Arts and Humanities Commons^™

Lessons From The Air Campaigns Over Libya, Syria, And Yemen, Ben Nimmo

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

No abstract provided.

單音漢字與漢詩詩體之内聯性, Zhongqi Cai

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

本文首節對西方漢學界中盛行的漢字字形決定漢詩藝術的觀點提出質疑，後續六節則從分析漢字字音對漢詩藝術的影響入手，剥絲抽繭，一層層地尋繹漢詩詩體之内聯性。首先發現的是，漢字每個字的發音是單音節，而絶大多數字又是含有意義的詞或是能與其他字結合的語素，從而使漢詩發展出一種獨一無二的節奏。此節奏的特點是韻律節奏和意義節奏總體是合二爲一，但兩者之間又存有分離的張力。其次，我們又探察到漢詩節奏與句法密不可分的關係。就傳統句法而言，每種詩體獨特的節奏都決定該詩體組詞造句的主要語序以及可以有何種變動的可能。從現代語法學句法的角度來看，每種詩體獨特的節奏決定了該詩體可以承載何種主謂句式，在時空邏輯的框架呈現何種主客觀現象，同時又可以承載何種題評句，超越時空邏輯關係來並列意象和言語，藉以激發讀者的想象活動。最後，我們從句法演繹到章法、篇法，發現三者都是遵循同樣的組織原則。主謂句所遵循的是時空和因果相連的綫性組織原則，而此原則運用在章節和詩篇的層次之上，便構造出連貫一致的綫性章節和詩篇。同樣，題評句所遵循的是時空和因果斷裂的組織原則，而此原則運用在章節和詩篇的層次之上，便構造出各種不同的斷裂章節和詩篇結構。

需要强調的是，漢詩節奏、句法、結構之間的這種内聯不是靜止的關係，而是呈現不斷發展的動態。在近三千年的中國詩史中，爲了開拓新的詩境，詩人孜孜不倦地挖掘漢語自身演變（尤其是雙音化發展）所帶來的機會，借鑒不同的民間音樂曲調以及各類散文，不斷發展出音義皆流轉完美的新節奏，並創造出與之相應的新句式和新結構，爲新詩境的産生提供了所必須的語言空間。新節奏、句式、結構的同時産生通常標誌著一種新詩體的誕生。

早期五言詩中的聲調對立 : 三組詩歌作品的量化分析, Chenqing Song

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

基於對聲調排列的觀察，一些研究者，包括王力和徐青等，提出漢末魏晉的詩人就曾有過在五言詩中創造聲調對立效果的嘗試。爲了評估這些觀點是否正確，本文在研究過程中採用了量化分析的方法來對三組早期文人五言詩作品中的聲調對立進行分析。這三組作品分别爲《古詩十九首》，曹植的五言詩及謝靈運的五言詩。與以往研究的不同之處在於，本文將這些詩歌的資料置於豐富而具體的語言背景下進行分析詮釋。將這三組永明時期之前的詩歌中的聲調對立句的百分比與另外兩個比率進行了比較：其一，聲調對立五言句在同時期的散文文本中的百分比；其二，聲調對立在聲調隨機排列的情況下應出現的百分比。比較結果顯示，聲調對立是否存在於早期五言詩中的這一問題，並不能以簡單的“有”或“無”來進行作答。在這個歷史時期，聲調對立現象處於一個複雜的過渡階段。與其説它源於爲達到某種特定創作效果的有意識處理，不如將其看作是一種憑藉直覺所做的創作行爲。

從五古的敘述節奏看杜甫"詩中有文"的創變, Xiaoyin Ge

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

杜甫在初盛唐五言普遍受宋齊體調影響的背景下，解決了使中長篇五古恢復漢魏古調的問題，因而是唐代五古繼陳子昂之後的又一重大轉關。但杜甫並非簡單地從形式格調模擬漢魏，也不是像盛唐詩人那樣通過規避近體聲律來創作古詩，而是在追溯漢魏古詩創作原理的基礎上，從當代生活語言中提煉新的五古節奏。在化用漢魏式的比興、句法和章法的同時，他更注重學習漢魏古詩善於概括人情之常的特徵，並且深入發掘五古以單行散句敘述的潛力，加大連貫敘述的密度和句段節奏的緊湊感，探索了在詩歌中展開敘述的多種表現方式，從而形成了“詩中有文”的重要特色。且杜甫既使五言古詩本來便於敘述的特長在中長篇中得到最大程度的發揮，又通過抒情節奏的主導嚴格把握了詩與文的基本界線。杜詩之所以能成爲“詩史”，五古的這一重要創變也爲其提供了體制的極大便利。

《詩經》疊音詞的語音象徵, Jonathan Smith, Zhihui Zhong

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

本文研究《詩經》（Book of Odes）———一部最早在兩千多年前以古代漢語吟誦的詩歌總集———的語音特性。《詩經》留給我們的只有文本形式，這些詩的許多表達功能注定是無法恢復的。然而，下面兩個原因卻給了我們一些希望。一是越來越精細的古代漢語語音———現代漢語語音的起源———重構。我所以能進行這項研究，完全是因爲在這個領域的學者的努力。二是基於語言學的一般原則：構成人類語言基礎的認知過程在歷史發展中是保持不變的。在這篇論文中，我認爲在古代漢語詞彙的特定範疇中是普遍存在語音象徵詞（sound symbolic）的：完全相同的重複，用現代漢語表達是“疊音詞”（duplicated-syllable words）。但這個説法只有建立在對現代語言聲義關係的平行觀察中才有意義。這種還有生命力的、能啟發讀者對古代漢語詩歌進行更精細地鑒賞的語音象徵就在我們身邊———包括現在還在使用的古代漢語詞彙。

論早期五言詩的節奏演變與美學示範, Zhenting Luo

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

以“上二下三”作爲五言詩的典型節奏，是自明清以來的共識。但所謂“下三”結構並非不可再分的最小意義單位，五言詩據其内部變數仍可進一步細分爲：“二一二”式、“二二一”式及不可再分的“二三”式。它們在五言詩發展的各個階段互有消長，大致經歷了從“二一二”主導，轉向廣義的“二三”結構，最後“二二一”式興起，與早期的“二一二”間錯相用，成爲此後五言詩的主導節奏。這條五言詩的節奏演變軌迹表明：一方面，來自《詩經》、楚辭的較爲古拙的“二一二”式，是五言詩興起的重要來源，同時也是漢魏五言古詩獨特藝術風貌的重要組成部分；另一方面，五言詩在自身的發展過程中，也逐漸尋找到一種更具新變意味的構句方式，從而促使齊梁“二、五異聲”的聲律法則，向近體詩“二、四異聲”的節奏轉變。

論五言詩體的音步組合原理, Minli Zhao

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

中國早期詩體的生成與音樂有直接關係，五言詩也不例外。它是由一個對稱音步與一個非對稱音步組成的詩行，且對稱音步在前，非對稱音步在後。這是在四言體和楚辭體之後形成的一種新詩體，也是中國詩體發展形式上的一個飛躍。它興盛於漢代，以漢語詩體對音樂節奏的探索爲内在動力，又有賴於語言的發展。中國古典詩詞脱胎於音樂，因而特别重視詩歌的聲音節奏，對稱具有重要意義。同時，由於漢語是一字一音的語言，理想的詩行需要保證有單音詞的靈活存在和自由組合的音樂條件，五言詩恰恰能够同時滿足這兩條要求。五言詩體的初起階段，詩人所關注的主要是音步的對稱和詩行的對稱，進而關注詞性的對稱和句法的對稱。其所以走向格律化，同樣是音樂節奏在其中起了重要作用。

漢語詩律起源 : 證自沈約詩案例研究, Hongming Zhang

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

永明詩歌，對中國學術史而言，其意義不僅在於詩歌史，它在文學史、文化史、語言史諸方面之影響，也非其它詩體所能匹配。論永明體，自然要談沈約聲律論。但沈氏學説究竟爲何，其論與其作關係怎樣，學界至今少有服衆之論。坊間相當流行的説法，其實問題不少。在此僅舉其犖犖大端，略説一二。學界普遍認爲，沈約首創“四聲八病”，並將四聲分成平仄兩類，構成漢語近體詩平仄二元對立的聲律體系。梅維恒（Victor Mair）和梅祖麟（Tsu-lin Mei）則進一步主張，沈約是受梵詩格律影響而有“八病”之説、“平仄”之創。不過，讓人困惑的是，沈約及其他六朝詩人的創作實踐並不遵守這些規則。可見，漢語近體詩聲律的起源仍是一個不解之謎。本文就以下諸問題對沈約詩歌作一窮盡性研究，希冀解決這一謎團：（1） 詩律的本質；（2）漢語格律詩的聲律模式；（3）漢律梵源説證僞；（4）漢詩格律如何由六朝律嬗變至唐朝律。

聲成文，謂之音 : 倚聲填詞中的音律與聲律問題, Yidui Shi

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

聲音之道與政相通，與天地萬物亦相連接。聲音的安樂與怨怒，爲治世與亂世的不同體現；天地萬物的種種音響，構成大自然的紋理（文理）。樂歌創造，文學語言與音樂語言的相互應合。倚聲填詞，既倚樂歌之聲，亦倚歌詞之聲。音律與聲律，各有所司，各盡其職，二者未能混淆。永明四聲的發現及運用，自沈約起。唇齒喉舌鼻與宫商角徵羽兩相對應，爲樂歌脱離音樂創造條件。倚聲填詞之所謂填者，自温庭筠起。逐弦吹之音，爲側艷之詞；以文詞的聲律追逐（應合）樂歌的音律，爲樂府歌詞創作脱離音樂創造條件。沈約與温庭筠，兩個標誌性的人物，兩個標誌性的階段，兩座里程碑。這是本文立論的大背景。準此，本文擬分别闡發以下三個問題：一、音律與聲律，兩個不同的概念；二、音律與聲律，近世詞界的一個盲點；三、音律與聲律，登上藝術殿堂的階梯。

北齊文人對齊梁詩的學習與改造, Xi Jin

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

東魏北齊時期文學之士，可按時間先後分爲兩個集團，即從東魏乃至北魏末年即開始創作的前期文學集團，和在北齊時交往密切，並於齊末同入文林館的後期文學集團。二者在成員、交游、唱和等方面頗有重合之處，但仍有着本質上的差别。從參與人員來説，前期文學集團以“北地三才”爲核心，而後期文學集團雖以祖珽、陽休之等政治地位較高者爲領袖，但真正的核心卻是盧思道、薛道衡、李德林以及顔之推等人。而從在文學史中所承擔的任務來説，前者主要是模仿、學習南朝詩體，後者則又分爲兩個階段：在北齊時，他們主要是通過與南方士人的交流溝通，將南北雙方的文學理論、詩風、音韻等方面相比較且各有取捨，初步建立了一套新的體系；在入周後，隨着創作題材的擴大和創作技巧的成熟，進一步鞏固這一體系，並終於在入隋之後，在理論方面和創作方面都達到了一個新的高度，直接開啟了初唐的詩歌變革。

駢文韻律與超時空語法 : 以《蕪城賦》爲例, Shengli Feng

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

“駢文”得名於文章排句之方式、“四六文”得名於造句之字數。漢魏以降，駢文儷偶便成爲中國古典文學的一個重要文體。理論上説，文學語言、文體形式均根植於該語言的語法機制。然而，爲什麽駢文句式要四六？四六的拼搭有何必然？四六之美何在？駢文離開“四”和“六”還是不是“駢文”？此類問題仍然有待回答，本文即探討這方面問題的一個嘗試。

“Whatever God Has Yoked Together, Let No Man Put Apart:” The Effect Of Religion On Black Marriages, Cassandra Chaney Phd, Lucy Shirisia, Linda Skogrand

Faculty Publications

This qualitative study examined how religion strengthened the marriages of three (n = 6) African American couples. An ancillary purpose of this study is to examine the extent that spirituality influences the marriages of these couples. Through the use of a family-strengths framework, this study examined how a religious orientation (Hill, 1968) stabilized Black marriages. Qualitative analysis revealed the following four themes: (1) Religion is The Foundation of the Marriage; (2) Couples Consistently Practiced their Religion; (3) Couples Turned to Religion during Difficult Times; and (4) Religion Transcended Race. The findings indicate these couples practiced their religion …

Editor’S Introduction (Philippine Studies, Vol. 64 No. 1), Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr

History Department Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Agenda Setting In Uganda: Influencing Attitudes On Land Through Policy And Persuasion, Anne Pitsch Santiago

Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective

The Government of Uganda (GoU) has been actively advocating land reform and modernization, as demonstrated in the National Development Plan 2010-2015 and other official documents. With the adoption of these policies, there has been a rise in contentious relations between different actors within society, and while widespread violence has been kept in check, reports of small-scale violence over land continues, and dissatisfaction with government land policy exacerbates land tensions and the potential for larger-scale violence remains a serious potential threat. The research questions explored in this article are: in what ways and through which strategies does the GoU attempt agenda …

The Laimbwe Ih'neem Ritual/Ceremony, Food Crisis, And Sustainability In Cameroon, Henry Kam Kah

Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective

This article examines rituals and ceremonies associated with food sustainability, sufficiency, and/or insufficiency among the Laimbwe people of Boyo and Menchum Divisions of northwest Cameroon from earliest times to the 21st century. Food is important to sustainable livelihood in many rural communities in Cameroon and explains the organization of elaborate food-related ceremonies and rituals. Cameroon’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has recognized the importance of food and has recently embarked on the modernization of farming techniques and practices throughout the country in its “Second Generation” agriculture program. The population is mobilized annually through an official launching of the farming …

Gendering Peacebuilding In Post-Conflict Northern Uganda, Amanda J. Reinke

Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective

Approximately 1.8 million northern Ugandans were internally displaced during conflict between the Ugandan government and Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) rebels (1987-2006). The ethnographic and qualitative research findings presented in this article illuminate the need to address structural violence, not just physical violence, in the aftermath of conflict, and to pay particular attention to how conflict and peacebuilding processes are gendered. Although gender-sensitive approaches to peacebuilding have increased in recent years, especially among scholars, in practice these processes often still fail to adequately address the myriad needs of survivors and to understand the complex interplay between gender, conflict, and post-conflict rebuilding. …

An Assessment Of Rural Household Vulnerability In The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands Region, Northeastern Nigeria, Ahmadu Abubakar Tafida, Mala Galtima

Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective

The Hadejia-Nguru wetlands have long been recognized as a World Heritage Site notably for its supportive role to wild birds from Europe, Asia, and Australia. At times the functions of the wetlands have been tremendously jeopardized due to dwindling resources and thus affecting the lives of more than 1.5 million people. A number of projects were initiated by different international communities, such as the Department for International Development (DFID), aimed at fostering sustainable utilization of the natural resource base to improve the well-being of the people. The interventions have rarely succeeded, perhaps due to the lack of understanding of rural …

2. Business Correspondence And Resumes, David Mcmurray

Sexy Technical Communications

This chapter focuses on business correspondence--general format and style for business letters as well as specific types of business letters. Specifically: Overview of business correspondence: format and style Inquiry letters Complaint and adjustment letters Application letters Resumes

5. Proposals, David Mcmurray, Jonathan Arnett

Sexy Technical Communications

This chapter focuses on the proposal—the kind of document that gets you or your organization approved or hired to do a project

6. Progress Reports, David Mcmurray

Sexy Technical Communications

You write a progress report to inform a supervisor, associate, or customer about progress you've made on a project over a certain period of time. The project can be the design, construction, or repair of something, the study or research of a problem or question, or the gathering of information on a technical subject. You write progress reports when it takes well over three or four months to complete a project.

7. Writing Instructions, David Mcmurray, Jonathan Arnett

Sexy Technical Communications

The focus for this chapter is one of the most important of all uses of technical writing—instructions. As you know, instructions are those step-by-step explanations of how to do something: how to build, operate, repair, or maintain things. When you finish this chapter you will be able to: Analyze and evaluate a set of technical instructions Write clear and accurate instructions with an introduction and conclusion Develop and design an instruction manual for a specific audience

10. Recommendation And Feasibility Reports, David Mcmurray, Jonathan Arnett

Sexy Technical Communications

This chapter addresses a loosely defined group of report types that examine a situation, evaluate the evidence, and render a judgment. Some Rather Fine Distinctions... The reports in this loosely defined category are variously called feasibility reports, recommendation reports, evaluation reports, assessment reports, and who knows what else. They all do roughly the same thing—provide carefully studied opinions and, sometimes, recommendations. There are some subtle differences among some these types.

11. Handbook Basics, David Mcmurray

Sexy Technical Communications

A handbook, as we are defining it here, is a combination of concept, instruction, and reference information focused on a specific topic for a specific audience's needs.

12. Titles, Abstracts, Introductions, Conclusions, David Mcmurray

Sexy Technical Communications

Formal technical reports over eight to ten pages contain several components that deserve their own focus because they are important in technical reports and because people are unfamiliar with them: Titles explores strategies for making document titles specific but not paragraphs long. Abstracts provide several kinds of summaries of the report contents and conclusions. Introductions get readers ready to read reports by indicating the topic, purpose, intended audience, contents, and orther such matters. Conclusions shape how readers view and understand the report upon leaving it.

17. Common Page Design, David Mcmurray, Jonathan Arnett

Sexy Technical Communications

Page design means different things to different people, but here it will mean the use of typography and formatting such as you see in professionally-designed documents. Our focus here is technical documentation, which implies modest, functional design.

18. Headings, David Mcmurray, Cassandra Race

Sexy Technical Communications

One of the most useful characteristics of technical writing is the use of headings. Headings are the titles and subtitles you see within the actual text of much professional scientific, technical, and business writing. Headings are like the parts of an outline that have been pasted into the actual pages of the document. Headings are an important feature of professional technical writing: they alert readers to upcoming topics and subtopics, help readers find their way around in long reports and skip what they are not interested in, and break up long stretches of straight text. They make text easy to …

27. Articulating Technical Information, David Mcmurray, Jonathan Arnett, Tamara Powell

Sexy Technical Communications

The ability to explain complex, technical matters with ease, grace, and simplicity so that nonspecialist readers understand almost effortlessly is one of the most important skills you can develop as a technical writer. This ability to "translate" or articulate difficult-to-read technical discussions is important because so much of technical writing is aimed at nonspecialist audiences. These audiences include important people such as supervisors, executives, investors, financial officers, government officials, and, of course, customers. This chapter provides you with some strategies for articulating technical discussions, that is, specific strategies you can use to make difficult technical discussions easier for nonspecialist readers …

30. Basic Patterns And Elements Of The Sentence, David Mcmurray

Sexy Technical Communications

This section is a quick review of the fundamentals of the sentence. If you encounter unfamiliar terminology in this textbook or in your class, refer to this section for help. For more on sentence grammar, see English Fundamentals by Emery, Kierzek, and Lindblom (Macmillan) for a thorough discussion of sentence grammar, along with exercises.

33. Strategies For Peer-Reviewing And Team-Writing, David Mcmurray

Sexy Technical Communications

Peer reviewing (also called peer-editing) means people getting together to read, comment on, and recommend improvements on each other's work. Peer-reviewing is a good way to become a better writer because it provides experience in looking critically at writing. Team writing, as its name indicates, means people getting together to plan, write, and revise writing projects as a group, or team. Another name for this practice is collaborative writing—collaborative writing that is out in the open rather than under cover (where it is known as plagiarism).

37. Logic: Recognizing Fallacies, Steve Miller, Cherie Miller

Sexy Technical Communications

I often read comments on blog posts or articles or Facebook discussions which accuse the writer of committing a specific logical fallacy and thus declaring the argument thoroughly debunked, typically with an air of arrogant finality. While the debunker may feel quite smug, intelligent participants consider him quite sophomoric.*text annotation indicator In reality, he's typically failed to even remotely understand the argument, much less apply the fallacy in a way that's relevant to the discussion. Surely this fallacy deserves a proper name and should be listed with other fallacies. Thus I'll define "The Fallacy Fallacy" as "Improperly connecting a fallacy …