Physiology Commons^™

The Need For Reporting Metabolic Sampling Interval In Publication: An Example Using Maximal Vo2 Values And Running Economy, Chase M. Harbach, Matthew J. Garver, Cory M. Scheadler, Sarah J. Taylor, Logan M. Smith, Taylor G. Flowers, Heather X. Johnston

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Knowledge of metabolic outcomes, such as maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂) or running economy, has wide-ranging application. Metabolic outcomes are widely reported in literature yet the metabolic sampling interval (example: breath-by-breath, 30-sec average) utilized for collection is rarely ever stated. Purpose: The purposes of the present investigation were to probe the potential discrepancies created when analyzing running economy and VO_2max raw metabolic data with four different metabolic sampling intervals. Methods: Five recreationally-active and endurance-trained subjects were included in the present analysis and four metabolic sampling intervals were analyzed: 30-sec average, 20-sec average, 8-breath, and …

Effects Of Acute Exercise On Executive Functions Of Cognition, Katlyn Debord, Erika Deike

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on executive functions of cognition, using the Interactive Stroop Effect Test. Men (N=) and women (N=), with a mean age of 22.33±, completed both a congruent and incongruent series on the Interactive Stroop Test before and after exercise. All participants were recreationally trained, exercising on an average of 1.24 hours a day and 4.5 days a week. The exercise bout consisted of running on a treadmill for 20 minutes at a moderate intensity, which was determined by using the Rate of Perceived Exertion …

Sex Differences In Change In Skin Temperature When Exercising In A Hot, Humid Environment, Adam S. Venable, Eric A. Prado, Andrea L. Henning, David W. Hill, Jakob L. Vingren, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The risk for heat-related illness is increased when exercising in a hot, humid environment. In an effort to protect the athlete, body temperature is measured continuously while exercising in extreme environments. Currently, researchers and laboratory personnel employ the use of mean skin temperature to monitor athlete safety; however, this measurement fails to consider localized changes in temperature that may arise as a function of sex and exercise time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine potential sex differences in the change in skin temperature at 17 different upper body locations while exercising in a hot, humid environment. Young …

The Relationships Between Fitness Assessments, Fitness Levels And Coronary Heart Disease Risk Markers In Police Officers, Kelsey Mclaughlin, Lauren Garcia, Bethany Noack, Jorge Granados, Dustin Joubert, John S. Green Facsm, Steve E. Martin, Stephen F. Crouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Given the physical nature of a position in law enforcement, the assessment of cardiovascular (CV) health as well as muscular strength and endurance is paramount to ensuring the safety of these personnel and the citizens they serve. The present study retrospectively examined correlations between several markers of CV and muscular fitness for 65 local police officers (8 female, average age 35.6 ± 9.0 yrs, height 70.5 ± 2.8 in, weight 91.8 ± 18.7 kg, VO₂ 33.0 ± 5.3 mL/kg/min) taken from their annual screening including a graded exercise test (GXT; Bruce protocol), pushups completed in 1 minute, situps completed …

Methods To Minimize Confounding Effects Of Hematocrit And Hemoglobin When Using Dried Blood Spots, Eric A. Prado, Adam Venable, Andie Henning, Jakob Vingren, David W. Hill, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Dried blood spots (DBS) are an alternative method of collecting venous blood samples that can be used to measure blood biomarkers. Two confounding factors, hemoglobin and hematocrit, limit the validity of DBS in comparison to the gold standard serum sample. The saturation of biomarkers on DBS filter paper is affected by the sample’s hematocrit and hemoglobin. Also hemoglobin contamination is known to confounder for antibody binding in assay systems. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to evaluate a DBS punching technique designed to limit the effects of hematocrit whilst minimizing sample volume and 2) to evaluate a novel …

Effects Of Obesity On Stability Control Among Young Adults In Responding To A Simulated Slip Induced In Gait, Jaeeun Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Falls among older adults present a significant medical, societal, and economic challenge affecting not only the frail or impaired, but the active and vigorous. Falls initiated by slip account for about 25% of all falls among older people. Obesity has been regarded as a significant health problem. It has been reported that obesity causes muscle weakness, abnormal body mass distribution, and postural instability. Dynamic gait stability has been identified as a key factor leading to falls during slip in gait among both young and old adults. Despite the fact that obese individuals suffer higher risk of falls compared to non-obese …

Effects Of Vibration Training On Reducing Risk Of Falls Among Young Adults With Obesity, Jose J. Munoz

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity is a major concern around the world. One of the major concerns associated with obesity is that it leads to increased risk of falls. High risk of falls among obese individuals has been related to several factors such as abnormal body mass distribution, muscle weakness, and postural instability. A significant portion of obese individuals are unable or unwilling to comply or manage conventional training regimens requiring high intensity and long duration. Therefore, alternative training methods are in high demand. Controlled whole-body vibration (CWBV) training has been proven to reduce the risk of falls among older adults. No study has …

Consumption Of A High-Fat Meal Increased Monocyte Adhesion Molecule Expression And Oxldl Phagocytosis: Implications For Cardiovascular Disease Risk?, Andrea L. Henning, Jill N. Sampson, Adam S. Venable, Eric A. Prado, David W. Hill, Jakob L. Vingren, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Macrophage-derived foam cells are the predominant component of arterial plaques in the early stages of atherosclerosis. The deposition of arterial plaques is effected by several factors that are influenced by a person’s daily nutritional habits. One factor that poses a major risk for plaque development is high levels of plasma LDL resulting from the consumption of a high-fat meal. In order to understand how an individuals’ diet effects arterial plaque deposition via the process of foam cell formation, we measured the acute response in circulating monocyte activity after consuming a high-fat meal. Samples were acquired on a FlowSight (EMD Millipore) …

24 Hours Of Electrical Pulse Stimulation Upregulates Glut4 And Ampk Protein Content In Human Myotubes, Daniel A. Conde, Cecilia Gamboa, Jeffrey D. Covington, Arild C. Rustan, George A. King, Armando Varela, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS), an in vitro exercise mimetic, has been shown to increase mitochondrial and lipid content in cultured human myotubes. We have recently shown that myotubes retain certain in vivo characteristics of the donors. Purpose: We aimed to examine the EPS-induced adaptations in relation to Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) and 5’Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) content using human myotubes. Additionally, we examined if the duration of EPS as well as cell harvest times (immediate vs. 24hrs. after the cessation of EPS) plays a role in EPS induced changes in GLUT4 and AMPK content. Methods: EPS was applied …

Affective Responses To Common Fitness Testing In College-Aged Women, Jessica R. Thompson, Mark Faries, Danielle Cofield, Eric J. Jones

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Fitness testing provides awareness of discrepancy from normative standards and is a major component in most health, medical, and wellness settings. This discrepancy may have an effect on an individual’s desire to change or maintain particular health behaviors. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the affective responses to discrepancies from normative data across six standard fitness tests. METHODS: Forty-eight college-aged women were presented with their discrepancy from a normative standard across standard fitness tests for body fat, body shape, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. RESULTS: Findings support previous conceptualizations on perceived discrepancies and …

Elevated Medical Costs For Obese Fifth Graders In California And Texas, Danielle E. Levitt, Allen W. Jackson, James R. Morrow Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Finkelstein et al. (2014) estimated that an obese ten-year-old, typically in the fifth grade, will incur between $12,660 and $19,630 in direct medical costs beyond those of a normal-weight ten-year-old over a lifetime.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to estimate the lifetime direct medical costs attributable to obesity for fifth graders in the two most populous states, Texas and California. METHODS: Body composition data from the Presidential Youth Fitness Program’s FITNESSGRAM® administered in California and Texas each school year from 2010 – 2011 to 2012 – 2013 were used. Data included information on 447,619 – 456,409 fifth graders each year in …

Visceral Fat Prediction Models According To Age And Gender, Serena Chang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity is the leading risk factor for metabolic syndrome and puts individuals at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.Past studies have shown that visceral adipose tissue (VAT), rather than subcutaneous fat (SF), is a major predictor of these disorders.VAT is the fatty tissue surrounding the vital organs, while SF is the fat found directly beneath the skin. SF’s primary function is to provide energy storage while VAT cells are metabolically active and have been linked to increased insulin resistance, production of triglycerides and low density lipolipids, which contribute to a higher risk of health diseases.Due to lack of …

Executive Function Relationships To Sitting Time And Physical Activity: A Pilot Study, Megan E. Mcclendon, Mark D. Faries, Jessica Thompson, Danielle Cofield

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Executive function (EF) refers to the neurocognitive perspective of supervisory abilities to self-regulate during goal-direct behavior. More specifically, the ability to attend to and inhibit dominant responses (i.e. Attention/Inhibition) has been found to moderate the intention and physical activity (PA) relationship, yet does not appear to relate to PA. However, this EF is related to other health behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption (i.e. behaviors to be inhibited). The lack of relationship to PA might be due to it being a behavior that is not to be inhibited, compared to a behavior that should be inhibited (e.g. sitting time). …

Comparisons Of Physique, Body Composition, And Somatotype By Weight Division Between Male And Female Collegiate Taekwondo Athletes, Hyun-Chul Jung Ph. D., Sukho Lee Ph. D., Min Hyung Kim M.S., Myung Won Seo M.S., Jong Kook Song Ph.D.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The aim of the study was to compare the physique, body composition and somatotype between male and female collegiate taekwondo athletes and specially focus on differences by weight division. 60 collegiate taekwondo athletes (male: 29, female: 31) voluntarily participated in the study. They were divided into four Olympic weight divisions (male for -58 kg, -68 kg, -80 kg, +80 kg, female for -49 kg, -57 kg, -67 kg, +67 kg). Anthropometric measurements included body weight, height, sitting height, body circumferences (relaxed arm, flexed arm, chest, waist, hip, thigh, and calf), bone widths (humerus and femur), and skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, …

Establishing The Learned Effect Of Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Tests, Erin F. Thompson, Jospeh R. Secrest, Eric J. Jones, Malcolm T. Whitehead

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) is a recognized and well-established measure of power output, muscular endurance, and fatigue. However, a learning effect could reduce the reliability of these measures. PURPOSE: To establish the number of WAnT trials needed to produce a learned effect. METHODS: Thirty-six apparently healthy college-aged men (n=20) and women (n=16) who had not previously performed a WAnT participated in five WAnT trials separated by a minimum of 72 hours. Peak Power (PP) and Mean Power (MP) were recorded for each trial. Resistance for trials was calculated at 7.5% of each respective participant’s weight. …

Progression Of Performance Over Four Decades In Masters’ Athletics, Amanda S. Akkari, Daniel R. Machin, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Athletic performance at the highest level of competition has improved in a variety of sports over the last 40 years, most notably in swimming and track. Although improvements in performance have also been observed among masters’ athletes (ages 35 and older), data concerning masters’ athletic performance have only been certain since the 1970’s. Whether the magnitude of improvement in athletic performance from 1970 onward is different between elite and masters’ athletes, as well as between different age groups of masters’ athletes, has yet to be determined. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in progression of …

C.Elegans As A Diabetes & Ischemia Model: Identification Of Genetic And Cellular Changes That Modulate The Survival Of Hyperglycemia And Oxygen-Deprivation, Anastacia M. Garcia, Mary L. Ladage, Brian K. Mcfarlin, Rajeev K. Azad, Pamela A. Padilla

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Diet represents an exogenous influence that often yields colossal effects on an individual’s phenotype, physiology, long-term health and disease risk. The overconsumption of dietary sugars for example, has contributed to significant increases in obesity and type 2 diabetes, health issues that are costly both in terms of dollars and human life. Additionally, individuals with these conditions have compromised oxygen delivery and thus, an increased vulnerability to other oxygen-deprivation related disease states, including cardiovascular disease, ischemic strokes, vascular and coronary diseases and myocardial infarction. While human and other mammalian studies have shown that individuals with type 2 diabetes have a worse …

Consumption Of A High-Fat Meal Alters Post-Prandial Sirt Mrna Expression In Blood Leukocytes, Jill N. Sampson, Andrea L. Henning, Eric A. Prado, Adam Venable, Pamela Padilla, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction. Sirtuins (SIRT) are protein deacetylases, hypothesized to regulate the transcription of various genes involved in the prevention of atherogenesis and diet induced obesity. Previous research from our laboratory has demonstrated that consumption of a single, high-fat meal increases various CVD risk factors for up to 5-h post-prandial. Given the importance of SIRT to metabolic disorders, it is reasonable to speculate that a single, high-fat meal also disrupts SIRT. Methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a high-fat meal (75% of daily kcals & 80% of daily fat needs), on SIRT mRNA expression in blood …

The Freshman 15: Comparing Change In Weight Of Male And Female Student Athletes During The First Year Of College, Nolan E. Klein, Jimmy Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Before entering college many students are warned about the “Freshman 15” or the notion that students gain 15 lbs of body weight during their first year of college. Previous studies have shown that though students do gain weight during their first year in college, the gain is less than the fabled 15 lbs. However, less is known about first year weight gain in college athletes. Purpose: This study was done to determine whether male and female student athletes at a small private university gained weight during their first year of college and how much body weight changed during that …

Effects Of Regular Exercise On Blood Components And Serum Lipids In Elderly With Low Cognitive Function, Nan Hee Lee, Chung Moo Lee, Sukho Lee

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise is known as an effective method to reduce morbidity related to the cognitive impairment in the elderly. It has been reported that combined exercise including aerobic exercise and resistance training promotes cardiovascular function to facilitate volumetric oxygen transfer into brain and body tissues. The purpose of the present study was to determine the changes of blood components (RBC, WBC, HCT, Hb, MCV, MCH, Platelet) and serum lipids (TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c) by regular combined exercise in elderly with low cognitive function. 18 elderly women out of 23 completed all study requirements in this study. Following a baseline screening session …