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Articles 53101 - 53130 of 574081

Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Peeling Back The Layers: Prototyping Systemic Transformation Through The Circular Food Innovation Lab, Lily Raphael, Marcia Higuchi, Laura Kozak, Erin Nichols Jul 2023

Peeling Back The Layers: Prototyping Systemic Transformation Through The Circular Food Innovation Lab, Lily Raphael, Marcia Higuchi, Laura Kozak, Erin Nichols

ServDes Conference Series

Wasted food — the result of a linear pattern of producing, under-consuming and disposing of food — is a pervasive issue globally and in Canada. Wasted food is a complex challenge, meaning it is characterized by unpredictability, ambiguity, and many actors. The current climate crisis, food insecurity, economic disparity and housing inequality all intersect with this challenge. If we are to tackle these increasingly complex issues in social and public sectors, we need to work together in new and emergent ways. The Circular Food Innovation Lab was a unique research initiative that drew together municipal government, interdisciplinary designers and regional …

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Design Opportunities In Sustainable Food Services: B Corp Parameters For Restaurants, Ellen Gonzalez, Manuela Quaresma Jul 2023

Design Opportunities In Sustainable Food Services: B Corp Parameters For Restaurants, Ellen Gonzalez, Manuela Quaresma

ServDes Conference Series

Based upon a literature review on food system sustainability notions related to food systems, this paper presents connections and overlaps between B Corp guidelines and a basic structure of food design, focusing on the practical implications of a restaurant certification process. The study interprets critical aspects of the food system in the restaurant industry and looks towards the multiple necessary service design project constraints, implications, and opportunities within the sustainable food systems, an immediate and relevant intersecting subject.

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Exploring Patient-Centeredness Ecosystems: A Collaborative Approach To Expand The Service Design Horizon, Stefano Maffei, Massimo Bianchini, Beatrice Villari, Estefania Ciliotta Chehade, Uri Seitz, Michael Arnold Mages, Miso Kim, Paolo Ciuccarelli Jul 2023

Exploring Patient-Centeredness Ecosystems: A Collaborative Approach To Expand The Service Design Horizon, Stefano Maffei, Massimo Bianchini, Beatrice Villari, Estefania Ciliotta Chehade, Uri Seitz, Michael Arnold Mages, Miso Kim, Paolo Ciuccarelli

ServDes Conference Series

The healthcare sector is one of the areas in which service design can make an important contribution. This paper presents the ongoing results of joint research between Politecnico di Milano and Northeastern University, which aims to investigate patient-centered solutions and processes through a systemic perspective. In particular, the article proposes a study on the definitional evolution of the term patient-centeredness and a methodological approach to investigate patient-centricity through different levels that include solutions, the system of actors involved, and the role of patients. 6 exemplary cases from Italy and the USA are introduced to convey the complexity of the solutions …

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The Context Of Addressing Power Dynamics In Service Design, Audun Formo Hay, Josina Vink, Mari Suoheimo Jul 2023

The Context Of Addressing Power Dynamics In Service Design, Audun Formo Hay, Josina Vink, Mari Suoheimo

ServDes Conference Series

To support transformative aims, scholars highlight a crucial need for increased attention to power dynamics in service design (SD). Current literature emphasizes the need for individual service designers to build reflexivity around power without much consideration for their surrounding context. This narrow focus may inadvertently reinforce existing power dynamics while using service designers as scapegoats for the persistent problem. Drawing from ecological theories in psychology, this article provides a framework for understanding the contextual factors that contribute to the lack of reflexivity around power dynamics among service designers. Based on our own experiences and a review of SD literature, we …

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How Service Design Can Contribute In The Lifecycle Of Online Communities: The Development Of The Chinese Service Design Community, Chenfan Zhang, Daniela Selloni, Valentina Auricchio Jul 2023

How Service Design Can Contribute In The Lifecycle Of Online Communities: The Development Of The Chinese Service Design Community, Chenfan Zhang, Daniela Selloni, Valentina Auricchio

ServDes Conference Series

Due to technological advances and epidemics, online communities are rapidly growing. Online community development is concerned with the diversity of members, the complexity of networks, and their participation in activities. Many scholars have discussed this topic from the perspective of management, information science, sociology, and psychology; however, little attention has been paid to service design and how co-design can be employed. This study examines the Chinese Service Design Community (CSDC), a community that exists online in China, and employs participatory action research as a methodology. This paper describes how service design and co-design activities contribute to community development by combining …

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Meaningful Work Canvas: A Visual Tool For Service Designers, Gustavo Barreto, Carla Cipolla, Nathalia C. C. Cristino Jul 2023

Meaningful Work Canvas: A Visual Tool For Service Designers, Gustavo Barreto, Carla Cipolla, Nathalia C. C. Cristino

ServDes Conference Series

While "empathy" is a usual reference in design discourses and methodologies on design, the main focus may be how designers can increase their sensibility to the demands of the clients or users on future service provisions. Nonetheless, the consideration of the voices and presence of workers constitute a pressing demand for service design theory and practices, still almost neglected in the field. This paper presents the Meanignful Work Canvas, a visual tool developed to help designers create from scratch services that facilitate providers to pursue work meaningfulness. It blends characteristics from Job Design and Job Crafting literature. The two first …

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Who Serves Who Serves You?, Bruno Santos Jul 2023

Who Serves Who Serves You?, Bruno Santos

ServDes Conference Series

In contemporary society, the service has taken up more and more space and, although part of its value is still linked to productive work, it is already possible to see that the field of non-productive and reproductive work begins to absorb a significant part of the social workforce. This process has generated, on the one hand, a demand for professionals able to design good services and, on the other hand, the precariousness of the work of service providers. This article aims to present a reflection on the relationship between these two categories of professionals: those who design and those who …

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Proposing Organisational Usability As An Enabler Of Organisational Service Design Maturity, Lene Nielsen, Olivia Harre, Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, Christina Li Jul 2023

Proposing Organisational Usability As An Enabler Of Organisational Service Design Maturity, Lene Nielsen, Olivia Harre, Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, Christina Li

ServDes Conference Series

This reflective paper proposes a research agenda that investigates and questions how and if we need to assess the service design tools and their usability in the context of organisations’ design maturity. Maps and tool in the service design toolbox are perceived as straightforward by some organisations, however for organisations with low service design maturity such tools can pose challenges in how to utilise and leverage their potential. As a direction for future studies, this research agenda sheds light on how common service design tools are affected by organisational usability and maturity.

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Reframing Services And Processes In Architectural Design, Mariane Garcia Unanue Jul 2023

Reframing Services And Processes In Architectural Design, Mariane Garcia Unanue

ServDes Conference Series

Contemporary complexities demand a different approach on how design activities should be practised, theorised and taught. However, most of the architectural creation processes remain based on the disciplinary rational and intellectual knowledge and techniques, where architects prescribe solutions for people and spaces. This article suggests design procedures to agency a redefinition in the field of Architecture with a rhizomatic alliance with Service Design. Literature review shows the matter of space lacks extensive research in Service Design whereas architectural professional practices with traditional disciplinary tools are no longer sufficient to properly respond to contemporary challenges. Interdisciplinary entanglements are explored and open …

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Unmaking The User Journey. Fostering Alternative Service Design Futures, Stefano Maffei, Chiara Del Gaudio Jul 2023

Unmaking The User Journey. Fostering Alternative Service Design Futures, Stefano Maffei, Chiara Del Gaudio

ServDes Conference Series

This paper bridges the discussion on a more ethical Service Design practice with the one on Dominant Design. It points out the neo-liberalist and late-capitalist roots of Service Design, which are often a barrier to envisioning ways for the discipline to be more inclusive and sustainable. A closer analysis of the user journey, the backbone of Service Design practice, highlights its critical structural issues and how it informs potentially harmful processes and outcomes. The exclusive focus on user and human-centredness prevents service designers from embracing an ecosystem, plural and antihegemonic practice.

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Exploring Service Design From The Grass-Roots Level Of A Governments’ Public Ecosystem: The Case Of J Province, Bojun Hou, Xin Wang Jul 2023

Exploring Service Design From The Grass-Roots Level Of A Governments’ Public Ecosystem: The Case Of J Province, Bojun Hou, Xin Wang

ServDes Conference Series

The modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity is one of the major strategies of national development. Service design is contributing its unique role and value to promoting the modernization of the government service system and improving the efficiency of national governance, but the current research is still relatively insufficient. This paper is a preliminary discussion on the application of service design to promote the construction and development of the grass-roots government's sustainable convenience service ecosystem, based on a public service project of administrative examination and approval we did in a town government in J Province in 2021. …

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A Study Of Chinese Residents Participating In Design For Sustainability In The Context Of Carbon Neutrality, Chang Xiong, Sang Guangliang Jul 2023

A Study Of Chinese Residents Participating In Design For Sustainability In The Context Of Carbon Neutrality, Chang Xiong, Sang Guangliang

ServDes Conference Series

This paper combs the development history and current situation of Design for Sustainability (DFS), and discusses the role of DFS in social transformation. The author studies the methods and tools of DFS and their achievements in different fields. The research shows that DFS can provide effective solutions in different fields. In the article, the author finds that the DFS policy will be different in different contexts, so the author puts forward the DFS method in the Chinese social context. Under the severe theme of climate change, the research is focused on the issue of carbon emissions. Using the DFS method …

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The Social Landscape Of Service Design. Exploring The Entanglements Of The Service Design Community On Twitter Through Social Network Analysis, Massimo Menichinelli, Amalia De Götzen, Nicola Morelli, Luca Simeone Jul 2023

The Social Landscape Of Service Design. Exploring The Entanglements Of The Service Design Community On Twitter Through Social Network Analysis, Massimo Menichinelli, Amalia De Götzen, Nicola Morelli, Luca Simeone

ServDes Conference Series

Service Design is not only a discipline, a profession, and a field of research but also a community of actors (professionals, researchers, organizations, institutions) working on service design practice and research, locally rooted but often globally connected. With Service Design we design the intangible, the behaviors, and the flows among actors, but still, we rarely look at how these also are part of Service Design. How are the actors of the Service Design community entangled among each other? In our study, we focused on Twitter as a proxy environment for analyzing the connections between Service Design actors, adopting Social Network …

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Equid-Dem: Empowering Brand Experience Design With Ergonomics, Aydée Ospina-Nigrinis, Laura Valentina Niño-Fandiño, Laura Nathalia Ávila-Hernández, Karen Lange-Morales Jul 2023

Equid-Dem: Empowering Brand Experience Design With Ergonomics, Aydée Ospina-Nigrinis, Laura Valentina Niño-Fandiño, Laura Nathalia Ávila-Hernández, Karen Lange-Morales

ServDes Conference Series

Ergonomics and brand experience design (DEM for its acronym in Spanish “Diseño de Experiencia de Marca”) are two theoretical and practical approaches that share a central element: the human being. Under this statement, this article presents how it is possible to enhance the DEM service through the structured incorporation of ergonomics thanks to the Ergonomics Quality in Design (EQUID) model. The EQUID-DEM tool is proposed as an alternative to enhance the inclusion of internal and external users in the DEM service. This proposal is especially useful for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), since it enables a structured and effective …

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Banana Fiber And Its Potential For Socially Sustainable Innovation Through Design, Beatriz Futlik Mariani, Cyntia Santos Malaguti De Sousa Jul 2023

Banana Fiber And Its Potential For Socially Sustainable Innovation Through Design, Beatriz Futlik Mariani, Cyntia Santos Malaguti De Sousa

ServDes Conference Series

Which key questions should design be addressing in a context of rapid environmental degradation and social inequality? Prompted by this question, the present article investigates reflective practice (Schön, 1983) and its potential for socially sustainable innovation when applied to an experience with a banana-fiber craftworker located in Brazil's southern region, in a town known for its tourist industry. Our reflections here are based on a literature review and fieldwork visits to focus on aspects arising from qualitative, participant-observational, dialogic research. Further research questions are posed in terms of exploring the socially sustainable characteristics of a product-development approach to this natural …

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Des ( · ) Teta: Healing Ritual For Women In The Process Of Breast Implant Removal, Lina Samper-Santamaria, Santiago De Francisco Vela Jul 2023

Des ( · ) Teta: Healing Ritual For Women In The Process Of Breast Implant Removal, Lina Samper-Santamaria, Santiago De Francisco Vela

ServDes Conference Series

In 2011, the Poly Implant Prothese breast implant scandal broke out worldwide. Since then, legal firms have represented affected women, collectively suing TÜV-Rheinland, who certified the quality of PIPs for nearly ten years. However, it is estimated that around 24% of these women cannot remove the implants. On top of this, women have suffered various repercussions. Many have created coping mechanisms to deal with these situations. We introduce Des(·)Teta, a new service that focuses on healing rituals for women during breast implant removal. A non-profit organization delivers the service that offers discounts on the explant surgery and recovery process besides …

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Designing For Informal Co-Production In Mental Healthcare: An Innovative Psychiatry Program And The Strategies From A Territorial Lab, Federico De Luca, Daniela Sangiorgi Jul 2023

Designing For Informal Co-Production In Mental Healthcare: An Innovative Psychiatry Program And The Strategies From A Territorial Lab, Federico De Luca, Daniela Sangiorgi

ServDes Conference Series

This paper reflects on the process of co-producing mental health with informal actors, patients, health and social providers. In particular, this research examines the potential of territorial laboratories as places of experimentation for co-producing services for recovery. The Case study examined is the Brescia Recovery Co-Lab in Italy, developed with the aim to facilitate territorial experimentation of co-produced mental health and wellbeing services and initiatives with users, family members, local actors and service providers at the community level. Through a thematic analysis of the interviews, five main factors emerged that influence the co-production of mental health with informal resources: Time, …

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Building A Shared Relational Identity: Shifting Notions Of Self In Designing Social Innovation, Viola Petrella, Joyce Yee Jul 2023

Building A Shared Relational Identity: Shifting Notions Of Self In Designing Social Innovation, Viola Petrella, Joyce Yee

ServDes Conference Series

While designing social innovation (DSI) is increasingly considering the role and value of relationships, little attention is placed on the complexity of relationality and the specific, situated dynamics of dealing with relational entanglements. In particular, as design’s ontological background comes into question, the designers’ identity and the processes of collective and personal transformation that characterise DSI need further consideration. This paper reports the outcomes of an exploratory qualitative study aiming at examining relational approaches to DSI pertaining to the construction of a collective sense of self. It provides insights into how practitioners interact and how they construct and nurture shared …

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A Conceptual Framework Of Roadmapping For Digital Service Systems In Smart Cities, Yuya Mitake, Fumiya Akasaka, Kentaro Watanabe Jul 2023

A Conceptual Framework Of Roadmapping For Digital Service Systems In Smart Cities, Yuya Mitake, Fumiya Akasaka, Kentaro Watanabe

ServDes Conference Series

Smart cities have gained attention recently as a means of addressing the complex and diverse urban problems. Smart city initiatives are regarded as a systematic transformation to a sustainable city through the design and implementation of a digital service system (DSS) that offers functionality to citizens through the holistic integration of digital technology, urban assets, and physical products. However, DSS implementation often conflicts with current social norms and customs owing to the lack of consideration of the social and human aspects of the target city. This study developed a conceptual framework for the strategic design and implementation of DSS in …

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Expanding Long-Term Thinking Through Life-Centred Design, Hadas Zohar, Rike Neuhoff Jul 2023

Expanding Long-Term Thinking Through Life-Centred Design, Hadas Zohar, Rike Neuhoff

ServDes Conference Series

In this exploratory paper, we draw from a series of participatory design experiments to reflect on the impact of life-centred design approaches on long-term thinking. We conceptualise long-term thinking according to three components: 1) Thinking through diverse perspectives, 2) enhancing futures imagination, and 3) challenging anticipatory assumptions. Long-term thinking is increasingly recognised as invaluable in urban regeneration projects, however, to date, knowledge on how to nurture long-term thinking remains sparse.

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Towards Designing Artificial Intelligence (Ai)-Based Online Dispute Resolution (Odr) Services: The Case Of +Acordo, Isabela Motta, Maria Julia Lima, Thomaz Ambrosio, Alimed Celecia, Ana Lara Mangeth, Isabella Frajhof, Cesar Cury Jul 2023

Towards Designing Artificial Intelligence (Ai)-Based Online Dispute Resolution (Odr) Services: The Case Of +Acordo, Isabela Motta, Maria Julia Lima, Thomaz Ambrosio, Alimed Celecia, Ana Lara Mangeth, Isabella Frajhof, Cesar Cury

ServDes Conference Series

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) services are a beneficial alternative to litigation in consumer-related claims in Brazil. Thus, understanding how to improve these services is important. Nevertheless, designers still need to explore some open gaps, such as specificities of the Brazilian context, characteristics of consumer claims, and potential impacts of employing AI. This paper aims to discuss design implications through a two-phased case study on an AI-based ODR service developed by a Brazilian State Court: +Acordo. In study 1, we present a map illustrating lawyers' journeys with consumer lawsuits against electricity companies. In study 2, we expose results …

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Social Lab: Toward Value-Driven R&D&I In Collaboration With Citizens, Kentaro Watanabe, Fumiya Akasaka, Yuya Mitake, Kazuhiro Kojima Jul 2023

Social Lab: Toward Value-Driven R&D&I In Collaboration With Citizens, Kentaro Watanabe, Fumiya Akasaka, Yuya Mitake, Kazuhiro Kojima

ServDes Conference Series

Digitalization is an important driver of valuable service offerings in most industrial sectors. With the increasing use of digital technologies, the negative consequences of digitalization have also attracted attention. To address this issue, R&D organizations need to ensure that their R&D&I process and its results are in alignment with desirable services that create value and mitigate citizens’ social concerns. This requires a close partnership with citizens. However, attempts to take the values of citizens as a driver of technology R&D&I remain limited and tend to be temporary. Therefore, we introduce the concept of the “social lab” as an R&D&I scheme …

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Digital Future Design: Designing Digital Service Systems Based On Future Visions, Fumiya Akasaka, Yuya Mitake, Kentaro Watanabe, Yuri Nishikawa, Jun Ozawa Jul 2023

Digital Future Design: Designing Digital Service Systems Based On Future Visions, Fumiya Akasaka, Yuya Mitake, Kentaro Watanabe, Yuri Nishikawa, Jun Ozawa

ServDes Conference Series

Recently, initiatives that use advanced digital technologies to address social issues and drive social innovation, such as the “smart city”, have been attracting attention. While public expectations for smart city projects are high, they are often executed from a technocentric approach that lacks a human-centered perspective, which leads to various criticisms and opposition from residents. This necessitates a method for envisioning a desirable future society and designing the entire service system, including digital technologies (i.e., digital service system), from a human-centered perspective. Therefore, we have developed a novel design method, called Digital Future Design Method, that supports the designing of …

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Ux Sustainability: An Overview On The Sustainability Dimension Of Ai-Infused Objects Forming Product-Service Ecosystems, Alice Paracolli, Venanzio Arquilla Jul 2023

Ux Sustainability: An Overview On The Sustainability Dimension Of Ai-Infused Objects Forming Product-Service Ecosystems, Alice Paracolli, Venanzio Arquilla

ServDes Conference Series

This research aims to suggest a new design perspective to analyse the sustainability of an AI-infused object in its entirety. Before we present what AI-infused Objects are and how they form product-service ecosystems, secondly, we analyse the state of the arts of its sustainable dimension. The analysis of AI-infused objects should include: (1) the entire life cycle of the object, its social and economic impact; (2) the impact of the "digital soul" of the object; (3) the ecosystem analysis should also include all indirect impacts of the service, considering how users' behaviour changes when they come in contact with the …

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Analysis Of The Integration And Contribution Of The Sdgs To Equitable Global Results In The Light Of Service Design: A Scoping Review, Kelly Rocha, Amanda Xavier, Maria Carolina Santos, Ariele Rodrigues-Ferreira Jul 2023

Analysis Of The Integration And Contribution Of The Sdgs To Equitable Global Results In The Light Of Service Design: A Scoping Review, Kelly Rocha, Amanda Xavier, Maria Carolina Santos, Ariele Rodrigues-Ferreira

ServDes Conference Series

The construction of the 2030 agenda aims at sustainable, inclusive and collaborative development among countries to challenge them to transpose usual definitions and ideas in favour of equitable actions. To fulfil this purpose, the UN and Member States must assess progress made, obstacles faced and integration between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a scoping review, this study aims to answer the question: How integrated are the SDGs for an equitable global outcome? In the context of Brazil, what is the assessment of engagement and carrying out actions for the performance of the SDGs? What are design contributions to the …

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Take-It-Back Service: Meta-Scenario For White-Good Appliances, Adele Cagnato Conte, Aguinaldo Dos Santos, Ana Beatriz Avelino Barbosa, Bheatriz Silvano Graciano, Bruna Andrade, Carolina Daros, Gabriel Lied, Júlio César Do Amaral Jul 2023

Take-It-Back Service: Meta-Scenario For White-Good Appliances, Adele Cagnato Conte, Aguinaldo Dos Santos, Ana Beatriz Avelino Barbosa, Bheatriz Silvano Graciano, Bruna Andrade, Carolina Daros, Gabriel Lied, Júlio César Do Amaral

ServDes Conference Series

The need to change the consumer behavior in relation to the disposal of home appliances promotes a discussion to create a meta-scenario for a take it back service that can create value in the relationship between Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) consumers and manufactures. This paper presents a study on home appliances' take-it-back service using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors integrated into a collaborative digital platform, focusing on promoting transparency for consumers. The research method was a systematic literature review combined with a range of Service Design Tools. The study first introduces an explanation of reverse logistics and its …

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A User Experience Study On The Design Direction For Foreigner-Friendly Telecommunication Service In South Korea, Daeun Kim, Chaemoon Yoo, Hyemin Lee, Wonyoung Lee, Younghwan Pan Jul 2023

A User Experience Study On The Design Direction For Foreigner-Friendly Telecommunication Service In South Korea, Daeun Kim, Chaemoon Yoo, Hyemin Lee, Wonyoung Lee, Younghwan Pan

ServDes Conference Series

As South Korea experiences an increase in cultural and ethnic diversity, telecommunication companies have recognized the need to provide online service channels, such as mobile applications and websites, that are tailored to the needs of this growing segment of users. Despite efforts by some companies to be more inclusive in their design, including the provision of separate translated webpages, non-native customers still encounter obstacles when utilizing telecom services, resulting in a suboptimal user experience and limited accessibility. Therefore, a systematic study is required to gain a deeper understanding of the needs and challenges faced by foreign users when purchasing and …

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Design And 3d Technologies In The Humanitarian Sector, Aline Kauffmann, Jocelise Jacques, Fabio Da Silva Jul 2023

Design And 3d Technologies In The Humanitarian Sector, Aline Kauffmann, Jocelise Jacques, Fabio Da Silva

ServDes Conference Series

Every year, thousands of people are affected by the expansion of disasters caused by climate change. These disasters trigger situations that demand assistance. The responses, through organizations that operate in the context of humanitarian aid, are complex to be put into effect due to problems of physical, material, and emotional structure. Design and its various approaches can help in the elaboration of solutions that improve the service provided by those organizations, both through the mastery of techniques for the quick production of concrete objects and in the structuring of projects to meet demands, such as service design, participatory design, and …

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Place-Based Service Design Through Placemaking And Performance, Ella Björn, Satu Miettinen, Mira Alhonsuo Jul 2023

Place-Based Service Design Through Placemaking And Performance, Ella Björn, Satu Miettinen, Mira Alhonsuo

ServDes Conference Series

This paper reflects on the approaches of place-based service design, placemaking and performance. From these perspectives, we discuss whether new designs, such as placemaking through performance, can deliver new approaches to place-based service design and facilitate the feeling of togetherness. We consider whether affordances in the natural environment can be used for co-creating design as well as the impact they can have on individuals and communities. This paper proposes placemaking as a place-specific approach to service design that can enable the use of reflexivity, knowledge-sharing and pluriversal epistemology towards non-humans, including plants and encompassing environments. In addition, we discuss how …

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Beyond Service Design: Understanding Complex Challenges On A Systemic Level, André Santos, Helena Sustar Jul 2023

Beyond Service Design: Understanding Complex Challenges On A Systemic Level, André Santos, Helena Sustar

ServDes Conference Series

Traditional user-centred design methodologies are no longer adequate for addressing the new way of thinking required by today's global challenges, considering the systemic complexity that service design has now reached. This paper addresses how a systemic approach can support service design practices to understand, map and represent complex challenges such as rural fires. The research methods include a systemic design approach that provides an in-depth view of the system and the institutional structure by identifying the actors and their relationships and unpacking the current issues. Moreover, this paper identifies intervention areas and suggests recommendations: more involvement and collaboration between the …

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