Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Arts and Humanities Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 35101 - 35130 of 573331

Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Love. The Forgotten Dimension For Just And Democratic Ai Futures, Meike Hardt, Nazli Cila, Pieter Desmet Jun 2024

Love. The Forgotten Dimension For Just And Democratic Ai Futures, Meike Hardt, Nazli Cila, Pieter Desmet

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Addressing the widespread use of AI-driven decision-making systems in public spheres, in this paper we advocate for the integration of love as both a virtue and an affection within the discourse of participatory practices in AI design and development. Based on an analysis of justice, the need to shift the focus to love will be highlighted. Furthermore, we introduce two directions love could play during AI design: (1) love as an epistemological design inquiry to question the conventional knowledge structures in design by integrating embodied and experiential knowledge, and (2) love as a political design inquiry to challenge unjust systems …


Counterism And Trust; From Critical To Tactical Design, Fernando Galdon Jun 2024

Counterism And Trust; From Critical To Tactical Design, Fernando Galdon

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In this paper we explore the emerging qualities of Counteristic Design practises as they depart from Discursive models. In this process, Counterism is under-pinned as an emerging field of study that seeks to design trust. Counterism offers a way of resistance by creating systems of autonomy, accountability and repara-tion that values difference and creativity. The two projects analysed vary in ap-proach, with some developing new methods by incorporating new technologies, while others reimagine existing methods. These approaches can offer interesting ways towards a new future for citizens at the intersection of social justice, and technology. Counteristic practises operate within the …


Vovousa 2048: A Design Fiction Workshop Imagining The Future In A Rural And Remote Area In Greece, Costas Bissas Jun 2024

Vovousa 2048: A Design Fiction Workshop Imagining The Future In A Rural And Remote Area In Greece, Costas Bissas

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In July 2023, the author carried out a design fiction workshop over a 4-day span in Vovousa, a village of 132 inhabitants by the banks of the wild river Aoos/Vjosa, in the heart of the Pindus range, in the area of Epirus, Greece. In a location with a history of tensions regarding the creation of hydroelectric dams, the workshop participants were invited as a group to consider and discuss different scenarios for the future of the settlement, set in the year 2048. As a group, they publicly presented artefacts from one selected future with the discussions following indicating that the …


Story Seeds: Creating Interactive Narratives For Visitors Of Outdoor Heritage Sites, Saad Ahmed Maqbool, Debbie Maxwell Jun 2024

Story Seeds: Creating Interactive Narratives For Visitors Of Outdoor Heritage Sites, Saad Ahmed Maqbool, Debbie Maxwell

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The lack of interpretation when considering the outdoor cultural heritage sites has the potential to limit the engagement and educational potential of these sites, as well as presenting a missed opportunity for visitor engagement. We pre-sent an approach that explores the development of interactive stories specific to users that documents their journey through a physical site via a tangible artefact – The Abbot’s Book. We describe the Research through Design process, which in-cluded interviews with Museum and Heritage experts, and the creation of two design prototypes that acted as probes to explore the potential to provoke emo-tional, empathetic relationships with …


Empowerment Of People With Disabilities Through Collaborative Making: Exploring User Involvement In Designing And Adapting Assistive Products, Koray Canlar, Çağla Doğan Jun 2024

Empowerment Of People With Disabilities Through Collaborative Making: Exploring User Involvement In Designing And Adapting Assistive Products, Koray Canlar, Çağla Doğan

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This study investigates the extent of the empowering effects of making and collective production activities on people with disabilities and the assistive products they use. The universal and participatory design approaches intend to empower people with disabilities, but how a person with a disability can be empowered, and the requirements for it are highly dependent on the individual and the context. The research utilizes the elements of The Empowerment Theory to assess the resulting empowerment of participants’ making-related experiences. Semi-structured interviews and participant observations were conducted to understand the role of making and collective production activities in enabling the participation …


Framing Transitions: Scenarios And Design For The Strategic Redirection Of Companies Within Planetary Boundaries, Estelle Berger, Pierre-Baptiste Goutagny, Caroline Nowacki Jun 2024

Framing Transitions: Scenarios And Design For The Strategic Redirection Of Companies Within Planetary Boundaries, Estelle Berger, Pierre-Baptiste Goutagny, Caroline Nowacki

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper provides experience feedback from a French consortium gathering academic and industrial partners, to produce quantified scenarios for 2060 that will serve to redirect companies within the frame of planetary boundaries. This setup constitutes a field for action research in design, together with strategic foresight, sustainability, and human and social sciences. Our paper presents the epistemological and methodological choices made, reports on the first year of the project (qualitative scenario-building), and the issues met. We propose in particular to discuss the tension between global societal evolutions driven by macro trends, and the situated processes of transformation initiated by the …


More-Than-Human Design And Ai: Exploring The Space Between Theory And Practice, Iohanna Nicenboim, Joseph Lindley, Johan Redström Jun 2024

More-Than-Human Design And Ai: Exploring The Space Between Theory And Practice, Iohanna Nicenboim, Joseph Lindley, Johan Redström

DRS Biennial Conference Series

While design is turning to more-than-human (MTH) approaches, integrating posthumanist theory into design practices remains challenging. We argue that making MTH thinking “actionable” demands moving beyond the idea that there is a gap to bridge. Instead, we propose that the space between theory and practice could offer an interesting starting point for experimentation. Exploring that liminal space, we designed two generative AI tools – Oblique and MoTH. Using ChatGPT-4, these tools create design strategies based on diverse MTH texts. Reflecting on the process of making and using these tools, we offer two contributions: First, we explain how designers can use …


Becoming Microbes: An Approach To Cultivating Microbial Sensibilities In Biodesign, Jiho Kim, Raphael Kim, Joana Martins, Elvin Karana Jun 2024

Becoming Microbes: An Approach To Cultivating Microbial Sensibilities In Biodesign, Jiho Kim, Raphael Kim, Joana Martins, Elvin Karana

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Microbes assume an indispensable role in design, given their inherent adaptability, functional diversity, and abundance. Yet, designing with microbes presents notable challenges for biodesigners, stemming from, for example, the distinct temporalities and scales of microbes. Conversely, cultivating microbial sensibilities—reflecting human comprehension and alignment with the distinctive characteristics of microbes—stands out as a unique potential of biodesign for fostering a deep connection between humans and other living entities. In response, we present the concept of “becoming microbes”, a philosophically grounded approach advocating for a non-anthropocentric stance in biodesign, aiming at immersing biodesigners in the realms of microbes with a fresh perspective …


Re-Imagining And Reaffirming Design Pedagogy In Response To Generative Ai Tools, Roger Whitham, Naomi Jacobs, Paul Coulton, Glynn Stockton, Joseph Lindley Jun 2024

Re-Imagining And Reaffirming Design Pedagogy In Response To Generative Ai Tools, Roger Whitham, Naomi Jacobs, Paul Coulton, Glynn Stockton, Joseph Lindley

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper considers how we can adapt HE design pedagogies in response to the emergence of generative AI (GenAI) tools. We focus on the authors’ own HE institution and describe our work through the first half of 2023 to understand the impact of these tools on how our students approach their work, and to adapt our design pedagogies in response. This paper includes accounts of student attitudes to these tools, and the outcomes of our own experimentation with contemporary GenAI tools (ChatGPT4, MidJourney5). We identify 12 challenges for design pedagogy that span assessment, student learning and teaching deliver which our …


Exploring Human-Centered Design Method Selection Strategies With Large Language Models, Vivek Rao, Yuanrui Zhu, Timothy Yang, Euiyoung Kim, Alice Agogino, Kosa Goucher-Lambert Jun 2024

Exploring Human-Centered Design Method Selection Strategies With Large Language Models, Vivek Rao, Yuanrui Zhu, Timothy Yang, Euiyoung Kim, Alice Agogino, Kosa Goucher-Lambert

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In human-centered design (HCD) projects, designers select and use a variety of design methods in pursuit of a desired outcome. Given the prominence of method selection in designer behavior, what distinguishes a design team’s method selections from design method selection based on frequency or probability? To explore this question, we compare HCD methods suggested by the publicly-available large-language model, GPT-3.5, to 402 novice design team method selections over five offerings of a design projectbased learning course at a large public university. We observe that GPT-3.5 appears to represent design method knowledge held in method repositories like theDesignExchange well. We also …


Mealsense: A Fiction About Datafication And Algorithms In Commoning Food, Viktor Bedö Jun 2024

Mealsense: A Fiction About Datafication And Algorithms In Commoning Food, Viktor Bedö

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Commoning is on the rise as a socio-economic practice advancing the outlook of more just food systems. While smaller commoning operations can predominantly rely on informal arrangements, tracking and monitoring the conditions of the use of resources becomes vital for larger operations. This paper explores the datafication of hunger, pleasure, ingredients, cooking and spoiled food for crafting imaginaries of commoning-based algorithmic food futures. To address not only frictions around datafication but also gainful proposals, the paper mobilizes concepts of ‘unwieldy data’, ‘good enough data’, and ‘minimal feasible datafication’. It uses fiction writing as a method to amalgamate scholarly references in …


Reframing Design Maturity: A New Perspective On The Development Of Design In Public Organizations, Geert Brinkman, Ahmee Kim Jun 2024

Reframing Design Maturity: A New Perspective On The Development Of Design In Public Organizations, Geert Brinkman, Ahmee Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Although design is a core activity of public organizations, the dominant perspective to this day is that public organizations are void of design. Existing design maturity models based on this perspective thus do not reflect, nor do justice to the practice of design in public organizations. In this conceptual paper we therefore propose to reframe design maturity as a matter of versatility and alignment - i.e. as an organization’s ability to tailor their design activities to the different design tasks it faces, while establishing productive interactions with other concurrent design activities. This offers a new perspective on how design can …


New Interest-Based Social Action As A Design Approach For Youth Community Reconfiguring In The Post-Pandemic Era, Haoyu Dong, Jun Zhang Jun 2024

New Interest-Based Social Action As A Design Approach For Youth Community Reconfiguring In The Post-Pandemic Era, Haoyu Dong, Jun Zhang

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The pandemic has led to increased social distancing and feelings of depression among youth, a significant shift from their previous engagement in activities that enhanced their social skills and community involvement. With the easing of the pandemic, youth re-engaged with their social contacts and skills by participating in new interest-based activities, such as urban camping and frisbee sports. However, the process of how these activities foster youth social behavior changes remains under-explored. This study investigates how emerging interest-based activities facilitate youth social behav-ior and community identity, providing guidance for youth community design. Through a cross-disciplinary sociology-design framework, the "Youth Social …


Power Signifiers: The Subtle Forms Of Power In Design Practice With Marginalized Craft Communities, Seher Tabasum Mirza Jun 2024

Power Signifiers: The Subtle Forms Of Power In Design Practice With Marginalized Craft Communities, Seher Tabasum Mirza

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper discusses how craft practice may offer empowerment strategies for critically reflective spaces, that allow for social transformation, using the case of traditional textile communities of women in rural Pakistan where development opportunities are limited. It uses the reflective practice of its design researcher, to explore established power relations, and search for new dialogues that build meaningful relationships for creating new forms of power in interrelated social, development and design contexts. This practice-based discussion contends with the embedded layers of power arising from social constructs and those extending beyond. A combined methodology, ‘Power Signifiers’ is presented as a critically …


The Mentor Archetype: Female Character Design Trends In Contemporary Feature Film Animation, Gabriela Sá, Paula Tavares, Heitor Alvelos Jun 2024

The Mentor Archetype: Female Character Design Trends In Contemporary Feature Film Animation, Gabriela Sá, Paula Tavares, Heitor Alvelos

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Archetypal images transcend cultures and time, being easily recognized, and absorbed by worldwide audiences. Thus, understanding how archetypal meaning is conveyed through design is undoubtedly a useful tool for character designers in the animation industry. Because popular animated films often target culturally diverse audiences worldwide, stereotypes and archetypes are often used to communicate a character’s identity and narrative role quickly and effectively. This paper presents trends of representation of the Mentor archetype found in female character design, from thirty popular and contemporary animated feature films. These trends emerged through a process of data collection and analysis. By mapping the current …


Embodied Experience Of Exoskeletons, Emese Papp-Schmitt, Christian Wölfel, Jens Krzywinski Jun 2024

Embodied Experience Of Exoskeletons, Emese Papp-Schmitt, Christian Wölfel, Jens Krzywinski

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The significance of occupational exoskeletons is increasing, offering relief and improving well-being for physically demanding tasks. Existing adoption frame-works reveal crucial factors for development (like wearing comfort and task fit) and implementation (such as familiarization time and organizational perspective). How-ever, physical aspects are addressed primarily through ergonomics. As exoskeleton technology inherently involves the body, the user's perception and experience are tied to bodily experiences. Further research is needed to understand the human-exo-skeleton interaction comprehensively and explore how the user experience unfolds and how the exoskeleton's and user's characteristics influence each other. Our con-tribution, a conceptual framework leveraging established frameworks of …


Informed Adoption Of Smart Products: A User-Centered Approach To Privacy Communications And Impact On Product Use, Manasi Vaidya, Chaiwoo Lee, Lisa D'Ambrosio, Joseph Coughlin Jun 2024

Informed Adoption Of Smart Products: A User-Centered Approach To Privacy Communications And Impact On Product Use, Manasi Vaidya, Chaiwoo Lee, Lisa D'Ambrosio, Joseph Coughlin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As the number of smart home products entering the market continues to grow at a rapid rate, consideration of data privacy, product design, and sustained usage becomes increasingly important. In this study, adults 50 years of age and older were interviewed to understand user preferences around data privacy communications and their relationship to the longevity of smart home product usage. Participants were presented with various designs of privacy policies to comparatively describe preferences and perceptions. Findings highlight the necessity of integrating privacy communications into the development process of smart home technologies from the beginning rather than treating it as an …


Designing Temporal Ecologies: Reframing Multispecies Temporalities Through Design, Larissa Pschetz, Maike Gebker, Susanne Wieland, Michelle Bastian Jun 2024

Designing Temporal Ecologies: Reframing Multispecies Temporalities Through Design, Larissa Pschetz, Maike Gebker, Susanne Wieland, Michelle Bastian

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In Western industrialised societies, the times of humans and of other species are often considered as belonging to different realms. While human life is regarded as progressive and accelerated, other species are seen as following cyclical, slow changing timescales. These narratives neglect the multiple interconnections between human and other-than-human times and contribute to increasing temporal mismatches across species, with consequences for environmental and biodiversity loss. In this paper, we use design examples generated through an interdisciplinary workshop to discuss opportunities for design to expand notions of time in more-than-human ecologies. Drawing from the Temporal Design framework and the notion of …


Adelaide’S Graphic Heritage: The Quintessential “Contested” Colonial City, Robert Harland Jun 2024

Adelaide’S Graphic Heritage: The Quintessential “Contested” Colonial City, Robert Harland

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Adelaide, the state capital of South Australia, is a quintessential colonial city. However, in the land colonial settlers called Australia, colonialism demeaned notions of Country in a physically and politically contested space. New approaches have been called for to reconsider Australia as a shared space that places high value on indigenous identity. From within a context that challenges us to think about how Country and culture might be envisioned, designed, planned, and implemented, this paper reports on a hypothesis about how the concept of graphic heritage can be applied to enhance sustainable development in this South Australian setting. Building on …


Designing Sound For Public Spaces Through A Research-Creation Collaboration Framework, Valérian Fraisse, Marcelo Mortensen Wanderley, Nicolas Misdariis, Catherine Guastavino Jun 2024

Designing Sound For Public Spaces Through A Research-Creation Collaboration Framework, Valérian Fraisse, Marcelo Mortensen Wanderley, Nicolas Misdariis, Catherine Guastavino

DRS Biennial Conference Series

When designing a sound installation in public spaces, creators consider a wide range of factors related to the site where it will be deployed as part of the artistic statement. However, anticipating the impact of the sound installation on user experience is difficult in the absence of established methods to inform the design and evaluate the outcomes. Based on three case studies involving sound artists and soundscape researchers, we propose a research-creation collaboration framework through four stages: 1) field recordings of pre-existing sound environments; 2) diagnosis of pre-existing sound environments and public space usage; 3) sound installation prototyping in laboratory …


Drawing-Philosophy Correspondence: Towards Transforming From Within, Caroline Hummels Jun 2024

Drawing-Philosophy Correspondence: Towards Transforming From Within, Caroline Hummels

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The global call for transformation towards a more just, sustainable and pluriverse world has also materialised within the design field, asking for new design practices that embrace open-ended and relational processes. Several approaches emerged over the last decades, built on different values, and investigating ontological, epistemological, ethical, and practical dimensions. In this pictorial, I explore what these new practices can be and do, through embarking on a drawing-philosophy correspondence journey. This pictorial shows my three-year quest to explore the role of drawing for researching design for societal transformation. By visually researching philosophical concepts such as correspondence, commoning, minor key, and …


Relationality In Design: What Can Be Understood?, Isaac Arturo Ortega Alvarado Jun 2024

Relationality In Design: What Can Be Understood?, Isaac Arturo Ortega Alvarado

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper addresses the inclusion of relationality as a concept in design. Relational-ity is primarily brought into design from adjacent disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, where the concept helps understand aspects of kinship, care, and belonging. The concept is also infused with elements of associative thinking. The paper narratively reviews examples of relationality in literature from design-related scholarly discourse. The literature sample covers papers addressing relationality through case studies or conceptual calls for practice change. The results from this review provide three understandings of relationality: 1) The utilitarian that unpacks social relations as an epistemic and functional source …


Hybrid Ecologies Of Artificial Intelligence: Prototyping Terrestrial Practices Through A Design Installation, Martin Tironi, Manuela Garretón Jun 2024

Hybrid Ecologies Of Artificial Intelligence: Prototyping Terrestrial Practices Through A Design Installation, Martin Tironi, Manuela Garretón

DRS Biennial Conference Series

If AI is usually represented as an immaterial and deterritorialized agency, this paper seeks to rematerialize the development of this technology, making visible water consumption in AI model generation. Drawing on studies of post-anthropocentric design and the notion of more-than-human interdependencies, we describe Hybrid Ecologies, an installation that problematizes the relationship between AI and the more-than-human agency of water. The installation is a design exploration to overcome the dichotomy between nature and technology, evidencing how AI inhabits a hybrid ecology, made of interdependent relationships between human agencies and terrestrial ecosystems. We try to move the reflection on AI from a …


Developing A Methodological Framework For Sustainability Transitions In The Built Environment, Alise Plavina, Tommy Kleiven, Ida Nilstad Pettersen Jun 2024

Developing A Methodological Framework For Sustainability Transitions In The Built Environment, Alise Plavina, Tommy Kleiven, Ida Nilstad Pettersen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Transitions towards sustainability involving technological, social, behavioural, institutional, and organisational change are urgently needed to address the complex environmental and societal challenges. While the built environment has a considerable environmental and social impact, design scope for sustainable architecture has been primarily limited to reducing the environmental impacts of individual buildings. To achieve net-positive natural and social outcomes for the built environment there is a need for more systemic approaches and design methodology that allows to reframe the task of design from solving isolated problems to contributing to system transformation. The article reviews transformational, systems-oriented process models and associated tools developed …


Learning In Place: Reimagining Design Practice As Ecological Literacy, Nick Logler Jun 2024

Learning In Place: Reimagining Design Practice As Ecological Literacy, Nick Logler

DRS Biennial Conference Series

What does it mean to practice design in a world without human beings at its center? How can designers take meaningful action in a world in crisis? In this paper, I present initial findings from an experimental month-long immersion in a place humans and more-than-humans meet—a coastal wildlife refuge in the northeastern United States. I report on my experience in the field (notes, observations, and photos), reflections on my trajectory as a designer and researcher in the refuge, my evolving understanding of what it means to design with a more-than-human lens, and how my search for meaningful action led me …


Universities Undergoing Climate Transition: Developing Mlp Tools From A Context- Specific And Critical Standpoint, Niki Wallace, Ramia Mazé, Dilys Williams, Domenica Landin Jun 2024

Universities Undergoing Climate Transition: Developing Mlp Tools From A Context- Specific And Critical Standpoint, Niki Wallace, Ramia Mazé, Dilys Williams, Domenica Landin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Knowledge gaps persist in the emerging field ‘Design for Transitions’ (DfT). Our research builds on the ‘multi-level perspective’ (MLP), a core concept in DfT and the wider Transition Studies field, and we address critiques of the MLP in terms of social practices, agency and power. Grounded in a ‘Research through Design’ approach and learning from our prior work, we have carefully adapted and designed MLP tools. We elucidate design considerations for MLP tools from within our 'live' climate transition of a UK university – research conducted within a university about the university. Contributing to DfT, we present six ‘design criteria’ …


Towards Active Aging: Investigating Innovations Within Intelligent Communities, Gabriela Branco, Manuela Quaresma Jun 2024

Towards Active Aging: Investigating Innovations Within Intelligent Communities, Gabriela Branco, Manuela Quaresma

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Intelligent communities can nurture environments conducive to fostering positive and meaningful relationships among the elderly. This systematic literature review examines the role of these communities in the aging population’s social relations. Through the review of studies and interventions via the Scopus database, we investigate how some innovative approaches are positively impacting the quality of life for the elderly. We identified examples of initiatives, technological solutions, and a social project successfully implemented in communities to strengthen older adult support networks. The contributions of this article lie in providing a comprehensive view of how smart technologies are shaping support for the senior …


Passageways And Portals: A Comparative Analysis Of Transition Spaces In Physical, Digital, And Virtual Environments, Seulgi Sylvia Kim, Anijo Punnen Mathew, Zach Pino Jun 2024

Passageways And Portals: A Comparative Analysis Of Transition Spaces In Physical, Digital, And Virtual Environments, Seulgi Sylvia Kim, Anijo Punnen Mathew, Zach Pino

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This study explores transition spaces across physical, digital, and virtual environments. From hallways to digital loading screens and virtual portals, these spaces serve as cognitive buffers, aiding users in navigating environmental shifts. Our comparative analysis reveals consistent human experiences across diverse environments, while also identifying distinct attributes of each transition space. We identify two main categories: transition-focused spaces, which emphasize efficient movement, and experience-focused spaces, which offer richer, immersive experiences. We also identify four core transition types: Environmental, Perspective, Identity, and Sensory transitions. Experience-focused spaces, such as lobbies and VR gathering areas, play a pivotal role in facilitating identity transitions. …


Coastliners Lab: Mapping For Environmental Spatial Justice At The Water’S Edge, Gokcen Erkilic Jun 2024

Coastliners Lab: Mapping For Environmental Spatial Justice At The Water’S Edge, Gokcen Erkilic

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Coastliners Lab is a trans-media critical mapping practice that focuses on the border conditions of bodies of water and how they shape socio-material processes of human and environmental relations in urban and extra-urban settings. The lab works with a deep cartographic layering of aerial photographs, historical maps, news reports, video footage, field notes, interviews, and more to explore embodied map-making methods that define new roles for design toward spatial justice. It highlights agencies and political ecologies underlying the contested anthropogenic impacts on the margins of transforming landscapes. Istanbul’s political and ecological struggles with the surrounding bodies of water have been …


Isolating And Addressing Theoretically-Grounded Limitations From The Rapid Translation Of Interaction Design Across Media Platforms, Rebecca Planchart, Mitchell Dunning, Matthew Peterson, Cesar Delgado, Karen B. Chen Jun 2024

Isolating And Addressing Theoretically-Grounded Limitations From The Rapid Translation Of Interaction Design Across Media Platforms, Rebecca Planchart, Mitchell Dunning, Matthew Peterson, Cesar Delgado, Karen B. Chen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Designers must frequently work rapidly under deadlines to produce minimum viable products (MVPs) in collaboration with other disciplinary experts. While results may be good enough for now, it is important that limitations of hasty work are not codified as permanently acceptable design solutions. A method called function mapping has previously been shown to aid in the translation of theoretically-derived functions across media platforms, where functionally equivalent products may need to appear superficially dissimilar, thus complicating true equivalency. Here we demonstrate function mapping’s efficacy at the threshold between MVPs and revisions. We use function mapping to explain the process of translating …