale scanned. The …
Research On Techniques Of Shipboard Aviation Scene Simulation Based On Unigine, Yuanming Wang, Kuan Lu, Jia Qian, Guangqing Hu
Research On Techniques Of Shipboard Aviation Scene Simulation Based On Unigine, Yuanming Wang, Kuan Lu, Jia Qian, Guangqing Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The main 3D modeling tools and scene simulation tools were introduced. Aiming at the application requirements of shipboard aviation scene simulation, the implementation framework of shipboard aviation scene simulation based on Unigine was provided. The key techniques of scene simulation, such as large scene management, visual program execution mechanism, multi-channel visual rendering and so on, were studied. The five channel scene simulation system for shipboard aviation was developed by applying these techniques, and the core functions were designed and implemented. The results show that the scheme can meet the requirements, and the simulation results with high immersion …
Improved Shuffled Frog-Leaping Algorithm For Solving Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem, Xiaoxing Zhang, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Improved Shuffled Frog-Leaping Algorithm For Solving Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem, Xiaoxing Zhang, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the characteristics of flexible job shop scheduling problem, a multi-objective scheduling model with maximum completion time and minimum energy consumption was proposed. An improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm was developed. By designing the local updating strategy based on crossover operation of maximum preserved crossover (MPX) and shifting operation of single parent gene algorithm (PGA), it avoided the illegal solution and trimming of the algorithm. Additionally, it accelerated optimization rate of the algorithm. And the optimal solution of the group was optimized by the simplified neighborhood optimization strategy to prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimum. …
Off-Line Calibration Of Dynamic Traffic Assignment System Based On Flowsim, Yuhan Jia, Jianping Wu, Xu Ming, Mingyu Liu, He Lei
Off-Line Calibration Of Dynamic Traffic Assignment System Based On Flowsim, Yuhan Jia, Jianping Wu, Xu Ming, Mingyu Liu, He Lei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Advanced dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) system can be utilized to mitigate traffic congestion. Therefore, the calibration of DTA parameters is becoming increasingly significant in traffic research area. Based on extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithms, a case study for the off-line calibration of DTA was proposed using the microscopic traffic simulation system of FlowSIM. Experiments with a synthetic network validate the effectiveness of the two solutions, and the UKF shows better accuracy than the EKF algorithm. Furthermore, the performance of FlowSIM is promising to conduct the calibration of traffic system in future …
Agent Modeling Of Web Users Orientating Simulation Of Internet Public Opinion, Chuan Ai, Bin Chen, Liu Liang, Xiaogang Qiu
Agent Modeling Of Web Users Orientating Simulation Of Internet Public Opinion, Chuan Ai, Bin Chen, Liu Liang, Xiaogang Qiu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: People are individuals with independent behavior in society, and have important influence on the occurrence and development of public opinion emergencies. At the same time, the group composed of individuals is the disaster-bearing body of public opinion events. Therefore, the use of simulation modeling means to explore the occurrence and development of public opinion Mechanism, for the public opinion emergency response measures to provide decision support, the individual behavior of the modeling simulation is particularly important. Based on the analysis of the psychological behavior process of individual information processing, a complete mechanism model was put forward which could reflect …
Complex Agent Network And Evolution Analysis For Multi-Lingual Competition, Shouming Zhang, Qunxiu Yu, Guihong Bi
Complex Agent Network And Evolution Analysis For Multi-Lingual Competition, Shouming Zhang, Qunxiu Yu, Guihong Bi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Dynamic social network model for the competition among languages with agent based modeling method and social circles theory was proposed. The parameters of the topological structure of constructed social network were closer to the actual social network. The individual agents in the network can move, dead and reproduce, so the constructed social network was endowed with dynamic characteristics. Took the trilingual competition as an example, a theory was put forward which decomposes the individual competition into the three times of bilingual competition problems. Based on it, we presented a universal complex agent network method for multi-lingual competition and policy …
Identification Of Takagi-Sugeno Model With Self-Gravitational Search Algorithm, Ao Yuan, Xueming Ding
Identification Of Takagi-Sugeno Model With Self-Gravitational Search Algorithm, Ao Yuan, Xueming Ding
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: An approach of Self-Gravitational Search Algorithm (SGSA) was proposed for the identification of T-S fuzzy model. In the identification of T-S model, structure parameters and consequent parameters were encoded into a particle of SGSA. Based on new strategies, all the individuals in SGSA dynamically adjusted the distance and force between particles according to the intensity of the swarm, and the gravitational constant was adaptively alerted. As a result, the global search ability of the proposed SGSA was enhanced in the earlier stage of the search process to prevent the algorithm from trapping into local regions, in the mean while; …