Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons^™

Engr 1010: Engineering Problem Solving (Syllabus), Stephen Strain

Biomedical Engineering Syllabi Archive

Course Description: Introduction to the methods of engineering problem solving. Application of mathematical concepts to solve engineering problems.

การเปรียบเทียบวิธีประเมินการจำแนกเสียงพูดโดยใช้ศักย์ไฟฟ้าสมองสัมพันธ์กับเหตุการณ์, พิมพ์วิภา จารุธำรง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การจำแนกเสียงพูดคือความสามารถในการจำแนกระหว่างเสียงพยางค์หรือคำ คนที่มีความสามารถในการจำแนกเสียงพูดต่ำมักจะมีปัญหาในการแยกระหว่างคำที่มีเสียงคล้ายกัน โดยปกติการจำแนกเสียงพูดถูกประเมินโดยนักโสตสัมผัสวิทยาทำให้เข้าถึงการประเมินได้ยากเนื่องจากมีนักโสตสัมผัสวิทยาจำนวนไม่มาก นอกจากนี้การประเมินอาจใช้เวลานานหรือไม่สะดวกสำหรับผู้ป่วยบางกลุ่ม เพื่อลดปัญหาเหล่านี้จึงมีการพัฒนาวิธีประเมินการจำแนกเสียงพูดโดยใช้ศักย์ไฟฟ้าสมองสัมพันธ์กับเหตุการณ์ (Event-Related Potentials) วิธีหนึ่งที่มีการใช้คือการสังเกตองค์ประกอบ Mismatch Negativity (MMN) ระหว่างทำการทดลองการฟังแบบ Oddball ต่อมามีการเสนอวิธีใหม่โดยนำสิ่งกระตุ้นทางสายตาที่เป็นตัวอักษรมาใช้ร่วมกับสิ่งกระตุ้นทางเสียง งานวิจัยนี้เสนอวิธีการประเมินโดยใช้ภาพที่แสดงถึงความหมายของคำโดยแบ่งออกเป็นสามแบบที่มีจำนวนภาพและลำดับในการทดลองแตกต่างกัน วิธีใช้ภาพความหมายของคำแต่ละแบบรวมทั้งวิธีที่ใช้การฟังแบบ Oddball และวิธีที่ใช้ตัวอักษรถูกนำมาทดสอบโดยใช้คำสองคำที่มีเสียงพยัญชนะต่างกันแต่มีเสียงสระและเสียงวรรณยุกต์เหมือนกันเพื่อเปรียบเทียบระหว่างแต่ละวิธีโดยนำรูปคลื่นที่ได้มาสร้างเป็นชุดคุณลักษณะแล้วใช้เทคนิคการเรียนรู้ของเครื่อง (Machine Learning) เพื่อจำแนกระหว่างแต่ละเงื่อนไขในการทดลองซึ่งตัวจำแนกที่ใช้ได้แก่ Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) และ Support Vector Machine (SVM) จากการเปรียบเทียบพบว่ามีวิธีที่สามารถนำมาใช้สองวิธี ได้แก่วิธีใช้ภาพความหมายของคำแบบภาพเดียวและวิธีไม่ใช้ภาพ ทั้งสองวิธีนี้ให้ความแม่นยำในการจำแนกสูงกว่า 80% และใช้เวลาหรือสมาธิในการทดลองน้อยกว่าวิธีอื่น การประเมินการจำแนกเสียงพูดโดยใช้วิธีเหล่านี้สามารถนำไปใช้เป็นเครื่องมือคัดกรองอัตโนมัติที่ช่วยประเมินและแนะนำว่าผู้ป่วยควรจะถูกส่งต่อเพื่อตรวจยืนยันกับนักโสตสัมผัสวิทยาหรือไม่ซึ่งสามารถช่วยลดภาระงานของนักโสตสัมผัสวิทยาและทำให้การประเมินเข้าถึงได้ง่ายขึ้น

Barcode Biosensors Based On Surface Plasmon Resonance, Sneha Ramesh

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Affordable and easy to use biological assays are the current need of the day owing to the rising cost of health care within the US and worldwide. The goal of this thesis is to develop a sensitive label-free biosensing scheme exploiting surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that yields the sensor output in an easy-to-read optical bio-barcode format for high through put and multiplexed medical diagnostics. Through this research, we would like to investigate if SPR phenomena can be achieved by fabricating SP supporting metallic structures over a nanoporous dielectric layer whose optical constants are progressively varied across the substrate in a …

Clinical Applications And Feasibility Of Proton Ct And Proton Radiography, Christina Marie Sarosiek

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Proton therapy is a form of radiation treatment for cancer that utilizes the Bragg peak to create conformal high dose regions around the tumor volume. However, the use of x-ray computed tomography (CT) and x-ray radiography for treatment planning and pre-treatment quality assurance procedures improves the achievable effectiveness of proton treatment plans (using proton CT) and the pretreatment verification (using proton radiography). Errors in the conversion from x-ray Hounsfield units (HU) to proton relative stopping powers (RSP) leads to errors in the predicted proton range. To account for the errors, 3.5% margins are included in the treatment plan. This means …

Photodynamic Therapy Of Inorganic Complexes For The Treatment Of Cancer, Chloe B. Smith, Lindsay C. Days, Duaa R. Alajroush, Khadija Faye, Yara Khodour, Stephen J. Beebe, Alvin Holder

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medicinal tool that uses a photosensitiser and a light source to treat several conditions, including cancer. PDT uses reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as cytotoxic singlet oxygen ¹O₂ to induce cell death in cancer cells. Chemotherapy has historically utilized the cytotoxic effects of many metals, especially transition-metal complexes. However, chemotherapy is a systemic treatment so all cells in a patient's body are exposed to the same cytotoxic effects. Transition metal complexes have also shown high cytotoxicity as PDT agents. PDT is a potential localized method for treating several cancer types by using inorganic …

Neurovascular Catheter Measurement System Development For Process And Design Effect Evaluation, Cathal Tadhg Merz

Theses

Neurovascular guide catheters are used to treat problems affecting blood vessels within the brain through minimally invasive procedures. Catheters are inserted into the patient via their femoral or brachial arteries and manually navigated to the brain to deliver treatment. This procedure replaces the requirement to cut into the patient’s skull and brain tissue but is limited by reduction of blood vessel lumen diameter and increase in tortuosity of blood vessels deep in the brain. During these procedures, catheters can sometimes fail by kinking or fracturing into two pieces. The rate of failure by fracture of a particular neurovascular catheter device …

Lateralized Laryngoscope Blade, Kenneth Gregg, Steven Innocenzi, Jacob Myers, Regina Neugebauer, Clarence Noronha

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Tracheal intubations are one of the most common surgeries that occur since they are necessary for most patients under anesthesia. Given the frequency, an error with a relatively low chance of occurring can still provide a large problem both for the patient and the hospital. We studied teeth damage that arise during tracheal intubations to determine if improvements could be made to the process to lower the chance of it occurring. Given this, we set out to improve the laryngoscope to provide a product with a novel approach that sweeps into the mouth from the left side before traveling the …

Tubing/Lines Entanglement Reduction In Healthcare Settings, Abigail Kraft, Amy Beskitt, Grace Elerick, Zachery Steck

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Intravenous (IV) lines used in various healthcare settings pose a risk to patients and their caretakers. A few common risks include IV lines becoming torn out and coming into contact with open wounds. We propose to solve this problem by designing a device that prevents IV and wire entanglement without obstructing patient care. Our objectives in identifying a solution include increasing patient comfort, mobility, and ease of transfer. By solving this issue, other potential benefits include reducing time spent on non-essential tasks and reducing number of personnel needed to transport patients. We intend to validate our product with healthcare employees …

Rheological Analysis Of The Mechanical Properties Of Murine Lungs Over The Lifespan, Olajumoke Olufunke Harrison

Theses and Dissertations

To study the effects of aging in murine lungs, we characterized C57Bl6j mice from neonatal to 24-month-old mice. Samples were divided into two groups: Young Mice (YM) and Middle Age/Old Age Mice (MOM). The YM group included the neonatal and 6-10week. The MOM group included 7- and 22–24-month-old mice. Rheological testing was performed using a TA Instruments DHR-2 Rheometer to collect the mechanics of each mice sample. Utilizing a 20-mm parallel plate fixture, a gap of 0.8-1.0-mm, and a temperature setting of 25C, we conducted a frequency sweep. Samples were the decellularized over a four-day process then lyophilized for mass …

Therapeutic Modalities For Preventing Osteoarthritis Following Trauma To The Knee, Kayla M. Scott

Theses and Dissertations

Over 32.5 million adults in the United States and 300 million worldwide have osteoarthritis (OA). To date, there are no disease-modifying therapeutics, only strategies to slow OA progression through pain management, regenerative medicine approaches, and ultimately joint replacement.

On a microscale, a phenotypic shift of the normally quiescent articular chondrocytes leads to aberrant expression of pro-inflammatory and catabolic pathways, which are hypothesized to contribute to OA progression. Of note, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and WNT/β-catenin signaling are key players disrupting cartilage homeostasis and driving inflammatory pathway activation. These pathways become dysregulated and form a positive feedback loop, increasing …

Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Caused Protein Damage In Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Cells In Biofilms, Li Guo, Lu Yang, Yu Qi, Gulimire Niyazi, Lingling Huang, Lu Gou, Zifeng Wang, Lei Zhang, Dingxin Liu, Xiaohua Wang, Hailan Chen, Michael G. Kong

Bioelectrics Publications

Biofilms formed by multidrug-resistant bacteria are a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP) is attractive for sterilization, especially to disrupt biofilms formed by multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, CAP effectively reduced the living cells in the biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and 6 min treatment with CAP reduced the S. aureus cells in biofilms by 3.5 log₁₀. The treatment with CAP caused the polymerization of SaFtsZ and SaClpP proteins in the S. aureus cells of the biofilms. In vitro analysis demonstrated that recombinant SaFtsZ lost …

Connexin Hemichannel Activation By S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly With Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing, Chiara Nardin, Chiara Peres, Sabrina Putti, Tiziana Orsini, Claudia Colussi, Flavia Mazzarda, Marcello Raspa, Ferdinando Scavizzi, Anna Maria Salvatore, Francesco Chiani, Abraham Tettey-Matey, Yuanyuan Kuang, Guang Yang, Mauricio A. Retamal, Fabio Mammano

Bioelectrics Publications

In this study, we used B16-F10 cells grown in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) preparation that allowed us to gain optical access to the processes triggered by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Partial irradiation of a photosensitized melanoma triggered cell death in non-irradiated tumor cells. Multiphoton intravital microscopy with genetically encoded fluorescence indicators revealed that bystander cell death was mediated by paracrine signaling due to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs). Intercellular calcium (Ca²⁺) waves propagated from irradiated to bystander cells promoting intracellular Ca²⁺ transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria and rapid activation of …

Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation: Application To Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation And Computational Modeling, Neil Mittal

Theses and Dissertations

Loss of motor function from spinal cord injuries (SCI) results in loss of independence. Rehabilitation efforts are targeted to enhance the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), but outcomes from physical therapy alone are often insufficient. Neuromodulation techniques that induce neuroplasticity may push the limits on recovery. Neuromodulation by intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS) induces neuroplasticity by increasing corticomotor excitability, though this has most frequently been studied with motor targets and on individuals not in need of rehabilitation. Increased corticomotor excitability is associated with motor learning. The response to iTBS, however, is highly variable and unpredictable, …

Injectable Gelatin-Silk Fibroin Composite Hydrogels For In Situ Cell Encapsulation, Ryann D. Boudreau

Honors Theses and Capstones

Hydrogels are widely used tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Characterized as biofunctional, water-based polymer matrices with tunable mechanical properties, hydrogels have promising but limited applications in biomedical engineering, due to poor and static matrix strength. Here we plan to rectify this issue by introducing a new hydrogel made from a composite of gelatin and silk fibroin crosslinked by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) instantly and beta sheet formation gradually, respectively. This interpenetrating network (IPN) shows enhanced mechanical stiffness and strength compared to gelatin hydrogels, and is capable of encapsulating human cells with high viability demonstrated by the encapsulation of human …

A Linear Predictive Coding Filtering Method For Time-Resolved Morphology Of Eeg Activity, Jin Xu, Mark Davis, Ruairí De Fréin

Conference papers

This paper introduces a new time-resolved spectral analysis method based on the Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) method that is particularly suited to the study of the dynamics of EEG (Electroencephalography) activity. The spectral dynamics of EEG signals can be challenging to analyse as they contain multiple frequency components and are often corrupted by noise. The LPC Filtering (LPCF) method described here processes the LPC poles to generate a series of reduced-order filter transform functions which can accurately estimate the dominant frequencies. The LPCF method is a parameterized time-frequency method that is suitable for identifying the dominant frequencies of multiple-component signals …

A Deblurring/Denoising Corrected Scintigraphic Planar Image Reconstruction Model For Targeted Alpha Theory, Charles Ross Schmidtlein, Matthew Maroun, Andrzej Krol, Howard Gifford, Lisa Bodei, Joseph O'Donoghue, Ida Häggström, Yuesheng Xu, Si Li

Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

Scintigraphy is a common nuclear medicine method to image molecular target’s bio-distribution and pharmacokinetics through the use of radiotracers and gamma cameras. The patient’s images are obtained by using a pair of opposing large flat gamma ray detectors equipped with parallel-hole lead or tungsten collimators that preferentially detect gamma-rays that are emitted perpendicular to the plane of the detector. The resulting images form an anterior/posterior (A/P) planar image pairs. The obtained images are contaminated by noise and contain artifacts caused by gamma-ray attenuation, collimator penetration, scatter and other detrimental factors. Post-filtering of the images can reduce the noise, but at …

Prediction Of Emg Activation Profiles From Gait Kinematics And Kinetics During Multiple Terrains, Erika V. Zabre-Gonzalez, Diego Amieva-Alvarado, Scott A. Beardsley

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Continuous myoelectric prediction of intended limb dynamics has the ability to provide transparent control of a prosthesis by the user. However, the impact on these models of adding a human user into the control loop is less clear. Here, the ability of a User Response Model (URM) to continuously predict EMG activity from gait kinematics and kinetics collected during three mobility tasks (level-ground walking, stair ascent, and stair descent) was examined. Multiple-input, multiple-output NARX-based URMs were developed with two outputs (ankle plantarflexor and dorsiflexor) and variable inputs (ankle kinetics, and shank and/or ankle kinematics). Accuracy in predicting the tibialis anterior …

Activity Recognition Based On Thermopile Imaging Array Sensors, Qingshan Liang

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

With aging population, the importance of caring for elderly people is getting more and more attention. In this paper, a low resolution thermopile array sensor is used to develop an activity recognition system for elderly people. The sensor is composed of a 32x32 thermopile array with the corresponding 33° × 33° field of view. The outputs of the sensor are sequential images in which each pixel contains a temperature value. According to the thermopile images, the activity recognition system first determines whether the target is within the tracking area; if the target is within the tracking area, the location of …

Identifying Alternate Resources And Adjusting Expectations For Senior Design Projects During The Covid-19 Pandemic Of 2020, Jay R. Goldberg

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic required capstone design course instructors to transition to online learning. Student project teams were denied access to resources needed to construct and test prototypes scheduled to be delivered to project sponsors and clients at the end of the semester. Face-to-face collaboration was replaced with virtual team meetings. At Marquette University, efforts to identify (1) barriers to completing projects, (2) potential alternate prototyping resources, (3) adjustments to expectations of teams, and (4) changes to course deliverable requirements were completed. The results of these activities, the thought process used to guide students through the search for …

Changes In Cerebral Volume And White Matter Integrity In Adults On Hemodialysis And Relationship To Cognitive Function, W. T. Richerson, L. G. Umfleet, Brian D. Schmit, D. F. Wolfgram

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Introduction: Patients on hemodialysis (HD) have a significant burden of cognitive impairment. Characterizing the cerebral structural changes in HD patients compared to healthy controls and evaluating the relationship of cerebral structural integrity with cognitive performance in HD patients can help clarify the pathophysiology of the cognitive impairment in HD patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, in-center HD patients ≥50 years of age underwent brain structural and diffusion MRIs and cognitive assessment using the NIH Toolbox cognition battery. The cerebral imaging measures of the HD participants were compared to imaging from age-matched controls. Gray matter volume, white matter volume, and white …

An Accuracy And Precision Analysis Of The Velys™ Robotic Assisted Solution For Total Knee Arthroplasty, Gary Doan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a procedure where the arthritic surfaces of the knee is removed and replaced with a combination of metal and polymer implants that recreates the joint line to restore function and quality of life. Implant alignment is important in the success of a TKA. Modern day conventional instrumentation can be cumbersome in the operating room and can be inaccurate when resecting bone and aligning implants. Patients with large errors in resections and implant orientation are more prone to experience mechanical failures with their TKA. Mechanical failures in primary TKA require revision surgeries which can lead to …

Dislocation Mechanics Of Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Combined Experimental And Computational Analysis, Michael Scinto

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

While total hip arthroplasty is considered a successful procedure, dislocation remains a serious complication as recurrent dislocations may require additional surgeries. Knowledge on dislocation events as they occur in vivo are limited, therefore researchers rely on experimental and computational methods. A custom MATLAB script and an experimental procedure utilizing a six-degree of freedom actuator were developed to further understand how various surgical considerations affect dislocation mechanics in total hip arthroplasty. Computationally, it was determined that impingement free range of motion is limited during internal rotation in flexion and during external rotation in extension. Experimentally, our results suggest that the posterior …

Electrospun Fiber Scaffolds For Engineering Glial Cell Behavior To Promote Neural Regeneration, Devan L. Puhl, Jessica L. Funnell, Derek W. Nelson, Manoj K. Gottipati, Ryan J. Gilbert

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electrospinning is a fabrication technique used to produce nano-or micro-diameter fibers to generate biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Electro spun fiber scaffolds are advantageous for neural regeneration because they mimic the structure of the nervous system extracellular matrix and provide contact guidance for regenerating axons. Glia are non-neuronal regulatory cells that maintain homeostasis in the healthy nervous system and regulate regeneration in the injured nervous system. Electro spun fiber scaffolds offer a wide range of characteristics, such as fiber alignment, diameter, surface nano topography, and surface chemistry that can be engineered to achieve a desired glial cell response …

Recent Advances In The Redox-Responsive Drug Delivery Nanoplatforms: A Chemical Structure And Physical Property Perspective, Shirin Mollazadeh, Marcin Mackiewicz, Mostafa Yazdimamaghani

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Poor water solubility, off-target toxicity, and small therapeutic window are among major obstacles for the development of drug products. Redox-responsive drug delivery nanoplatforms not only overcome the delivery and pharmacokinetic pitfalls observed in conventional drug delivery but also leverage the site-specific delivery properties. Cleavable diselenide and disulfide bonds in the presence of elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione concentration are among widely used stimuli-responsive bonds to design nanocarriers. This review covers a wide range of redox-responsive chemical structures and their properties for designing nanoparticles aiming controlled loading, delivery, and release of hydrophobic anticancer drugs at tumor site.

Safety Analysis Of Battery-Powered Adaptive Ride-On Toys For Children With Disabilities, Abbey Fraser

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Modified battery-powered ride-on toy cars, or adaptive ride-on toys, represent novel rehabilitation tools and developmental aids for children with disabilities. Studies have shown that children are benefiting socially and developmentally from their use. However, the use of these toys by children with disabilities potentially poses a risk of injury and it is vitally important to ensure the safe use of these toys, particularly for the benefit of those with developmental challenges.

Within this context, the purpose of the first study was to determine whether modifications to ride-on toys are sufficient to prevent common modes of injury such as falls, passenger …

Bibliometric Review On Applications Of Disease Detection Using Digital Image Processing Techniques, Jayant Jagtap, Rahil Sharma, Aryan Sinha, Nikhil Panda, Amulya Reddy

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Advances around the field of deep learning and cognitive computing have allowed mankind to look and solve the problems of the world in a completely new way. Deep learning has been making huge advancements in the field of healthcare, which most importantly focuses upon disease detection and disease prediction. Techniques such as these have been conceptualized the idea of early detection and economical ways of treating the predicted disease in particular. Still, it has been observed that there seems to be no change in the way diagnosis of a particular disease takes place even in the 21^st generation of …

Bibliometric Review On Liver And Tumour Segmentation Using Deep Learning, Jayant Jagtap, Aamir Habeeb, Avinash Jha, Shrey Aggarwal, Khushi Gupta

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

One of the major organs in the body is liver where tumors occur often. Malignant liver tumors pose a serious hazard to human life and health. Manual segmentation of the liver organ and tumor from computed tomography (CT) scans is difficult, time-consuming, and skewed to the clinician's experience, yet it is essential for hepatic surgical planning. However, due to the following considerations, segmenting liver tumors from computed tomography (CT) images is difficult: In CT pictures, the contrast between the liver tumor and healthy tissues is low, and the boundary is indistinct; the picture of the liver tumor is confusing, with …

In Vitro And In Vivo Response To A Novel Borophosphate Bioactive Glass, Nada Abokefa

Masters Theses

"Bioactive glasses have been widely used in several biomedical and tissue engineering applications since the late 1960s. Numerous families of bioactive glasses have emerged over the years, with each having its own advantage and disadvantage. One concern common to all families is that most bioactive glasses create a basic or acidic environment when degraded and, therefore, are toxic for cells. Recently, there has been an increased interest in borophosphate bioactive glass (BPBGs) because of their neutral pH, release of therapeutic ions, and biodegradable properties. Despite the growing interest, there is little reported on the bioactivity of BPBGs. The biological effects …

Engineering Thermostable Regulators For Inducible Gene Expression In Thermophiles, Connor M. Joyce

Honors Theses and Capstones

Thermophilic bacteria have attracted research interest due to their ability to grow at high temperatures ranging from 45 °C to 75 °C with some extreme thermophiles able to survive nearly boiling temperatures. They are valuable sources of thermostable biocatalysts and many have great potential as industrial hosts for biofuel production because fermentation at high temperatures has advantages such as reduced processing costs and lower risk of contamination compared with mesophilic bacteria. For example, some Geobacillus species has been shown to have high solvent tolerance, making them good candidates as host for alcohol production. To develop them as industrial hosts, large …

Toward An Interactive, Patient-Specific, Vr-Based Obstetrics Simulator, Michel A. Audette, Marco Parente, Dulce Oliveira, Sreekanth Arikatla, Alfred Abuhamad, Rumit Singh Kakar, Mark Scerbo, Lucia Tabacu, John Conery, Christopher Macgowan, Renato Natal Jorge

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This paper presents a nascent collaborative effort to achieve a Virtual Reality (VR)-based, real-time, haptics-driven patient-specific obstetrics simulator. The high-level architecture and preliminary results are presented here; the latter are based on offline birthing simulation developed by team in conjunction with open-source visualization tools. The cornerstones of this simulator will be high-fidelity generic offline birthing simulation, an anatomy-to-image nonrigid registration pipeline exploiting fetal MRI, the open-source interactive medical simulation toolkit IMSTK augmented by high-throughput deep learning-based soft tissue deformation, open-source musculoskeletal dynamics simulation platform SimTk for representing fetal motion. The initial emphasis will be on shoulder dystocia. The two main …