Epidemiology Commons^™

Linking And Retaining Hiv Patients In Care: The Importance Of Provider Attitudes And Behaviors, Manya Magnus, Jane Herwehe, Michelli Murtaza-Rossini, Petera Reine, Damien Cuffie, Deann Gruber, Michael Kaiser

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Retention in HIV treatment may reduce morbidity and mortality, as well as slow the epidemic. Myriad barriers to retention include stigma, homophobia, structural barriers, transportation, and insurance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient perceptions of provider attitudes among HIV-infected persons within a state-wide public hospital system in Louisiana. A convenience sample of patients attending HIV clinics throughout the state participated in an anonymous interview. Factors associated with negative perceptions of care were evaluated in conjunction with a validated stigma measure. Factors associated with having a delayed entry into or break in care were evaluated in conjunction with …

Assessment Of Introduction Pathway For Novel Avian Influenza Virus Into North America By Wild Birds From Eurasia, Ryan S. Miller, Steven J. Sweeney, Judy E. Akkina, Emi K. Saito

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

A critical question surrounding emergence of novel strains of avian influenza viruses (AIV) is the ability for wild migratory birds to translocate a complete (unreassorted whole genome) AIV intercontinentally. Virus translocation via migratory birds is suspected in outbreaks of highly pathogenic strain A(H5N1) in Asia, Africa, and Europe. As a result, the potential intercontinental translocation of newly emerging AIV (e.g. A(H7N9) from Eurasia to North America via migratory movements of birds) remains a concern. An estimated 1.48 to 2.91 million aquatic birds, principally Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and swans) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns, and shorebirds) move annually between Eurasia and North …

Cardiovascular Disease Among Diabetic Women With Bilateral Oophorectomy., Duke Appiah

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women and the risk is increased threefold in diabetics. In postmenopausal diabetics, the ovary responds to hyperinsulinemia by increasing secretion of testosterone precursors which increases the risk of CVD. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-2010) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures were used to test the hypothesis that a history of bilateral oophorectomy -surgical removal of both ovaries-would decrease the risk of CVD among postmenopausal diabetic women due to reduced androgen levels. Logistic regression, discrete time logit model, B-Spline regression and Cox proportional hazards models were …

Examining Stage At Diagnosis And Survival In Three Cancers With Definitive Screening Guidelines For Average-Risk Adults: The Role Of Marital Status, David J. Blackley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Each year there are more than 350 000 new cases and nearly 100 000 deaths attributed to colorectal, female breast, and cervical cancer in the United States. Screening tests can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these cancers. Patient marital status has been associated with health outcomes, but no study has focused on the relationship of marriage with disease stage and survival for the 3 cancers with established screening guidance. It is critical to identify special populations that may be at risk for poor cancer outcomes.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of marital status with …

Landscape Epidemiology And Machine Learning: A Geospatial Approach To Modeling West Nile Virus Risk In The United States, Sean Gregory Young

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The complex interactions between human health and the physical landscape and environment have been recognized, if not fully understood, since the ancient Greeks. Landscape epidemiology, sometimes called spatial epidemiology, is a sub-discipline of medical geography that uses environmental conditions as explanatory variables in the study of disease or other health phenomena. This theory suggests that pathogenic organisms (whether germs or larger vector and host species) are subject to environmental conditions that can be observed on the landscape, and by identifying where such organisms are likely to exist, areas at greatest risk of the disease can be derived. Machine learning is …

The Association Of Diet And Physical Activity With Stroke Mortality Results From The Adventist Health Study-1, Tahereh Zamansani

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability, with major global public health implications. Stroke ranks No. 4 among all causes of death, behind heart disease, cancer, and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD). Stroke accounts for almost 1 of every 18 deaths in the United States. Women accounted for 60.6% of stroke deaths. Death certificate data show that the mean age at stroke death was 79.6 years; males had a younger mean age (76.3) than females.

There is still a great scientific uncertainty among researchers and epidemiologists about the magnitude of any preventive effect, mechanisms of action …

Pain Management And Menopausal Health Outcomes In Multiple Sclerosis, Rachel Jawahar

Theses and Dissertations

Background: Previous studies have addressed multiple sclerosis (MS) symptom management and improved health-related quality of life (HrQOL). Yet lowered estrogen levels in post-menopasual women with MS may further worsen physical function and symptomology and not all types of pain management have been examined. Objectives: For post-menopausal women with MS, we evaluated the extent to which smoking is associated with worsened health outcomes and HrQOL, and the extent to which menopausal hormone treatment (MHT) improves health outcomes and HrQOL. For all adult men and women with clinically diagnosed MS, we systematically reviewed pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for the reduction of pain. …

Identifikasi Vektor Malaria, Solikhah Solikhah

Kesmas

Kabupaten Kulonprogo merupakan salah satu daerah endemis malaria di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan Jawa Tengah. Lonjakan jumlah kasus malaria terjadi hampir dua kali lipat sejak tahun 2010 hingga bulan Agustus 2011. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis Plasmodium pada penyakit malaria. Penelitian eksplorasi ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional. Diagnosis kasus malaria diperiksa menggunakan pemeriksaan darah tebal secara mikroskopis dan untuk mengetahui faktor sosiodemografi dilakukan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Populasi studi adalah penduduk di wilayah Kabupaten Kulonprogo yang diambil secara proporsional pada bulan Januari sampai bulan Juni 2012. Data dianalisis secara univariat dalam bentuk grafik dan tabulasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah …

Pilot Study Of Cyp2b6 Genetic Variation To Explore The Contribution Of Nitrosamine Activation To Lung Carcinogenesis, Catherine Wassenaar, Qiong Dong, Christopher Amos, Margaret Spitz, Rachel F. Tyndale

Dartmouth Scholarship

We explored the contribution of nitrosamine metabolism to lung cancer in a pilot investigation of genetic variation in CYP2B6, a high-affinity enzymatic activator of tobacco-specific nitrosamines with a negligible role in nicotine metabolism. Previously we found that variation in CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 combined to increase lung cancer risk in a case-control study in European American ever-smokers (n = 860). However, these genes are involved in the pharmacology of both nicotine, through which they alter smoking behaviours, and carcinogenic nitrosamines. Herein, we separated participants by CYP2B6 genotype into a high- vs. low-risk group (*1/*1 + *1/*6 vs. *6/*6). Odds ratios estimated …

Correlates And Predictors Of Risky Sexual Partnering, Jennifer Nield

Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, including HIV/AIDS, continue to be a major burden in the United States. Sexual partnering behaviors contribute to the spread of STDs. Sexual concurrency has been shown to exponentially increase STD prevalence in populations. Serial monogamy with short periods between sexual partners also introduces risk. Methods: We identified sexually active men and women from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and used sub sets for each particular study. Sexual partnering was defined as being concurrent, serially monogamous or monogamous in the previous year. Polytomous logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the associations between age …

The Association Of Caregivers' Educational Level And Their Knowledge Of Children's Nutrition And Exercise Behavior, Hauwa Okorie, Bersabeh Medmim, Nazrat Mirza

GW Research Days 2013

BACKGROUND:

Parents play an instrumental role in modeling their children's health behaviors and exposing them to new foods, and engaging them in physical activities.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the association of parents' educational level on their nutritional and physical activity knowledge.

METHODS:

This is a cross-sectional study of 72 participants from a nutrition and wellness program targeting parents of African American preschoolers. Socio-demographic, child's nutritional and physical exercise habit survey and anthropometric data were collected from all participants at baseline.

RESULTS:

77% of the participants were grandmothers or mothers; the mean age was 44.8 and 13% of participants were college graduates. …

Occupational Exposure To Ultraviolet Radiation And Risk Of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer In A Multinational European Study, Simona Surdu, Edward F. Fitzgerald, Michael S. Bloom, Francis P. Boscoe, David Orlo Carpenter, Richard F. Haase, Eugen S. Gurzau, Peter Rudnai, Kvetoslava Koppova, Joelle Fevotte, Giovanni Leonardi, Marie Vahter, Walter Goessler, Rajiv Kumar, Tony Fletcher

Epidemiology & Biostatistics Faculty Scholarship

Background: Studies suggest that ambient sunlight plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). However, there is ongoing controversy regarding the relevance of occupational exposure to natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation.

Objectives: We investigated potential associations between natural and artificial UV radiation exposure at work with NMSC in a case-control study conducted in Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. Methods: Occupational exposures were classified by expert assessment for 527 controls and 618 NMSC cases (515 basal cell carcinoma, BCC). Covariate information was collected via interview and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess associations between …

Efek Penyakit Kronis Terhadap Gangguan Mental Emosional, Giri Widakdo, Besral Besral

Kesmas

Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2007 menunjukkan 11,6% penduduk Indonesia berumur 15 tahun ke atas mengalami gangguan mental emosional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek penyakit kronis terhadap gangguan mental emosional. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang menggunakan data Riskesdas tahun 2007. Sebanyak 660.452 responden berusia di atas 15 tahun yang tidak mengalami gangguan jiwa dijadikan sampel. Gangguan mental emosional dinyatakan ada jika responden mem-punyai paling tidak enam dari 20 gangguan. Penyakit kronis seperti tuberculosis (TB) paru, hepatitis, jantung, diabetes, kanker, dan stroke diukur melalui wawancara yang didasarkan pada diagnosis petugas kesehatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari sepuluh penderita penyakit …

Determinan Penyakit Stroke, Woro Riyadina, Ekowati Rahajeng

Kesmas

Penyakit stroke merupakan penyebab kematian dan kecacatan kronik yang paling tinggi pada kelompok umur di atas usia 45 tahun terbanyak di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi determinan utama yang berhubungan dengan penyakit stroke pada masyarakat di kelurahan Kebon Kalapa Bogor. Analisis lanjut terhadap 1.912 responden subset baseline data penelitian “Studi Kohort Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular” Data dikumpulkan dengan metode wawancara pada penduduk tetap di kelurahan Kebon Kalapa, Kecamatan Bogor Tengah, Bogor tahun 2012. Diagnosis stroke berdasarkan anamnesis dan pemeriksaan dokter spesialis syaraf. Variabel independen meliputi karakteristik sosiodemografi, status kesehatan dan perilaku berisiko. Data dianalisis dengan uji regresi logistik …

Epidemiology News, Georgia Southern University

Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences: News & Publications (2011-2018)

• A Merged Model for Quality Improvement

Progress Realized: Trends In Hiv-1 Viral Load And Cd4 Cell Count In A Tertiary-Care Center From 1999 Through 2011, Howard B. Gale, Manuel D. Rodriguez, Heather J. Hoffman, Debra A. Benator, Fred M. Gordin, Ann M. Labriola, Virginia L. Kan

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests that alterations in immune function may be important in the etiology of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). To identify genetic markers in immune-related pathways, we evaluated 3,985 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 230 candidate gene regions (adhesion-extravasation-migration, arachidonic acid metabolism/eicosanoid signaling, complement and coagulation cascade, cytokine signaling, innate pathogen detection and antimicrobials, leukocyte signaling, TNF/NF-kB pathway or other) in a case-control study of 344 PTC cases and 452 controls. We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and calculate one degree of freedom P values of linear trend (PSNP-trend) for the association …

Impact Of The Tohoku Earthquake And Tsunami On Pneumonia Hospitalisations And Mortality Among Adults In Northern Miyagi, Japan: A Multicentre Observational Study, Hisayoshi Daito, Motoi Suzuki, Jun Shiihara, Paul E. Kilgore, Hitoshi Ohtomo, Konosuke Morimoto, Masayuki Ishida, Taro Kamigaki, Hitoshi Oshitani, Masahiro Hashizume, Wataru Endo, Koichi Hagiwara, Koya Ariyoshi, Shoji Okinaga

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Background On 11 March 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami struck off the coast of northeastern Japan. Within 3 weeks, an increased number of pneumonia admissions and deaths occurred in local hospitals.

Methods A multicentre survey was conducted at three hospitals in Kesennuma City (population 74000), northern Miyagi Prefecture. All adults aged ≥18 years hospitalised between March 2010 and June 2011 with community-acquired pneumonia were identified using hospital databases and medical records. Segmented regression analyses were used to quantify changes in the incidence of pneumonia.

Results A total of 550 pneumonia hospitalisations were identified, including 325 during the pre-disaster period …

Epidemiology News, Georgia Southern University

Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences: News & Publications (2011-2018)

• Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening

Faktor Risiko Diare Shigellosis Pada Anak Balita, A. Zulkifli Abdullah, A. Arsunan Arsin, Lidyawati Dahlan

Kesmas

Diare shigellosis pada balita merupakan masalah serius sebab dapat menyebabkan kematian. Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko kejadian shigellosis pada anak balita dilakukan studi kasus kontrol di beberapa rumah sakit di Kota Makassar dengan 68 kasus dan 136 kontrol. Data mengenai jenis kelamin dan status gizi anak balita, pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) eksklusif, status ekonomi, pendidikan ibu, kebiasaan ibu mencuci tangan memakai sabun, kepadatan hunian rumah, sarana air bersih, danjamban keluarga dikumpulkan dengan wawancara dan observasi serta dikategorikan dan disaring (screening) dengan uji chi square. Enam variabel dengan nilai p < 0,25 dimasukkan dalam uji regresi logistik yang menghasilkan variabel dengan nilai p < 0,05 (gizi rendah, ASI tidak eksklusif, dan status ekonomi rendah). Uji regresi logistik tahap kedua dengan 3 variabel ini menghasilkan model shigellosis = 1,47 gizi rendah + 1,471 ASI tidak eksklusif + 1,022 status ekonomi rendah - 2,546 dengan nilai oddsratio (OR) = 4,352 (gizi rendah), 4,353 (ASI tidak eksklusif), dan 2,779 (status ekonomi rendah). Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa gizi balita yang rendah, pemberian ASI yang tidak eksklusif, dan status ekonomi ibu yang rendah merupakan faktor-faktor risiko penting kejadian diare shigellosis pada balita.

Shigellosis diarrhea is a serious issue to children under five years …

Ukuran Lingkar Pinggang Optimal Untuk Identifikasi Sindrom Metabolik Pada Populasi Perkotaan Di Indonesia, Krisnawaty Bantas, Hari Koesnanto Yoseph, Budi Moelyono

Kesmas

Sindrom metabolik (SM) adalah suatu kombinasi gangguan medis yang meningkatkan risiko diabetes tipe 2 dan penyakit kardiovaskuler. Salah satu kriteria sindrom metabolik adalah obesitas sentralis. Beberapa sumber mendefinisikan sindrom metabolik menggunakan ukuran lingkar pinggang yang berbeda yang belum tentu sesuai apabila diterapkan untuk populasi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapat nilai titik potong lingkar pinggang yang optimal sebagai salah satu kriteria SM yang sesuai dengan antropometri populasi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif menggunakan data sekunder yang berasal Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) Indonesia 2007. Sampel terdiri dari 13.262 orang berusia diatas 15 tahun pria dan wanita tidak hamil. Sebagai variabel dependen …