Physiology Commons^™

Physical Activity And Screen Time Sedentary Behaviors In College Students, Charles J. Fountaine, Gary A. Liguori, Arupendra Mozumdar, John M. Schuna Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

It is well established that Americans are not meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines and college students are no exception. Given the lack of regular PA, many health promotion professionals seek to discover what barriers to PA may exist. A common explanation is screen time (ST), which is comprised primarily of television viewing, computer use, and the playing of video games. The purpose of this study was to present descriptive data on college students’ PA and sedentary behavior and to assess if any evidence exists to suggest displacement between sedentary behaviors and PA in college students. Students completed an online health …

Accuracy Of The Omron Hbf-500 Body Composition Monitor In Male And Female College Students, Michael I. Pribyl, John D. Smith, G Richard Grimes

International Journal of Exercise Science

The Omron HBF-500 is an inexpensive body composition monitor that incorporates both hand-to-hand and foot-to-foot electrical impedance technology. At this time, studies examining the accuracy of the HBF-500 when estimating percent body fat (%BF) are scarce and if this instrument gains popularity due to its claimed precision, comparisons against validated techniques should be conducted. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of the Omron HBF-500 body composition monitor using the BOD POD as a criterion. Forty-eight men and 33 women participated in the study (24.3±6.9 years, 171.0±10.0 cm, 78.4±18.0 kg, 26.6±5.1 kg/m2). Participants were asked to refrain …

Child Obesity In Context: Ecology Of Family And Community, Joel E. Williams

International Journal of Exercise Science

Minority and low socioeconomic status groups have the highest rates of overweight and obesity. Children from these families face a greater risk for weight-related health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer as compared to their non-minority and more affluent peers. Factors from the larger physical, social, and cultural environments, and within families, influence weight status among children. Many of these factors are yet to be identified and relationships among known factors are complex and not well understood. The National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Agriculture have proposed a research agenda for social and behavioral scientists to …

Voluntary Wheel Running During Weight Loss Leads To Differential Changes In Monocytes, Compared To Forced Treadmill Running, Katie C. Carpenter, Kelley Strohacker, Whitney L. Breslin, Thomas W. Lowder, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High-fat feeding and subsequent weight gain may contribute to innate immune dysfunction. Weight loss via calorie restriction and exercise represent one means to restore normal immune function. The purpose of the study was to examine how 8- weeks of aerobic exercise and low-fat diet affects weight gain, monocyte concentration, and monocyte cell-surface expression of TLR2, TLR4, CD80, and CD86. For 12- months, 24 male CD-1 mice underwent a pre-treatment phase, consuming either a low fat (10% fat) or high-fat (60% fat) diet ad libitum. Mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups (N=6/group): CN (low-fat sedentary), V-EX (voluntary wheel …

Effect Of Temperature And Oxygen Levels On Lactate Production In Palaemonetes Pugio, Robin Schofield, Teresa Mika, Carl Reiber

Festival of Communities: UG Symposium (Posters)

Oxygen delivery rates must keep pace with the increased metabolic rate observed in poikilothermic animals exposed to increased temperature if aerobic metabolism is to be maintained. Physical failure of the oxygen delivery system to meet these demands may be a mechanism of cardiac failure in crustaceans at temperature extremes. As part of the determination of the effect of temperature on the cardio-respiratory system, we are measuring whole animal lactate levels in grass shrimp acclimated to 20°C over temperature ranges in normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Lactate levels are measured as an indicator of a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Animals …

Cholinergic Modulation Of Narcoleptic Attacks In Double Orexin Receptor Knockout Mice, Mike Kalogiannis, Emily Hsu, Jon Willie, Richard Chemelli, Yaz Kisanuki, Masashi Yanagisawa, Christopher S. Leonard

NYMC Faculty Publications

To investigate how cholinergic systems regulate aspects of the sleep disorder narcolepsy, we video-monitored mice lacking both orexin (hypocretin) receptors (double knockout; DKO mice) while pharmacologically altering cholinergic transmission. Spontaneous behavioral arrests in DKO mice were highly similar to those reported in orexin-deficient mice and were never observed in wild-type (WT) mice. A survival analysis revealed that arrest lifetimes were exponentially distributed indicating that random, Markovian processes determine arrest lifetime. Low doses (0.01, 0.03 mg/kg, i.p.), but not a high dose (0.08 mg/kg, i.p.) of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine increased the number of arrests but did not alter arrest lifetimes. …

Run Like A Kenyan: How To Be An Elite Athlete The Kenyan Way, Becca Blubaugh

Undergraduate Research Conference

By observation and statistics, research shows that one dominating elite group in running is the Kenyan distance runners, specifically the Kalenjinethnic group. Many aspects of the Kenyan life were found to contribute to their efficiency and success. Analyzing Kenyan aspects of environment, altitude, society, diet, transportation, motives, and training may reveal possible ways American runners can improve their running.

Differential Regulation Of Mlc20 Phosphorylation In Tonic And Phasic Smooth Muscles Of The Stomach, Othman Al-Shboul

Theses and Dissertations

Gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle possesses distinct regional and functional properties that distinguish it from other types of visceral and vascular smooth muscle. On the basis of electrical properties and contractile phenotype, GI smooth muscles have been classified into phasic (non-sphinteric) and tonic (sphinteric) smooth muscles. The biochemical basis of phasic and tonic phenotypes of smooth muscle is not clear and is the major question of inquiry of the present study. Phosphorylation of Ser19 on the 20 kDa myosin light chain (MLC) is essential for acto-myosin interaction and contraction in both phasic and tonic muscles. The levels of MLC20 phosphorylation are …

The Comparison Of Hamstring/Quadriceps Strength Ratio In The Dominant Versus The Non-Dominant Leg Of Elite Female Artistic Gymnasts, Marina Moure

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Theses & Dissertations

The majority of the injuries in women's artistic gymnastics occur in the lower limbs (Marshall et al, 2007). Hamstring muscle strains are prevalent in sports that involve sprinting (Ekstrand & Quillist, 1985; Orchard, 2001; Croisier et al., 2008) with a high reinjury ratio (Orchard, 1993; Orchard, 1997). Recent studies have linked an increase of muscle injury rate in the lower limbs to strength muscle imbalance between legs and the relation between the hamstring and quadriceps strength (Croisier et al., 2002; Yamamoto, 2008; Sugiura et al, 2008). In order to determine if there is an imbalance in women's artistic gymnastics, forty-three …

Effect Of Body Mass And Added Mass On Treadmill Performance, Rachel Elizabeth Walker

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Theses & Dissertations

Strenuous physical activity in extreme environments is an important part of the activities of military personnel. The average infantry combat load for an infantry on the loaded tasks. Subjects performed an outdoor 4.8-km run and four maximal treadmill tests wearing the loads listed above. Subjects' pulmonary function was tested with load prior to each treadmill session. Peak values of heart rate, VO₂, exercise ventilation, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured at the end of each maximal treadmill test. Significant decreases were found in pulmonary function measures (FEV₁, FVC and MVV) with increasing load. Most peak responses …

Role Of Wnt5a And Possible Pathway Of Action Through Ror2 In Proximodistal Outgrowth Of The Limb, Tiffanie M. Dahl

Theses and Dissertations

Despite over 60 years of study, the molecular pathways and mechanisms governing limb outgrowth and patterning remain poorly understood. Fgfs expressed in the AER are known to be necessary and sufficient for proximodistal limb outgrowth and have been proposed to have a chemoattractive role. Wnt5a is a secreted factor which is expressed in a gradient in the distal limb with the highest concentration next to the AER. The presence of the AER is necessary to establish this gradient. Expression of Wnt5a in a concentration dependant manner can be induced in the limb through the implantation of a bead soaked in …

Neuromuscular Adaptations In Elderly Adults Are Task-Specific During Stepping And Obstacle Clearance Tasks., Matthew Bice, Nicholas J. Hanson, James A. Eldridge, Paul Reneau, Douglas W. Powell

International Journal of Exercise Science

Elderly adults have a diminished movement capacity due to physiological and neurological declines associated with advancing age. Previous research suggests that elderly adults use altered neuromuscular patterns to conduct activities of daily living (ADLs). Limited research has addressed these altered activation strategies in obstacle clearance, stair ascent and stair descent. The purpose of this study was to compare neuromuscular activation patterns in young and elderly adults during these tasks. Eleven young and 10 healthy elderly adults performed five downward stepping, upward stepping and obstacle clearance trials. Surface EMG was measured from the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. A …

Effects Of Energy Drinks On Metabolism At Rest And During Submaximal Treadmill Exercise In College Age Males., Janae Nienhueser, Gregory A. Brown, Brandon S. Shaw, Ina Shaw

International Journal of Exercise Science

Energy drinks are widely available and popular among athletes and non-athletes. However, the effects of energy drinks on resting and exercise energy expenditure and metabolism remain largely unknown. On four separate occasions, baseline measurements of resting metabolic rate (RMR) and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) were obtained in ten healthy males (21.4 ± 1.6 y, 77.60± 7.5 kg, 180.0 ± 7.1 cm). Then, in a randomly assigned cross-over design, the subjects consumed 473 ml of one of three commercially available energy drinks or a placebo and then RMR and RER were measured 1 hour later. The subjects then engaged in 15 …

Ankle Spatting Compared To Bracing Or Taping During Maximal-Effort Sprint Drills, Grant D. Reuter, Angela R. Dahl, David S. Senchina

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to compare the influences of 4 ankle conditions (no support, bracing, taping, taping + spatting; all in football cleats) during 2 maximal-effort field drills (40-yd dash and 34-yd cutting drill) on perceptions of comfort and stability and performance outcomes. Fourteen young adult males participated. Subjects’ perceptions of comfort and stability were assessed by visual analogue scales after each drill for each ankle condition. Time-to-completion and post-completion heart rate were recorded. For both drills, significant differences in comfort perception were found such that subjects perceived no support as equivocal to bracing but more comfortable than …

Cadence, Stride Rate And Stride Length During Triathlon Competition, Grant J. Landers, Brian A. Blanksby, Timothy R. Ackland

International Journal of Exercise Science

Triathlon research shows cycling alters the physiological response of subsequent running but, at present, biomechanical changes are unresolved. This study examined cycling cadence and running stride rate (SR) and length (SL) used by senior elite triathletes during competition. These variables were then compared to running and triathlon performance.

Data from 51 elite male World Championships triathletes were analysed via video recordings and Video Expert II Coach. Triathletes revealed consistent cadences throughout the majority of the cycle (96.8 +2.7 rpm) and run (90.9 +2.4 rpm) disciplines. However, a cadence increase (99.6 +5.7 rpm) was recorded at the completion of the cycle …

Call Accuracy And Distance From The Play: A Study With Brazilian Soccer Referees, Mario Cesar Oliveira, Rogério Orbetelli, Turíbio L. Barros Neto

International Journal of Exercise Science

Refereeing decisions in soccer has always been a controversial issue. In order to better understand this subject, foul calls made by Brazilian soccer referees were evaluated to determine the potential relationship between the distance from the referee to a foul play and the accuracy of the call. Soccer matches supervised by the São Paulo State Football Federation were recorded and 321 foul calls were analyzed. No significant association was found between the referee’s distance from a foul play and accuracy of the call (p = 0.561). However, there was a significant increase in the number of correct calls in the …

Relationship Between Stroking Parameters And Leg Movement Quantity In 100 Metre Front, Andrew Sortwell

International Journal of Exercise Science

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between stroking technique parameters and leg kick quantity in 100 m front crawl swim. Ten New South Wales Sydney Metropolitan swimmers were examined (14.1 ± 1.09 years). The investigation was performed during 100 metre swimming (average speed 1.35 ± .04 [m.s-1]) commencing from water at 50 m outdoor pool. Stroke length (SL), Stroke rate (SR), Swim velocity (SV), Leg Kick Quantity (LKQ) were measured. Arm stroking parameters and LKQ were analysed during segment of the 100m distance. The relationship between SR and LKQ was negative. The correlation between stroke length …

Analysis Of Heel Raise Exercise With Three Foot Positions, Kimberly J. Arnsdorff, Ken Limbaugh, Bryan L. Riemann

International Journal of Exercise Science

ABSTRACT Prior research revealed activation differences between the medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius when performing heel raise exercise with neutral (N), internally-rotated (IR) and externally-rotated (ER) foot positions. Studying underlying biomechanics may help explain activation differences. The purpose was to compare ankle (AN), knee (KN), and hip (HI) contributions (initial joint angles) to attaining each initial foot position, ankle flexion-extension range of motion, ankle mechanical energy expenditure, repetition time, and percent cycle concentric-eccentric transition between N, IR, and ER foot positions. Twenty healthy subjects (11 male, 9 female) with resistance training experience performed twelve repetitions of free-weight (135% body …

The Effects Of Ellipical Cross Training On Vo2 Max In Recently Trained Runners, Dustin Joubert, Gary Oden, Brent Estes

International Journal of Exercise Science

This study examined the effects of elliptical cross training on VO2max in recently-trained runners. 12 female and 8 male participants (mean  SD; age = 23.70  6.33 years, body mass index = 24.85  5.89 kg/m2) completed an initial four-week run training program, exercising four days/week, 30 minutes/day, at 80% maximal heart rate. VO2max was predicted based on the duration of a Bruce graded-maximal treadmill test (GXT) prior to and after the run training. After initial training phase and post-test, subjects volunteered for the detrain group (n = 6) or were assigned to the run (n = 7) or …

The International Journal Of Exercise Science: 2010 Year In Review, Brian K. Mcfarlin, Thomas S. Lyons, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

The International Journal of Exercise Science: 2010 Year in Review