Growth and Development Commons^™

新工人文化教育及组织建设, Heng Sun

South South Forum 南南論壇

一、中国新工人三亿人群历史及现状

1、中国改革开放、城市化、工业化的三十年也是中国新工人群体形成的三十年

2、三亿新工人、一亿新生代工人、八千万流动留守儿童，回不去的乡村，待不下的城市，迷失流动在城乡之间

3、中国新工人阶级形成的三个条件：自在阶级、阶级意识、自我组织

二、新工人文化教育

1、打工子女教育

2、劳工教育

3、工人文化

三、新工人组织建设

1、工人社区组织

2、劳工NGO组织

3、工人组织网络

四、城乡互助

1、城市的工人组织

2、农村的农民组织

3、城乡互助

中国滋根乡村教育与发展促进会简介, Lei Liu

South South Forum 南南論壇

中国滋根乡村教育与发展促进会（以下简称“中国滋根”）成立于1995年，是在国家民政部正式登记的全国性、非营利性社会团体。

中国滋根的宗旨，是支持以人为中心、可持续的发展。

中国滋根支持的对象，是中国贫困农村的农民，以及在城市里艰难谋生的农民工。

支持的重点是人的基本需求，包括基础教育、成人教育、基本医疗卫生、小型经济文化项目和环境保护技术的推广。

“一校一村”：村校互动，打造乡村综合发展参与平台

自2009年以来，中国滋根在长期支持乡村教育与乡村发展的基础之上，从“项目合理布局、资金适度集中、长期扎根基层、立足能力建设”出发，开发了“一校一村”项目群实施计划。

“一校一村”项目“以学校为中心，以村庄为基础”。重视乡村小学作为村庄的中心、社区的公共空间、乡土文化和民族文化传承的平台所起到的重要作用，也是对中国自2001年以来实施的“撤点并校”政策进行的反思，以及就如何保留并建设乡村小学进行多元化的尝试，并就“撤点并校”政策的改进进行试点和政策倡导。

“一校一村”项目以教育为切入点，注重整合学校、社区和家庭的教育功能，鼓励村民和学生家长参与到学校发展中来，组织“家长—教师”协会参与学校发展事务，开展乡土文化进课堂，并在学校基础设施建设中投工投劳。继而鼓励村民和学生家长参与到村庄的其他公共事务中，如村庄垃圾处理、道路修建、乡村文艺队、小型合作经济、合作社建设等。

“一校一村”项目强调村民的能力建设，并为村民提供多样化的学习渠道和交流机会。开展不同省份项目点的互访、不同地区发展经验的交流以及参加各种有关乡村发展的交流会；同时和各级政府部分、各类培训机构合作，直接到村，解决村庄生活生产发展难题。

“一校一村”项目从学校教育、成人教育出发，向基本医疗卫生、小型经济文化项目和环境保护技术的推广迈进，使得项目种类更加多样化，项目内容更加切合当地的特点和需要。其中较为关键的就是让当地人自己去发现问题，讨论解决问题的方法，并一起行动起来去促进问题的解决。

“一校一村”项目都是由由当地人提出申请、提出解决方案。中国滋根工作人员所起到的作用就是和当地人一起发现问题，找到切实有效的解决问题的思路，参与当地项目的实施，总结乡村可持续发展的经验。

“一校一村”项目注重和地方各级政府部门的合作，注重各方社会公益力量的参与，从而打造一个乡村综合发展的参与平台，对公益力量和社会资源进行有效整合，推动城乡互动、村校互动、村民互动，从而促进着村庄的综合发展。

我社资金互助的几大好处和运作时应该注意的问题 = Some Benefits And Running Problems Of Our Financial Cooperative, Shuxia Wang

South South Forum 南南論壇

一.确实能解决社员的现实问题，比如：1.春天的种子，夏天的水肥问题。2.孩子上学和应急情况。3.统购统销农药、苹果、梨时会给社员一定的收入。4.共同请养猪、果树专家指导，很便宜很合适。5.社员的钱凑一块买了个耕地机，给社员耕的地又便宜又好。6.今年我们又注册了无公害水果，没有资金就很难办成，这样我们合作社的果农就会卖个好价钱。7.成立了资金互助，社员因对自己的原则，所以他们都会在开大会时集思广益，提出增加效益的好方法来。8.对大会的参加都很热心，因为学习好有关果树技术，养猪技术，沼气知识等技术，才能提高经济效益。

应该注意的就是要尊重社员的民主管理，多倾听社员的合理化建议，多召开社员大会，这样才能调动大家的积极性，减少很所麻烦，因为只有大家都认同，你才会少许多不该发生的问题、矛盾。即使有些有些矛盾发生，大家也能理解。

详细内容去了细谈

This financial cooperative does solve members’ realistic financial problems.

For example:

1. When they lack of money in purchasing seeds in Spring or fertilizers in Summer.
2. When they lack of money to afford tuition fee of kids or to deal with some emergencies.
3. Pattern of unified purchase and sale of pesticide, apple and pear could bring our members’ certain income.
4. Sharing the consultant fee for pig raising, fruit tree cultivation is cheaper and more suitable for our members.
5. Our members put their money together to buy a ploughing machine to save the cost of land ploughing.
6. This year, …

略论农村合作社三大集团与统筹城乡共同发展长效机制, Bolin Jiang

South South Forum 南南論壇

No abstract provided.

信即可得证 : 农信之家与三大集团建设, Yongmo Xie

South South Forum 南南論壇

北京农信之家的前身是百信资金互助社制度推广团队，并于2011年8月11日由吉林、河南、江苏、浙江、河北等地的10家资金互助组织共同出资在北京设立机构，农信之家的使命是：传播农民信用合作文化，提高农民信用组织化。农信之家成立1年多以来，在河南濮阳、山东菏泽等地推动了30家资金互助组织的成立。

农信之家未来的发展方向和目标是：认真践行科学发展观，通过联合与合作打造中国最大的金融集团、投资集团、消费集团！通过三大集团推动新农村建设和城乡共同发展，参与国际竞争与合作，构建世界最有社会责任的企业社团组织！

将交流以下问题：

一、农信之家成立的背景

二、农信之家的具体开展的工作及具体做法

三、农信之家取得的经验和成效

四、农信之家遇到的困难

五、农信之家的战略规划

Sustainability In Rural Development Projects In Mexico = 墨西哥农村发展项目的可持续性, Aylin Topal

South South Forum 南南論壇

This paper aims to scrutinize the concept of sustainability in rural development projects by focusing on two recently established “sustainable rural cities” inChiapas,Mexico. First, it will analyze how the International Development Institutions and the Mexican state authorities have employed the concept of rural sustainability. Second, it will lay a historical background to examine why and how these sustainable rural cities have become a policy priority of the Mexican state since 2010. Finally, the paper will present and discuss the findings of the fieldwork carried out in sustainable rural cities of San Juan Grijalva and Santiago el Pinar. The paper will …

西班牙老区的社区发展实践 = Projects Of Community Development In An Old Community In Spain, Hang Xia

South South Forum 南南論壇

On a small town by the Ebro River the European economic model caused strong reactions in the local population. The social cultural movement protests against the serious problems regarding immigration, environment and social coexistence and its impacts.

Our three year practice of Community Intercultural Intervention in the old neighborhood of Tortosa tapped into the history of the social movement struggling against the transposition of the Ebro River in 2005 and evolved into the anti-nuclear movement. During the winter in 2007-08 radioactive particles were released from the Ascó nuclear power plant and the private company that concealed the incident was fined. …

南塘合作社经验, Yunbiao Yang

South South Forum 南南論壇

南塘兴农合作社简介

南塘兴农合作社前身是南塘农民维权协会，2003年，经著名“三农问题”专家温铁军先生指点，协会转变思想，更新观念，搞起了乡村建设，于2004年4月正式成立兴农合作社。成立后，发展势头良好，至今已由成立之初的四十多户参与发展到现在的两县四区十三个村的四百余户，六百余股入社。

合作社由有机农业部、资金互助部、图书馆、后勤保障部、文艺队、老年协会、农资部构成日常主运营内容，归理事会管理。理事会与监事会由社员大会产生，向社员大会负责。有独立的会计制度。目前合作社运营状况良好，未来发展道路也很明确。

[A Brief Introduction on Nan Tang Xing Nong Cooperative]

Nan Tang Xing Nong Cooperative was formerly Nan Tang Society for Protection of Peasants Right. In 2003, with advice from Mr. Wen Tejin, the expert on "San Nong Issues " (agriculture, countryside and peasants ), the Society changed their mode of thinking and started to go into rural construction. In April 2004, the Xing Nong Cooperative was established officially. Since then, development momentum has been strong. The number of participating households has grown from over forty initially to more than four hundred households spanning thirteen villages in four …

Could Cities Feed Themselves? The Case Of The Urban Agriculture Movement In Cuba = 城市能否自给自足? 古巴城市农业运动调查报告, Eduardo Francisco Freyre Roach, May Ling Chan

South South Forum 南南論壇

Before 1990 the production and market of vegetables in Cuba was monopolized by a large state enterprise where horticultural techniques such as hydroponics and zeoponics are used (in zeolite subtract) with heavy use of chemical products. But, in 1991 due to the Collapse of Soviet Socialist System in Eastern Europe, the Cuban agriculture enters into crisis. Without chemicals pesticides and fertilizers, metal containers, and cement, the hydroponic-zeolite technology could not be used anymore. In this context, the Movement of Urban Agriculture was born in which people produce fresh vegetables intensively applying agro-ecological principles and Organic techniques, consume and directly sell …

Csas In Canada And China: Innovation And Paradox, Anthony M. Fuller, Theresa Schumilas, Zhenzhong Si

South South Forum 南南論壇

In recent years thousands of diverse alternative food networks and ventures have emerged around the world. Critical food scholars have argued that these alternatives are in response to a global agro-industrial system which disconnects people from food production and associated ecologies, and that this in turn results in a number of environmental, social, and economic crises vulnerabilities (cf Gomiero, Pimentel & Maurizio, 2011; Weis, 2010). Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) initiatives were among the earliest of these alternatives.

In the original CSA approach, a group of consumers (usually referred to as ‘members’ or ‘shareholders’ support a producer by purchasing a …

Iccic / Gung Ho : Helping To Promote Chinese Cooperatives = 工合国际促进中国合作社的发展, Michael Crook

South South Forum 南南論壇

In 1937, Rewi Alley, Edgar and Helen Foster Snow, and patriots in China initiated the Gung Ho Movement. They organized laid off workers and refugees displaced by the Japanese invasion to set up manufacturing cooperatives in aid of China’s resistance effort. This soon became a nation-wide civil movement of some 3,000 cooperatives.

To seek international support and promote the Gung Ho movement, Mme. Soong Ching Ling initiated the founding of the ICCIC - International Committee for the promotion of Chinese Industrial Cooperatives - in 1939, and was elected honorary chair. British Bishop of Hong Kong, R. D. Hall, was its …

生存危机与生态危机 = Survival Crisis And Ecological Crisis, Song Tian

South South Forum 南南論壇

人类社会面临着两重问题，生存问题（survival problem）和生态问题（ecological problem）。所谓生存问题是指人类自身的问题，包含两个层面：一是如何获得生存必需的物质，免于饥饿、贫困；二是如何分配所获得的物质，追求公正、公平。前者关乎生产力，后者关乎社会制度。在人类的能力相对弱小的漫长历史中，生存问题的解决主要在于寻找更好的社会制度，或者改良，或者革命。进入工业文明之后，人类利用科学及其技术，可以从自然中获得越来越多的物质，生存问题的解决有了一个新的方向。即使分配不公平，每一方也能获得比从前更多的物质。生存问题得到了缓解。但是，生态问题却不期而至。所谓生态问题，是人类与自然的关系问题，表现为环境污染，生态破坏。

All kind of human society has to solve two issues: survival problem and ecological problem. The solution of survival problem has two aspects: 1, how to acquire necessary materials (from nature), to free of hungry and poverty; 2, how to distribute the material, to purchase equality and justice. The former refers to social productivity; the latter refers to social institution. In the long history when human only has weak ability to acquire materials from nature, the solution of survival problem focused on searching a better social institution, to reform, or to revolute. Making use of science …

Surviving The Fukushima Nuke Crisis : People’S Anger, Anguish, And Alternative Actions = 在福岛核泄漏危机中幸存下去：人民的愤怒、伤痛和另类行动, Masaaki Ohashi

South South Forum 南南論壇

The 2nd worst Nuke Crisis, which has begun 21 month ago in March 11, 2011 from Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Station, has not settled in any sense, but is posing Fukushima people very difficult and unprecedented challenges. This presentation will examine following points:

1. A brief view on the troubled 4 reactors of the Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Station, in terms of continuing radiation discharge, on-going but slow dismantling process that takes more than 30-40 years, higher radiation levels in Fukushima Prefecture. etc.
2. The present location of Fukushima people, such as restriction areas (totally, night time etc.), locations and relocations(evacuations) …

Current Situation Of Farmers, Peasants' Movement, And Ecological Agriculture In Nigeria, Arigbede Olaseinde Dr.

South South Forum 南南論壇

No abstract provided.

Discussants On Session 7a : Surviving Crises, Vinod Raina Dr., Pan Jie Dr.

South South Forum 南南論壇

Vinod Raina

A physicist, resigned his job at Delhi University to work at grass roots on issues of rural education and rural development in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. With like-minded colleagues, he initiated the People’s Science Movement in India that attempts to combine knowledge and science to craft alternate development models that improve the quality of life of the disadvantaged sections of society, within the regenerative capacity of the Earth. He worked both at the level of theory and practice in the political, scientific and ecological economy of sustainability. He had been involved with the Bhopal Gas …

Linking Food Systems And Human Health : Geographic Variations In China = 链接食物系统与人类健康：中国城乡之间的差别, Anthony M. Fuller

South South Forum 南南論壇

This paper is exploratory. It seeks to link the two dominant food systems of Chinawith impacts on human health, as measured by the increasing but differential incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases. China is passing through the Nutrition Transition where traditional diets are being replaced by high fat and meat diets, high calorie snacks and meals with high protein and oil intakes.The argument is constructed on the basis that in general urban citizens increasingly consume processed foods manufactured by the industrial food system. Rural people on the other hand remain consuming their traditional diets. Process foods derive from industrial agriculture while …

Gerplasm Property Regimes And The Dilemma Of Sovereignty = 种质产权和维护主权的两难, Tung-Yi Kho

South South Forum 南南論壇

This presentation examines intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes as they apply to agricultural germplasm in the context of global North-South relations. The issue is pertinent particularly since TRIPs (Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) became enshrined in the statutes of the World Trade Organization in 1994, institutionalizing the notion of "germplasm as property" throughout the globe. Yet, the idea of "germplasm as property" is historically a notion culturally specific to the global North. It is perhaps no surprise that many germplasm patents are being held on biological matter that originated in the South – in the Vavilovian "centers of diversity". …

Rural Organising, Community Building And Economic Empowerment At Sewa, Rehana Riyawala

South South Forum 南南論壇

Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) is a member-based organisation of poor self-employed women workers. It has a membership of 13.1 million women workers in 10 states of India; nearly 2/3^rd of the membership being from the rural areas. SEWA’s main goal is to organize the women worker’s for full employment and self-reliance which means women should be self reliant, individually and collectively, both economically and in terms of decision-making ability. SEWA organizes these women workers through the strategy of struggle and development.

Rural Organizing and Community Building

SEWA’s approach to rural organizing is area-specific and demand driven; the communities …

逆流而上 : 巴西与中国农民合作社比较 = Against The Grain : A Comparison Of Peasants’ Cooperatives In Brazil And China, Bing Zheng, Tsui Sit

South South Forum 南南論壇

1980-1990年代，新自由主义风行于全世界。当时巴西危机四伏，(外)债台高筑、通胀恶化、失业率上升、罪案频发，社会冲突此起彼落。越来越多的人一无所有，无以为计，无耕种之地，无栖身之所。另一边厢，中国推行经济改革，采取出口导向的政策，企图在世界中心占一席位。结果引致成千上万的国有工厂工人下岗，农民涌入城市打工。中国现代化借着市场化与商品化的推动，急速发起来，在这股浩浩荡荡的浪潮下，三农(农民、农村、农业)日趋衰落，极待解决。面对急速的现代化、城市化与资本化的主流意识形态，小农村社似乎没有将来可言。被国家权力机构边缘化和忽略的庶民，生存条件越趋恶劣，越见其直面困难的韧力和创造力。本文尝试了解与比较庶民自发组织的力量与实践，他们在寻求生存之道的同时，往往给我们提供了走向摆脱目前困境的、不一样的未来的启示。

本文以巴西无地农民运动(Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra，MST) 于1988年，Santa Catarina 州，成立的西部农牧生产合作社(COOPERATIVA DE PRODUÇÃO AGROPECUARIA UNIÃO DO OESTE, 简称COOPERUNIÃO)，及1998年成立的中国山西省永济市浦韩农村社区为例，阐述民众如何自发组织起来，解决两大难题: (1)公共资源的私有化；(2)以金钱为本的人际关系。MST乃巴西最大的社会运动之一，为争取土地改革而奋斗了超过25年。COOPERUNIÃO被喻为MST合作社模范之一; 浦韩农村社区前身是永济市农民协会，是中国第一家注册的农民组织。现在被喻为农民协会的典范。

两地农村社区努力保存农民的身份及付诸实践: 种地为生，兼经营小工业。两个合作社采取集体管理公共资源像土地与劳动力。COOPERUNIÃO在占领土地之后便成立合作社。蒲韩农村社区成立数个合作社，抗拒个人主义与私有化的浪潮。他们的目的并非有朝一日变成大型粮农企业或者屈从其下。两者的社会结构乃家庭为单位，兼由村社共同治理。两者不断推动体现生态与伦理价值的有机耕作。还有，透过农产品的公平贸易，达至城乡良性互动与合作。

除了经济活动，两者均组织文化与社区活动。被边缘的群体像妇女、老人、青少年、残疾人等都获得机会参加各式各样重建社区的活动。两者均以青年教育与领袖培训为建设未来农村社会工作的重中之重。

两者全力推行以上所有活动乃基于此信念：人民真正的财富乃培育互为依存的、互助互惠的、互相敬重的社会关系，而非以金钱为核心价值的资本主义的社会关系。

During the 1980-1990s, neo-liberalism dominantly prevailed in the world. Brazil was in serious crisis caused by huge foreign debt, escalating inflation, high unemployment, rampant crimes and social conflicts. More and more people are driven to struggle for their own survival with scarcely anything to hold on, no jobs, no land to farm on, and no shelter. As for China around that period, the launching of economic reforms turned China’s central economic planning policy in attempting to earn …

"绿色汉江" 河流保护运动的城市动员 = The City Mobilization Of ‘Green Han River’For River Protection Movement, Jianli Yun, Ling Zhao

South South Forum 南南論壇

自1978年改革以来，中国以牺牲环境为代价步入了高速的工业化。汉江及其支流受到许多低成本运营的中小企业严重污染。随着27%的汉江水将被南水北调到北京，这意味着下游人民也会面临同样的问题。面对所有这些问题，公众通常是责备政府而非行动起来解决问题。直到2002年，运建立发起了湖北省第一个民间环保组织“绿色汉江”。而绿色汉江的核心团队是由几位退休老人组成的。

作为一位老年女性，运建立站在调研、监督、倡导、教育行动和地方村级水项目的最前线。她给3000多人做过600多次演讲。大家都叫她“赤脚环保主义者”或者“环保奶奶”。在整个团队志愿工作的基础上，她用热情和坚持感动了很多人。包括政府、市民、企业、学校、幼儿园，不管是年老的或年轻的、教育家还是村庄社区等社会各阶层，都参与了进来。绿色汉江现有团体会员66个，个体会员160个，3000多名志愿者。经过他们的努力，整治汉江及其支流的污染已经取得到了突破性的转变。越来越多的襄阳人知道了环境问题就在身边，“关爱母亲河，保护水资源”已逐渐变成广大民众的自觉行动。作为一个以社区为本的组织，绿色汉江不是依靠外界的资助，而是依靠志愿者们的热情和责任承担。

运建立和她的志愿者们证明了普通人如何能用行动带来社会和生态环境的改变。越来越多城市和乡村的人们出于基本的生计关切投入到绿色运动当中，而不只是中产阶级的共识。随着数以万计的人们真正的民主志愿参与，这才成为一项可持续的运动。

Since the reform of 1978, China’s high speed industrialization was carried out at the expense of the environment. The Han River and its tributaries were seriously polluted by a lot of small and medium factories operating at low cost. In addition, the diverting of 27% of the river water from Han River to Beijing in the north also means added problems to the people living downstream. Faced with all the problems, the public might blame the government but would not take up action to address the problems. Until 2002, YUN Jianli initiated ‘Green Han River’, the first …