Epidemiology Commons^™

Periodontal Microorganisms, Obesity, Chronic Inflammation, And Type 1 Diabetes, Georges Joseph Nahhas

Theses and Dissertations

Periodontal disease is a low-grade chronic inflammation in the tissues surrounding the teeth caused by multiple, mostly gram-negative pathogens. It is associated with diabetes, obesity, and chronic inflammation. The specific roles that periodontal microorganism play in these conditions are not well-studied. Hereby, we explored how periodontal bacteria from sub gingival plaque clustered in youth with and without type 1 diabetes, and how such patterns related to body-mass-index percentile (BMI percentile), C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin. Cross-sectional data were collected from 105 youth with type 1 diabetes and 71 without diabetes. Participants were between 12 and 19 years of age receiving …

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In Dna Repair And Oxidative Stress Genes, And Their Interaction With Antioxidants On Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness, Samuel Antwi

Theses and Dissertations

Prostate cancer is the leading invasive malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer death among American men. Despite compelling evidence that oxidative stress, ineffective DNA damage repair, and habitually low antioxidants intake may act in tandem to influence prostate carcinogenesis, few studies have examined gene-diet interactions involving these risk factors. Even fewer studies have examined such interactions in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness. This study investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair- and oxidative stress-related genes modulated associations between antioxidant intake and prostate cancer aggressiveness. We utilized data from the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP) …

Exploring The Association Between Depression And Obesity Among Alzheimer's Patients, Stephanie Clugstone

Theses and Dissertations

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that affects elderly individuals, and is becoming an increasing concern among the aging population of the world. Due to the projected increase in incidence of AD, modifiable risk factors such as depression and obesity should be evaluated, as prevention is the only current option. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and depression among AD patients, and to evaluate the association between depression and obesity. Patients were chosen from a subset of the South Carolina Alzheimer’s disease registry, which included information about weight status and depression, as well as several other …

Healthy And Livable Pittsburg Initiative: Master Of Public Health Culminating Experience, Jasmine L. Bernal

Master's Projects and Capstones

Contra Costa Health Services Department of Community Wellness and Prevention sole purpose is to improve the environmental, social and economic conditions that contribute to poor health, and support a quality of life that promotes the health and well being of all residents within the county, with major attention to those underserved. The Healthy and Livable Pittsburg Initiative tries to address those issues within the city of Pittsburg. The project aims to engage certain members of the community within Pittsburg to be involved in the future community action plan, which will improve the lives of every resident in Pittsburg. The first …

Prevention Of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Through Information And Education At The California Department Of Public Health, Vaisali M. Patel

Master's Projects and Capstones

Immunizations are one of the most important developments in the twentieth century towards the prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccinations against communicable diseases have helped reduce morbidity and mortality all over the world. Despite having numerous vaccines that protect individuals from serious and deadly diseases, vaccination rates in the United States remain at an all-time low. The Information and Education section of the Immunization Branch within the Division of Communicable Disease Control at the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) focuses on working with local health departments, primary care providers, immunization coalitions, and other statewide organizations to increase the rates of …

Discovering A Gold Mine Of U.S. Government Information: Exploring The Hathitrust Catalog And Its Rich Veins, Bert Chapman

Libraries Faculty and Staff Presentations

The Hathitrust Catalog provides researchers at member institutions with exponentially expanded access to historical U.S. Government information resources. This presentation describes how researchers can use this resource to conduct substantive research using government information resources on public policy issues such as Internal Revenue Service program problems, infectious diseases such as Ebola, and U.S. foreign relations with the former Soviet Union/Russian Federation.

Access To Hiv Prevention And Care For Hiv-Exposed And Hiv-Infected Children: A Qualitative Study In Rural And Urban Mozambique, Caroline De Schacht, Carlota Lucas, Caterina Mboa, Michelle Gill, Eugenia Macasse, Stelio A. Dimande, Emily A. Bobrow, Laura Guay

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Background Follow-up of HIV-exposed children for the delivery of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services and for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection is critical to their survival. Despite efforts, uptake of postnatal care for these children remains low in many subSaharan African countries. Methods A qualitative study was conducted in three provinces in Mozambique to identify motivators and barriers to improve uptake of and retention in HIV prevention, care and treatment services for HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. Participant recommendations were also gathered. Individual interviews (n=79) and focus group discussions (n=32) were conducted with parents/caregivers, grandmothers, community leaders and health …

Prognostic Value Of Lymphocyte Vascular Density And E-Cadherin In Inflammatory Breast Cancer, Paul H. Levine, Heather J. Hoffman, Audra Macneil, Salman Hashmi, Sherry X. Yang, Stephen Hewitt, Kenneth L. Van Golen, Sandra M. Swain

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Background: We recently evaluated four laboratory assays, vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D), E-cadherin, lymphatic vessel density (LVD) measured by podoplanin, and intra-lymphatic tumor emboli (ILTE), which showed notable differences between inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and non-inflammatory locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). In this study we investigated the potential of the three most quantitatively measured markers, E-cadherin, LVD and VEGF-D, to predict survival in the IBC patients.

Materials and Methods: This study involved the 100 cases identified in the Inflammatory Breast Cancer Registry (IBCR) whose tumors were previously evaluated for the four assays noted above. Living patients were recontacted and …

The Effectiveness Of Teleglaucoma Versus In-Patient Examination For Glaucoma Screening: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Sera-Melisa Thomas, Maya M Jeyaraman, Maya Jeyaraman, William G Hodge, Cindy Hutnik, John Costella, Monali S Malvankar-Mehta

Epidemiology and Biostatistics Publications

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the world affecting 60.5 million people worldwide in 2010, which is expected to increase to approximately 79.6 million by 2020. Therefore, glaucoma screening is important to detect, diagnose, and treat patients at the earlier stages to prevent disease progression and vision loss. Teleglaucoma uses stereoscopic digital imaging to take ocular images, which are transmitted electronically to an ocular specialist. The purpose is to synthesize literature to evaluate teleglaucoma, its diagnostic accuracy, healthcare system benefits, and cost-effectiveness.

METHODS: A systematic search was conducted to help locate published and unpublished studies. …

Identifying Change Points In A Covariate Effect On Time-To-Event Analysis With Reduced Isotonic Regression, Yong Ma, Yinglei Lai, John M. Lachin

GW Biostatistics Center

Isotonic regression is a useful tool to investigate the relationship between a quantitative covariate and a time-to-event outcome. The resulting non-parametric model is a monotonic step function of a covariate X and the steps can be viewed as change points in the underlying hazard function. However, when there are too many steps, over-fitting can occur and further reduction is desirable. We propose a reduced isotonic regression approach to allow combination of small neighboring steps that are not statistically significantly different. In this approach, a second stage, the reduction stage, is integrated into the usual monotonic step building algorithm by comparing …

Utilizing Landsat Tm And Oli In Predicting Oncomelania Hupensis Habitats Around Poyang Lake Before And After Three Gorges Dam Completion, Stephanie L. Mccracken

Honors Theses

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the Schistomsoma japonicum flatworm that utilizes the Oncomelania hupensis snail as an intermediate agent. In the People’s Republic of China, these amphibious snails contaminate freshwater systems infecting humans, bovines, and other mammals and have caused significant morbidity for over two thousand years (Wertheim, et al. 2012; Zhang, et al. 2012.) The gravity of this disease prompted the national government to initiate sizable public health programs, such as the World Bank Loan Project (WBLP.) In spite of WBLP's achievements, in 2004, after this program ended, a national survey acknowledged a resurgence of schistosomiasis in …

Assessing The Social And Ecological Factors That Influence Childhood Overweight And Obesity, Katie Callahan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in the United States. Currently more than 1 in 3 children aged 2-19 are overweight or obese. This is of major concern because childhood overweight and obesity leads to chronic conditions such as type II diabetes and tracks into adulthood, where more severe adverse health outcomes arise. In this study I used the premise of the social ecological model (SEM) to analyze the common levels that a child is exposed to daily; the intrapersonal level, the interpersonal level, the school level, and the community level to better …

Factors Associated With Rapid Readmission Among Nevada State Pyschiatric Hospital Patients, Christopher Owen Moore

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Rapid readmission (RR) of psychiatric patients within 30 days of discharge places a costly burden on state psychiatric facilities and may be an indicator of suboptimal service provision. Several studies have previously considered RR to inpatient facilities, but there is a lack of information available about the variables associated with RR of psychiatric patients to state-operated inpatient facilities in Nevada. This study attempts to identify factors associated with RR at a southern Nevada state psychiatric hospital. Participants included 7,177 patients admitted between May 1, 2012 and April 30, 2014. All 12,068 admissions, including 2,220 RR, were reviewed, and rapid readmits …

Pengaruh Rejimen Terhadap Ketidakpatuhan Berobat Tuberkulosis, Rizka Nur Fadila, Pandu Riono

Kesmas

Beban tuberkulosis di Indonesia termasuk lima tertinggi di dunia. Temuan kasus dan pengobatan adalah pilar utama program penanggulangan tuberkulosis. Survei nasional menunjukkan peningkatan penggunaan rejimen tidak standar dari 16,8% (2010) menjadi 55,6% (2013). Peningkatan penggunaan rejimen tidak standar diduga berpengaruh terhadap ketidakpatuhan berobat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari ketidakpatuhan berobat pada orang dengan tuberkulosis yang menerima rejimen tidak standar dan rejimen standar. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2010. Analisis logistik multivariabel dilakukan pada sampel 971 orang dengan tuberkulosis yang selesai mendapatkan pengobatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada kecenderungan orang dengan tuberkulosis yang menerima rejimen tidak standar memiliki ketidakpatuhan berobat …

Annual Parasite Incidence Malaria Di Kabupaten Banyumas, Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki, Ruthi Armita Sari, Nunung Nurhayati

Kesmas

Kabupaten Banyumas merupakan kabupaten endemis malaria di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Data Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Banyumas tahun 2008 - 2013 menunjukkan angka annual paracite incidence (API) yang selalu mengalami fluktuasi. Dari 27 kecamatan, 22 di antaranya termasuk dalam kategori medium case incidence (MCI) dan low case incidence (LCI). Faktor lingkungan, perilaku, sosial ekonomi, dan iklim berdampak pada tinggi rendahnya kejadian malaria. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan API di Kabupaten Banyumas. Data dikumpulkan dari Januari 2011 - Desember 2013 menggunakan penelitian analitik dengan rancangan penelitian potong lintang dan menggunakan data sekunder dari Dinas Kesehatan, Dinas Pertanian, dan Badan Pusat …

Riwayat Pemberian Air Susu Ibu Dengan Penyakit Infeksi Pada Balita, Abidah Nur, Nelly Marissa

Kesmas

Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2013 menyebutkan angka insiden diare pada balita di Indonesia sebesar 6,7%. Aceh merupakan provinsi dengan insiden diare tertinggi, mencapai 10,2%. Profil Kesehatan Aceh menunjukkan bahwa secara umum terjadi peningkatan penyakit infeksi seperti influenza, tuberkulosis, dan diare dalam kurun waktu tujuh tahun (2006 - 2012). Penyakit tersebut dapat dicegah dengan pemberian ASI yang berperan dalam peningkatan kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan riwayat pemberian ASI dengan penyakit infeksi pada balita. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Aceh, yaitu data Survei Sosial dan Ekonomi Nasional tahun 2012 dengan jumlah sampel 3.486 balita. …

Analisis Risiko Karakteristik, Sosial Ekonomi, Perilaku Dan Kondisi Lingkungan Rumah Terhadap Kejadian Malaria, Susy Sriwahyuni Sukiswo, Rinidar Rinidar, Sugito Sugito

Kesmas

Malaria merupakan penyakit menular yang menjadi perhatian global. Kecamatan Arongan Lambalek merupakan daerah rawan malaria di Kabupaten Aceh Barat dengan kategori Medium Incidence Area dengan nilai Annual Parasite Incidence (API) 3,67 per 1000 penduduk masih di atas target API Nasional pada fase eliminasi API kurang dari 1 per 1000 penduduk tahun 2013. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik, sosial ekonomi, perilaku, dan kondisi lingkungan rumah yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian malaria di Kecamatan Arongan Lambalek, Kabupaten Aceh Barat. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kasus kontrol dengan metode penarikan sampel yaitu purposive sampling. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini terdiri 33 …

Mutu Pelayanan Puskesmas Perawatan Yang Berstatus Badan Layanan Umum Daerah, Putu Ayu Indrayathi, Rina Listyowati, Ni Made Sri Nopiyani, Luh Putu Sinthya Ulandari

Kesmas

Kebijakan pusat pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat (puskesmas) sebagai Badan Layanan Umum Daerah (BLUD) diimplentasikan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan dasar. Kebijakan BLUD puskesmas telah diterapkan di Kabupaten Gianyar sejak tahun 2010 dan berlaku pada puskesmas perawatan maupun nonperawatan. Pelaksanaan BLUD puskesmas tidak selalu meningkatkan mutu layanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran mutu pelayanan puskesmas perawatan yang berstatus BLUD di Kabupaten Gianyar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Tempat dan waktu penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Gianyar, Agustus hingga Desember 2013. Data kuantitatif dikumpulkan melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada 105 pengguna layanan di empat puskesmas yang dipilih dengan …

Kondisi Kesehatan Lingkungan Pesantren Dan Perilaku Hidup Bersih Dan Sehat Siswa Dengan Kejadian Hepatitis, Ii Sumarni, Dewi Susanna

Kesmas

Kejadian luar biasa hepatitis A di Kabupaten Ciamis telah terjadi beberapa kali, satu di antaranya terjadi di Pondok Pesantren X. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi kesehatan lingkungan serta perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dengan kejadian hepatitis A siswa/siswi di Pondok Pesantren X Kabupaten Ciamis. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan desain kasus kontrol dengan jumlah kasus 40 orang dan kontrol 80 orang, total sampel 120 orang. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa/siswi madrasah tsanawiyah dan madrasah aliyah negeri yang tinggal di asrama pondok pesantren. Data kasus merupakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Tim Surveilans Kabupaten Ciamis, dengan hasil pemeriksaan serologis positif. Sedangkan kontrol berdasarkan …

Determinants Of Multimorbidity Among The Elderly Population In Indonesia, Yeni Mahwati

Kesmas

Multimorbiditas adalah kehadiran dua atau lebih penyakit kronis pada satu orang. Prevalensi multimorbiditas meningkat dengan usia, terutama pada lanjut usia (lansia). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan multimorbiditas pada lansia di Indonesia. Data diambil dari survei keempat Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) yang diadakan pada tahun 2007. IFLS adalah survei sosial ekonomi dan kesehatan longitudinal di Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan dalam analisis adalah 2.960 lansia (³ 60 tahun). Regresi logistik dilakukan untuk menentukan prevalensi dan determinan multimorbiditas pada lansia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi multimorbiditas sebesar 15,8%, dengan prevalensi lebih tinggi pada lansia yang overweight/obesitas, tingkat pendidikan rendah, tidak …