Plant Pathology Commons^™

The Present Conditions Concerning Production And Utilization Of Forage Crops On The West Slope Of Mt. Fuji, S Mukaiyama

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This report is mainly pointed out about the present situations with production and utilization of pasture and forage crops on the west slope of Mt. FUJI, and includes of some experimental studies and field surveys. Relative narrow areas in this region are divided into 3 regions such as subalpine, intermedial, and coastals from the standpoint of climatic condition and cropping systems. These regions have adaptable cropping and land usage. In the cropping pattern, subalpine is almost all pasture land, intermedial is combined with Sorghum or Maize and common ryegrass, and coastal is added tropical grasses such as Rhodes grass, Guinea …

On The Potential Productivity Of Orchardgrass Pasture (Dactylis Glomerata L.) In Japan And New Zealand, F Kubota, W Agata

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A comparative discussion was made concerning the potential productivity of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and the climatic background of its growth in Japan (Asian monsoon climate) and in New Zealand (Temperate grassland climate). The potential productivity of orchardgrass pasture at four sites in Japan and 13 sites in New Zealand were predicted from air temperature and solar radiation at each site, using a production model. Annual potential productivity was larger as a whole in New Zealand. The seasonal variation of potential productivity in Japan presented markedly different patterns from site to site. While in New Zealand no large regional …

Light Interception, Productive Structure And Production Of The Phragmites Comminis Grassland In The Delta Of Nakdong River In Korea, H K. Kang, N K. Chang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Interception and absorption of sunlight, seasonal changes of productive structure, productivity, and standing crops of the Phragmites communisgrassland which was the pure stand in the delta of Nakdong river in Korea, were investigated in 1977,1982 and 1983.

The lighfpenetrating through the stratified canopies is decreased in sigmoid pattern. The cumulative leaf area of a definite space in a certain plant is the same as the growth of leaf area of the canopy at that time. When the leaf area grows according to the logistic equation, vertical accumulation of leaf area in a grassland is given by the general dynamic …

Snow Damage To Pasture Fences In The Highland Of Tohoku District Of Japan, Y Hosokawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since the snow damage to the pasture fences has been found in the snowy area of Japan, it is necessary to establish a guideline of the useful and durable fences for grazing cattle. The structural and material problems of the pasture fences were investigated in the subdivided fence lines corresponding to the topographical slant on each fence line. These fences constructed in the highland of Tohoku District of Japan were composed of steel posts, steel props, 4-barbed wire and small plates to fix the wire to the fosts. The barbed wire had two types: #14 barbed wire (zinc 2 coating …

Water-Spreading For Sown Crops And Pastures In Semi-Arid Rangelands, Richard W. Condon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are many situations in semi-arid and arid rangelands where storm flows, normally running to waste or perhaps causing erosion or unwanted flooding further downslope, can be diverted to nearby relatively flat areas to augment soil moisture storage, making possible the growth of crops and pastures. The design, construction and general concept of spreader banks were tested under an incentive demonstration scheme in scrub-infested semi-arid rangelands of otherwise low productivity (1 sheep to 6-10 ha). Costs of development, including clearing of heavy timber, were recouped in 3-5 years, even though drought conditions prevailed for most of the time. The yield …

Tropical Grasslands As An Appropriate Agricultural Strategy In Northeast Thailand (Isan), D M. Mason

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The diagnosis of the problem in Northeast Thailand (Isan) has been that it is relatively unsuitable for the production of rice ( Oryza sativa) due to insufficient rainfall and irregular weather patterns, in conjunction with excessively well-drained soils and topography which does not lend itself easily to irrigation technology. Despite such severe limitations, officials in the Royal Thai government and proponents of the Green Revolution have pushed hard for a rice industry in Isan. The results of such efforts have been a greater impoverishment of the population (Isan is and has long been the most economically depressed region in …

Pastures In Artificial Ponds For Dry Season Grazing In Tropical Australia, J H. Wildin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In tropical Australia beef cattle grow rapidly during the wet summer months when the native pastures are growing actively. In the dry season the native pastures are of low quality and cattle lose weight. Trapping runoff water during the wet months in artificial ponds to grow paragrass (Brachiaria mutica) for dry season grazing has been a very successful means of overcoming the dry season forage problem. In central Queensland the area planted to paragrass in artificial ponds exceeds 25 000 ha. Fattening steers are introduced to ponded paragrass in March-April. Weaners and breeding cows are given access when the …

Leucaena - A Permanent Dry Season Forage In Australia, J H. Wildin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leucaena (Leucaena Jeucocephala) can play an important role in alleviating the general low pasture quality during the dry season. Extensive commercial use of leucaena for cattle grazing commenced in central Queensland in 1980 when the grazing management of this tree legume was modified to suit Australian beef producers. Plantings increased from 30 ha in 1979 to 3000 ha in central Queensland by February 1985. This rapid expansion can be attributed to beef producers being more aware ofleucaena management and benefits based on several commercial successes. Mimosine toxicity has not been a problem when cattle have access to tree …

Persistence Of Selected Tropical Legumes In Peninsular Florida (Usa) And The Guanacaste Province Of Costa Rica, W D. Pitman, A E. Kretscmer Jr, C G. Chambliss, N Leiva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tropical legumes hold potential to contribute to pasture programs throughout tropical and subtropical America, even though there is currently limited use of these legumes. Several tropical legume accessions have been identified as adapted to the climatic and edaphic conditions of the wet-dry, low-fertility subtropical conditions of peninsular Florida and sites with similar soils and moisture in the extended Caribbean area. Plantings of these selected legumes were made to evaluate their persistence in grass swards under grazing. Legumes were seeded in rows in prepared seedbeds to allow establishment of the legumes along with the companion grass. One site in Guanacaste, Costa …

Sulfur Fertilization Of Five Tropical Forages Ii. Digestibility Of Dry Matter And Cell Wall Constituents, J E. Van Eys, S Ginting, H Pulungan, W L. Johnson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four tropical grasses and one legume were fertilized with O or 60 kg S/ha. Leaves and stems of 6 and 9 weeks old regrowth were harvested seperately from replicated plots and used to study the effect of S fertilization on parameters of in vitro DM and NDF digestion. The overall effect of fertilization was negative and most pronounced for leaves. There were large differences among forages. DM digestibility at 48 h was reduced (P < .05) for fertilized guinea grass and setaria but NDF digestion at 96 h was only lower for guinea grass. DM digestibility of stems was not affected by fertilization but NDF disappearance of napier grass stems was decreased significantly. S fertilization had no effect on lag of NDF digestion but rate of NDF digestion for stems and leaves was reduced (P < .05) by fertilization. The effect was especially large for centro. It is suggested that the negative effects of S fertilization are associated with changes in the structural components of the forages and the source of the rumen inoculum.

Sulfur Fertilization Of Five Tropical Forages I. Dry Matter Production And Chemical Composition, J E. Van Eys, S Ginting, M Rangjuti, W L. Johnson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four tropical grasses and one legume were grown on an oxic dystropept soil in W. Java, Indonesia. Two levels of S fertilizer were applied (0 and 60 kg S/ha). Forages were harvested at 6 and 9 week intervals during the wet and dry monsoons respectively. Production of leaves and stems was determined separately and samples of a 6- and 9-week regrowth were analyzed for chemical composition. The effect of S fertilization on dry matter (DM) yield was markedly influenced by the effect of season. During the wet season only the production of stems from napier grass was increased (P < .05). During the dry season stem and leaf production of napier grass and centro increased (P < .05) under fertilization but there was a decrease (P < .05) in leaf production of guinea grass. S fertilization increased S content in leaves and stems by 23%. There was a tendency for N to increase and for NDF in leaves to decrease. Only in centro was ADF and lignin of fertilized plants lower (P < .05). Although Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Zn were not affected by fertilization, ash content in leaves of fertilized forages differed (P < .05) from controls.

Effect Of Some Agronomic Practices On Productivity And Nutritive Analysis Of Aquatic Grass Echinochloa Stagnina, K M. Ghobrial, M A. Gabra, M A. Noreldin, M A. Salem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results indicated that the higher green, dry and protein yields increased with increasing plant density up to 105,000 plant per feddan that were fertilized with 45 kg N/fed. The average of the obtained green, dry and protein yields were 14.16, 4.24 and 0.30 ton/fed. respectively. The nutritive analysis on DM basis was 7.13 % crude protein (CP), 2.12% ether extract (EE), 31.56% crude fidre (CF), 47.97% nitrogen free extract (NFE) and 11.22% ash. The calculated starch value (SV) as a feed unit was 1.34 ton/feddan.

Adaptation Of Grasses And Legumes To The Humid Tropics Of America, E A. Pizarro, J M. Toledo, M C. Amezquita

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of the adaptation of 4 grass and 11 legume accessions evaluated from 1980-84 in 16 sites throughout the Latin American humid tropics are presented. Multilocational analysis of adaptability and yield stability index (YSI) was performed on dry matter yield at 12 weeks regrowth across locations and time, respectively. Legumes were classified in three groups. The first one (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 136-184, Zamia Jatifolia CIAT 728) had wide adaptability, high productivity and capacity to respond to quality changes of the environment. The second group (Desmodium ovalifolium CIAT 350, Stylosanthes capitata CIAT 1097-1405, Centrosema pubescens CIAT 438, and Pueraria phaseoloides CIAT …

Development And Evaluation Of Stylosanthes Pastures For Seasonally Dry Areas Of Queensland, Australia, B Walker, P J. Mckeague

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are 20.8 million hectares of the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics of Queensland to which the Stylosanthes spp. (stylos) are adapted. Only 600 000 hectares have been sown, or are naturalised, to these legumes, mainly to Townsville stylo (S. humilis). However, since 1974 anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) has severely affected Townsville stylo pastures, and newer cultivars of Stylosanthes are being used, viz: Verano (S. hamata), Seca and Fitzroy shrubby stylos (S. scabra) and Graham (S. guianensis var. guianensis). As little was known about the animal production and pasture stability associated with these stylos ( especially shrubby stylos) under …

The Role Of Temperature Pastures Species In Beef Farming In The Humaid Sub-Tropics Of South America, Y E. Kawabe, E Hayashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Attempts were made to identify and solve the problems which a beef farming operation in the humid sub-tropics of South America was facing. A total of 370ha of pasture at C.A.O.S.A. was established using temperate species, Lolium perenne, L. multiflorum, Trifolium repens, T. subterraneum and Medicago sativa, both to establish new and also to improve existing tropical pasture in order to overcome: 1. Cool season feed shortage., 2. Low nutritional value of tropical grasses. A rotational grazing system was introduced and the yield and feed value analysis showed a substantial increase in cool season feed while the …

Grass Production At The Arctic Circle, Finland, T Mela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass production has progressed vigorously in Finland during the last two decades. The aim to produce high protein fodder from grass has prompted large-scale production of grass for silage. The development of technology to harvest young grass to make silage and feed cattle with silage has made the progress possible. Grass protein production has proceeded so far that 60 % of the protein for intensely fed dairy cows comes from silage, hay and pasture. The intensity of grass production has increased, for instance through nitrogen fertilization multiplying. Yields per hectare have risen by 50 % in grass for silage and …

Review Of Forage/Livestock Production On Mixed Farms In Sahel West Africa, James R. Dickey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This is a review of forage and livestock production as they interact with farming in Sahel West Africa. Because of the complementarity of livestock and farming, as well as the abundant production of native forage in the higher rainfall southern farming areas, there is considerable hope among the donor community and host governments that both livestock and crop production can be substantially increased in the Sudan zone of West Africa. According to Winrock (1978) crop residue provides 24 % of the world supply of ruminant nutrients .. On the other hand, livestock manure supplies a large part of the agricultural …

Forage Research In Morocco And Approach To Face Constraints In A Developing Country, G Jaritz, M Bounejmate

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage production is of a iow level in Morocco because of socio-economic and technical constraints in spite of its potential functions to integrate animal husbandry into cropping systems and to prevent soil degradation. An approach to applied forage research is described which takes into account the existing constraints including the suboptimal functioning of the present extension service. It combines small plot experimentation with commercial field testing on livestock farms owned by a number of development organizations and influential farmers in different edapho-climatic regions. In this way, pilot units for demonstration, economic analysis and convincing of decision makers are created and …

Permanent Grasslands On Lowland Peat Soil And Cutover Bogs, I A. Vertogradskaya, Y Z. Zverkov, V B. Bakin, A N. Ulanov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The fifty year experience of grassland establishment used for pasture under systematic fertilization, maintenance and temperate or regulated drainage is an example of effective sown meadow longevity and conservation of fertility and organic matter in lowland peat soil in the North-East European part of the USSR. At the same time the 20-year observation proved that the need for special complex measures arises to create and keep up effective fertility in lowland peat lands after peat extraction and withdrawal of the most peat mass (cutover bogs). Artificial meadows are of great importance here, they can guarantee high productivity and become an …

Forage Production From Maize: Soybean Intercrops, S J. Herbert, D H. Putnam, A Vargas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) were intercropped in various planting patterns, and at varying densities and nitrogen rates to determine if such mixtures could provide forage superior to pure maize for ruminants. In 1980 all but one intercrop pattern had dry matter (DM) yields similar to maize monoculture even when every second maize row was replaced with a soybean row. In all studies soybean alone yielded about half that of maize yield alone. Density studies in 1981 and 1982 showed yields similar to maize alone. However, experiments both years indicated that maize row …