The Preliminary Study On Optimum Stocking Rate In Alpine Meadow,
2025
Academia Sinica
The Preliminary Study On Optimum Stocking Rate In Alpine Meadow, Nanlin Pi, Xingmin Zhou, Xinquan Zhao
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In a grazing trial with Tibetan sheep at Haibei Research Station of Ecosystem, the relationships between stocking rate, live-weight gain per animal and live-weight gain per ha were studied in a Kobresia humilis meadow pasture. Stocking rates were 2.14 (A), 3.12 (B), and 6.07 (C) animal/ha. Grazing was rotated in a summer-autumn pasture (from July to October) and in a winter-spring pasture (from November to June of next year). Under different stocking rates, changes in horizontal and vertical plant community composition have taken place. The decreases of live-weight gain per animal and of herbage yield with increased stocking rate were …
A Flexible Grazing Management System Proposed For The Advanced Evaluation Of Associations Of Tropical Grasses And Legumes, James Spain, Jose Marques Pereira, Ramon Gualdron
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Traditional methods used for the advanced evaluation of associations of tropical grasses and legumes under grazing have a number of limitations. The rigid grazing systems commonly utilized do not recognize nor respond to the dynamics of pastures as they interact with climate, soils, biotic factors, .and management. Consequently, the true potential of new germplasm is often under-estimated. A flexible grazing management system is proposed to overcome some of the limitations of traditional fixed management methodology. The methodology proposed involves managing each association under evaluation in a flexible but pre-defined manner. Stocking rates and grazing systems are adjusted, depending on two …
Relating Profit To Quantity Of Standing Herbage In Grazing Intensity Studies,
2025
University of Natal
Relating Profit To Quantity Of Standing Herbage In Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby, B E. Conrad
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Previous economic analyses of grazing intensity studies have related profit to stocking rate. However, no information is available on the relationship between profit and kg standing herbage ha-1. In this paper the objective is to relate profit ha-1 to standing herbage. Coastal bermudagrass continuously grazed with beef steers at four grazing pressures is used as an example. Average daily gain and animal grazing days ha-1 were linearly related to standing herbage (r = 0.95 and 0.99). The resultant regression equations were used to relate beef gain ha-1 to standing herbage. This function in tum was used to relate profit ha-1 …
Influence Of Stocking Rate On The Plant-Animal Interface In Rotational Grazed Mixed Swards,
2025
Texas A&M University
Influence Of Stocking Rate On The Plant-Animal Interface In Rotational Grazed Mixed Swards, J W. Stuth, J R. Brown, P D. Olson, M R. Araujo
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The impacts of brief periods of intense grazing in multipasture-single herd grazing systems on critical plant and animal parameters in natural mixed swards are not well understood. It was our objective to determine the interrelationship and nutritional consequence of tiller defoliation intensity, selection ratio and diet composition of two codominant species with contrasting phenology and growth habit as stocking rate was increased. A 16-pasture, 1-herd short-duration grazing regime was simulated at four stocking rates on a little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)-brownseed paspalum (Paspalum plicatulum) savannah. Variables measured included morphology and defoliation intensity of marked tillers, diet composition …
Modeling Of Beef-Forage Grazing Interactions,
2025
University of Kentucky
Modeling Of Beef-Forage Grazing Interactions, O J. Loewer, K L. Taul, L W. Turner, N Gay, R Muntifering
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The key to more efficient production of beef from forages is in matching animal intake and plant growth. One method of evaluating the interaction of grating animals and growing forages is through dynamic computer simulation models. A model called GRAZE has been developed to evaluate this interaction. GRAZE incorporates previously developed plant and animal models with selective grazing logic based on the premise that beef animals maximize their digestible dry matter intake rate. The model subdivides the pasture int_o subareas. The subareas are grazed according to a priority system where the animal shifts from one subarea to another so as …
Meeting Animal Needs From Mixed Grass-Legume Pastures,
2025
DSIR
Meeting Animal Needs From Mixed Grass-Legume Pastures, A J. Harris, D A. Clark
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Experiments measuring plant performance and animal production from sheep at 4 climatically diverse sites in New Zealand are described. In the southern South Island grazing patterns have been developed which minimize the effect of the winter pasture production trough and make best use of the high spring/summer growth rates. High yields of animal products are achieved. In Canterbury, summer moisture stress and cool winters can have far-reaching effects on pasture and, consequently, animal performance. Use of special-purpose pastures with complementary production rhythms has allowed high productivity to be achieved in dry land. On moist North Island hill country increased stocking …
The Animal Factor In Pasture Studies,
2025
CSIRO
The Animal Factor In Pasture Studies, J A. Taylor
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The challenge in plant-animal interface research is to derive meaningful plant-animal relationships. This paper examines some of the assumptions and bias in conventional grazing research practices. Variations within pasture and in the activity and distribution of grazing animals are important characteristics of most grazing situations. The conventional sampling strategies do not allow for the possibility that the animal perceives vegetation in a different or more subtle way than we perceive it. A more logical approach would be to seek patterns in animal activity and distribution and relate these to variations in herbage and site attributes. This approach would provide the …
Maximizing Beef Production From Irrigated Pastures With Light Weight Steers,
2025
IAREC
Maximizing Beef Production From Irrigated Pastures With Light Weight Steers, W W. Heinemann
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment was designed to compare beef production by three successions of light weight steers continuous grazing two kinds of irrigated pastures. Two growth promotant ear implants were superimposed treatments in 1982. Successions of light weight steers were used in an effort to obtain maximum animal gain per ha, comparing rates of gain and gains per ha by trimesters. Average steer gains per ha from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) over a 4-year period were nearly the same. Average daily gains by steers that grazed perennial ryegrass were greater than by steers that grazed orchardgrass but …
Pastures And Pasture Management For High Animal Production In New Zealand,
2025
DSIR
Pastures And Pasture Management For High Animal Production In New Zealand, R W. Brougham, G P. Cosgrove
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Limits to pasture and animal production from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures have been studied in systems experiments with fattening dairy beef bulls in the lowland Manawatu region of New Zealand. At high stocking rates the management system utilizes peak spring pasture growth and provides sufficient herbage for animals during periods of low growth in self contained, no conservation farmlets. High animal production of approximately 1000 kg of carcass meat/ha annually has been achieved. Accumulation of pasture reserves in autumn through long rotations and reductions in grazing pressure in summer through slaughter of fattened animals …
Influence Of Pasture Quantity And Quality On Intake And Production Of Sheep,
2025
Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station
Influence Of Pasture Quantity And Quality On Intake And Production Of Sheep, G W. Sheath, P V. Rattray
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A series of short term trials shows the major influence of pasture allowance and mass in determining intake and gains of sheep. Within the sward the major determinant of intake is green leaf material. Legumes and erect growing grasses in the sward can alter the allowance relationships conferring intake advantages especially at low allowance. The decline of pasture mass during a grazing period can be described by a negative exponential model which is interactive with allowance. In hill country these patterns are subtly altered by grazing duration/ stock density variations, and by the ratio of steep to easy contoured land …
Mosaic Grazing - Animal Selectivity In Tropical Savannas Of Northern Australia,
2025
CSIRO
Mosaic Grazing - Animal Selectivity In Tropical Savannas Of Northern Australia, J J. Mott
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In set stocked, heavily grazed, unburnt, native grass/sown legume pastures in the tropical savannas of northern Australia, animals were found to graze very selectively. This contrasts with the more uniform light grazing usually occurring in the extensive, lightly grazed native grasslands which are normally burnt annually. Once heavy selective grazing of an area was initiated, this grazing pressure was maintained, while ungrazed areas grew rank and unacceptable. Although three different sized paddocks were used to give different stocking rates, the area heavily grazed was the same at all stocking rates. In unfertilised paddocks, plants died within two years when selectively …
Canopy Structure Of Aeschynomeme Americana-Hemerthria Altissima Pastures And Ingestive Behavior Of Cattle,
2025
University of Florida
Canopy Structure Of Aeschynomeme Americana-Hemerthria Altissima Pastures And Ingestive Behavior Of Cattle, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, G A. Morantes, P T. Beede
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
'Floral ta' limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) pastures have high digestibility but low crude protein content, and rate of daily gain of steers of Floral ta declines in late season. American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana) has potential in association with Floralta. The objectives were to relate canopy characteristics of jointvetch-limpograss pastures to ingestive behavior of esophageal fistulated steers. Canopies were harvested in 10-cm layers to ground level and canopy height, herbage mass, bulk density, and botanical composition were determined. Intake per bite, rate of biting, bites per 100 total jaw movements, and grazing time were measured. Canopy height varied from 18 …
Influence Of Herbage Mass And Structure Of Warm-Season Grass Ingestive Behavior Of Grazing Cattle,
2025
Oklahoma State University
Influence Of Herbage Mass And Structure Of Warm-Season Grass Ingestive Behavior Of Grazing Cattle, T.D A. Forbes, S W. Coleman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of herbage mass and height on cattle ingestive behavior and herbage intake, when grazing Asiatic bluestem (Bothriocloa spp.) swards. Three levels of herbage mass were maintained under continuous grazing, corresponding to 1.8, 2.0 and 4.4 t dry matter/ha. Estimates of diet in vitro organic matter digestibility, rate of biting, grazing time and intake per bite were used to calculate digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). Differences in herbage mass led to significant differences in grazing time, intake per bite and DOMI but not in diet digestibility or rate of biting. The …
Ethogram Of Transitive Probabilities Among Cattle Behavior Such As Drinking, Salt-Licking, Camping, Resting And Grazing,
2025
Tohoku University
Ethogram Of Transitive Probabilities Among Cattle Behavior Such As Drinking, Salt-Licking, Camping, Resting And Grazing, M Okiawa, M Shimamura, M Ushiyama, M Fukuyama
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Ethogram of transitive probabilities among cattle behaviour, especially among drinking, salt-licking and other behaviour are described. The behaviour of 48 identified cattle on the inclined pasture were investigated for two whole days each in May, July, August and October of 1977 and 1978. The frequency and diurnal pattern of drinking and salt-licking were influenced by solar radiation and the physical condition(scours) of cattle. The mean frequencies of drinking and salt-licking behaviour per head in a day were 1.92 ± 0.99 and 1.50 ± 0. 71, respectively. However many following heads without drinking were observed together with drinking cattle. Although the …
Selection, Mastication, And Digestive Tract Response Of Cattle To Plant Canopy And Composition,
2025
North Carolina Agricultural Research Service
Selection, Mastication, And Digestive Tract Response Of Cattle To Plant Canopy And Composition, D S. Fisher, K R. Pond, J C. Burns, R D. Mochrie, D H. Timothy
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The relationship between pasture sward structure and animal intake of digestible dry matter is not well understood. To aid in developing an understanding of the plant-animal interface, flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) swards were harvested and stratified by cutting them into 5-cm layers. Strate began 5-cm above the soil and continued to the extended height of the sward. The strate were separated into leaf blade, stem, and dead material. Samples were analyzed for dry weight and in vitro dry matter disappearance {IVDMD). Esophageal sample analysis showsd steers consumed leaf material even in swards with …
The Role Of Sward Adaptations In Buffering Herbage Production Responses To Management Manipulation,
2025
Hill Farming Research Organization
The Role Of Sward Adaptations In Buffering Herbage Production Responses To Management Manipulation, S A. Grant, J King, G T. Barthram
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The aim of this study is to improve understanding of sward responses to grazing manipulation so that objective guidelines for management may be provided. Rates of growth and senescence per tiller, tiller population densities and the photosynthetic efficiency of the sward canopy were measured at intervals on Lolium perenne dominated swards under contrasting management regimes involving steady-state and controlled fluctuations in sward conditions. The results suggest that the combination of changes in tiller populations, sward structure and photosynthetic efficiency and in the balance between growth and senescence per tiller act as a buffer such that net production varies little within …
Sward Utilization In Warm Season-Cool Season Grass Grazing Systems In The North-East United States,
2025
West Virginia University
Sward Utilization In Warm Season-Cool Season Grass Grazing Systems In The North-East United States, R L. Reid, G A. Jung
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing and behavioral trials were run over a 4-yr period to investigate use of warm season (WS) range grasses in management systems for beef cattle on marginal hill land. Grasses tested were switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.], indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and Plains bluestem [B. ischaemum (L.) Keng var. ischaemum]. The grasses were originally planted in pure stands and evaluated as summer pasture for yearling heifers following spring grazing on native bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. )-white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Other systems tested …
Mixed Grazing By Sheep And Cattle: Effects On Herbage Production And Utilization,
2025
EERA INTA
Mixed Grazing By Sheep And Cattle: Effects On Herbage Production And Utilization, J Hodgson, J C. Arosteguy, T.D A. Forbes
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of mixed stocking with cattle and sheep on aspects of herbage production and utilization from sown swards. On plots grazed down over three days both sheep and cattle tended to concentrate their grazing activity progressively on areas of sward previously grazed by the opposite species. Cattle were shown to be much less tolerant of cattle dung than of sheep dung, but sheep were relatively tolerant of both sheep and cattle dung. In a second study sheep and cattle were grazed alone, or in combination, on swards maintained at similar surface heights …
Herbage Consumption Control Of Herbage Production,
2025
DSIR
Herbage Consumption Control Of Herbage Production, W Harris
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Application of a technique whereby predetermined amounts of herbage are removed according to estimates of seasonal changes of feed requirement of livestock is described with reference to three experiments. Common objectives of these experiments were to elucidate differences of results obtained from cutting and grazing experiments, to minimise land area and resource to evaluate pasture under constraints prevailing in real farm situations, and to examine relationships between herbage consumption, standing herbage mass, herbage accumulation rate, and herbage and botanical composition. The first experiment, using cutting, showed interaction between stocking rate and rotational as compared to continuous defoliation management. The second …
The Effect Of Fertilization With N-P-K On Utilization And Nutritive Value Of Natural Pasture Grazed By Sheep In Southern Italy,
2025
University of Naples
The Effect Of Fertilization With N-P-K On Utilization And Nutritive Value Of Natural Pasture Grazed By Sheep In Southern Italy, B Ferrara, V Piccolo, F Basso, A Nizza
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Results of four grazing periods carried-out in 1983 and 1984 in a hilly area of Basilicata region (550 m. above s.I.) on a natural pasture utilized by sheep are reported here. Two levels of N(0-50 kg ha-1), P(0-100 kg ha-1) and K(0-100 kg ha-1) arranged in eight factorial combinations were compared. The utilization coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein and milk-FU (MFU) were affected by the climatic conditions and grazing period, whereas fertilization effect was low. The influence of treatments was not very emphasized during the first experimental phase also on the nuttritive value of total and utilized forage.
