Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Aerobic Capacity Is Related To Repeated Sprint Ability With Sprint Distances Less Than 40 Meters., Gabriel J. Sanders, Zachary Turner, Brian Boos, Corey Peacock, Willard Peveler, Alar Lipping

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(2): 197-204, 2017 Research is inconclusive regarding the association between aerobic fitness (objectively measured VO_2max) and repeated sprint performance when the sprints are less than 40 meters. Soccer athletes must be able to repeat sprints without significant decreases in speed and strength and conditioning coaches need to better understand if aerobic fitness is related to repeated sprint ability (RSA). Twenty (10 male, 10 female) Division I soccer athletes first completed a graded maximal treadmill test to measure VO_2max. Then on a separate day, athletes completed the RSA test. The RSA test …

An Acute Bout Of A Controlled Breathing Frequency Lowers Sympathetic Neural Outflow But Not Blood Pressure In Healthy Normotensive Subjects, Shannon Mcclain, Alexa Brooks, Sara Jarvis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(2): 188-196, 2017 Controlled or paced breathing is often used as a stress reduction technique but the impact on blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic outflow have not been consistently reported. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a controlled breathing (12 breaths/min, CB) rate would be similar to an individual’s spontaneous breathing (SB) rate. Secondly, would a CB rate of 12 breaths/min alter heart rate (HR), BP, and indices of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Twenty-one subjects (10 women, 11 men) performed two trials: SB, where the subject chose a comfortable breathing rate; …

Autonomic Modulation In Older Women: Using Resistance Exercise As A Countermeasure, Hayden Gerhart, Yu Lun Tai, Curtis Fennell, Xián Mayo, J. Derek Kingsley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(2): 178-187, 2017 It is unclear if resistance training (RT) can be used to alter declines in autonomic modulation associated with aging. Young women (YW; range 18-25 yrs) and older women (OW; range 50-72 yrs) were compared at baseline. Only OW underwent supervised RT 2 days a week for 12-weeks. Baseline and post-training measurements included heart rate variability (HRV) and complexity (Sample Entropy) to assess autonomic modulation. The 12-weeks of RT consisted of 9 exercises performing 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions. At baseline, group differences in maximal strength, and autonomic modulation were evaluated with a …

Review Of Physical Activity Benefits And Potential Considerations For Individuals With Surgical Fusion Of Spine For Scoliosis, Rumit S. Kakar, Kathy J. Simpson, Bhibha M. Das, Cathleen N. Brown

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(2): 166-177, 2017 Evidence-based recommendations for physical activity following spinal fusion surgeries for idiopathic scoliosis are limited, specifically in the adolescent population. Individuals with scoliosis treated operatively or non-operatively have been reported to participate in less than 1-3 days/week of even mildly strenuous physical exercises. Over 40% of individuals with scoliosis returned to sports at a level lower than pre-operative participation levels or did not return at all post spinal fusion. It is particularly important for human movement specialists, such as physical therapists, occupational therapists, athletic trainers and kinesiologists to assist these individuals effectively transition …

The Feasibility Of Using The Super Tracker Website For Behavior Changes In The Adolescent Population, Ebony Taylor, Diana Cuy Castellanos

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Research suggests technology such as health websites may be a viable way to effect lifestyle behavior and promote health. Several websites utilize self-monitoring of physical activity and diet as well as provide health-related education as a method to impact behavior. One such site is the Super Tracker tool on ChooseMyPlate.gov, created by the United States Department of Health. The site was created to encourage healthy diet and physical activity within the US population. Therefore, the aim of this original research was to examine the acceptability and feasibility outcomes of a self-monitoring physical activity intervention delivered by the Super Tracker website …

Plasma Metabolites Reveal Changes In Physiological State Of Eared Grebes (Podiceps Nigricollis) During Three Non-Migratory Periods, Allison A. Yoshida

Theses

Energy storage and use during the annual cycle of migratory birds is dynamic especially during migration. However, considerable amounts of the annual cycle are spent not migrating, and the physiological state of birds during these non-migratory periods is not well understood. We compared plasma metabolites (TRIG, BUTY, URIC, GLY) in Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) residing at three important areas when they are not migrating: fall staging (postbreeding at Mono Lake, California), spring staging (pre-breeding at Great Salt Lake, Utah), and an extended stopover prior to spring staging (Salton Sea, California). Plasma metabolites were also measured in resting and active grebes …

Pre-Training Muscle Characteristics Of Subjects Who Are Obese Determine How Well Exercise Training Will Improve Their Insulin Responsiveness, Charles A. Stuart, Michelle L. Lee, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, Brian M. Cartwright, Michael W. Ramsey, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

Pre-training muscle characteristics of subjects who are obese determine how well exercise training will improve their insulin responsiveness. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 798–808, 2017—Only half of prediabetic subjects who are obese who underwent exercise training without weight loss increased their insulin responsiveness. We hypothesized that those who improved their insulin responsiveness might have pretraining characteristics favoring a positive response to exercise training. Thirty nondiabetic subjects who were obese volunteered for 8 weeks of either strength training or endurance training. During training, subjects increased their caloric intake to prevent weight loss. Insulin responsiveness by euglycemic clamps and muscle fiber composition, …

Serum Comp And The Inflammatory Environment Of The Knee Before And After Exercise-Induced Load, Alyssa Evans, Robert D. Hyldahl, Sarah T. Ridge, Sunku Kwon, Ty J. Hopkins, Eric R. Robinson, Matthew K. Seeley

Biomedical Engineering Western Regional Conference

The purpose of this study was to determine how accurately serum COMP represents inflammatory cytokine levels, within the knee, before and after exercise.

Cytokines included: GM-CSF, IFNa2, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-1ra, IL1b, IL1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b and IL-17.

Eccentric Resistance Training In Adults With And Without Spinal Cord Injuries, Whitley J. Stone, Sandra L. Stevens, Dana K. Fuller, Jennifer L. Caputo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 154-165, 2017 The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of active lower body eccentric resistance training (ERT) in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) and controls (CON). Specifically, the study was designed to determine if those with iSCI adapt similarly to ERT as CON participants as well as the overall safety and efficacy of ERT in this population. This pilot investigation involved the recruitment of persons with iSCI (n = 3) and age- and sex-matched able-bodied CON (n = 3). The 8-week intervention focused on building lower extremity …

The Accuracy Of Pedometers In Measuring Walking Steps On A Treadmill In College Students, Hannah M. Husted, Tamra Llewellyn

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 146-153, 2017. Pedometers are a popular way for people to track if they have reached the recommended 10,000 daily steps. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of four brands of pedometers at measuring steps, and to determine if a relationship exists between pedometer cost and accuracy. The hypothesis was that the more expensive brands of pedometers (the Fitbit Charge™ and Omron HJ-303™) would yield more accurate step counts than less expensive brands (the SmartHealth – Walking FIT™ and Sportline™). While wearing all pedometers at once, one male and eleven …

The Effect Of High Intensity Interval Run Training On Cross Sectional Area Of The Vastus Lateralis In Untrained College Students, Rebekah Estes, David Thrush, Amy Malinowski, Meredith Piacentini, Eric Salley, Cassidy Losey, Erik Hayes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 137-145, 2017 Aerobic cycling has been repeatedly shown to induce hypertrophy in skeletal muscle across a variety of populations, while there has been a lack of investigation into the impact of running upon hypertrophy. An increasingly popular model of aerobic exercise is high-intensity interval training (HIIT); in addition to its positive impact upon cardiovascular health, HIIT may be sufficient for inducing significant muscular hypertrophy. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of a high-intensity interval running protocol upon hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis in an untrained, young population. Twelve recreationally …

Effects Of Simulated Altitude On Maximal Oxygen Uptake And Inspiratory Fitness, Nicole Biggs, Benjamin England, Nicole Turcotte, Melissa R. Cook, Alyne L. Williams

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 128-136, 2017 Aerobic exercise at altitude has shown an increase in maximal oxygen uptake. Similar effects have been replicated by way of simulated altitude training, which have influenced various advances in the field of exercise science. Elevation Training Masks© (ETM) claim to stimulate cardiorespiratory fitness improvements similar to training at altitude, however, there is little research to support this claim. The purpose of this study was to research the effect that a hypoxia-inducing mask would have on cardiorespiratory fitness and pulmonary function through the use of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) running program. …

Meeting Usdhhs Physical Activity Guidelines And Health Outcomes, E. Earlynn Lauer, Allen W. Jackson, Scott B. Martin, James R. Morrow Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 121-127, 2017 Current public health physical activity (PA) guidelines suggest ≥500 METmin/week of PA, with additional benefits beyond 1000 METmin/week (i.e., a dose response). Revised U.S. PA guidelines are scheduled for 2018. The purpose was to relate health markers (blood pressure, percent fat, BMI, blood glucose, cholesterol, and cardiorespiratory fitness) to verify the dose response for PA guidelines revision. 505 non-smoking participants self-reported PA behaviors and completed medical screening. MANCOVA controlling for age and gender determined the relation between health markers and PA. MANCOVA indicated significantly (P<.001) different health markers of percent fat, BMI, glucose, and treadmill time as a function of PA. Post-hoc Helmert contrasts (1] <500 METmin/week vs. ≥500 METmin/week and 2] 500 to <1000 METmin/week vs. ≥1000 METmin/week) indicated that meeting the PA guidelines was associated with better health markers and higher cardiorespiratory fitness. Effect sizes were greater for contrast 1 than for contrast 2, suggesting a plateauing effect. Revised public health guidelines should consider achievement of ≥500 METmin/week to be most important, with additional modest gain thereafter. Revised PA guidelines should stress the importance of achieving 500-1000 METmin/week.

Acute Effects Of 24-H Sleep Deprivation On Salivary Cortisol And Testosterone Concentrations And Testosterone To Cortisol Ratio Following Supplementation With Caffeine Or Placebo, Ciaran K. Mc Donald, Joss Moore, Alan Mc Intyre, Kevin Carmody, Bernard Donne

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 108-120, 2017. Caffeine has become a popular ergogenic aid amongst athletes and usage to improve athletic performance has been well documented. The effect of caffeine on anabolic and catabolic hormones in a sleep-deprived state has had little investigation to date. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of caffeine to offset the effects, if any, of short-term sleep deprivation and exercise on an athlete’s testosterone and cortisol concentrations via salivary technique. Eleven competitive male athletes volunteered to be part of this prospective double-blinded study. Three test days were scheduled for …

The Effects Of A 10-Day Altitude Training Camp At 1828 Meters On Varsity Cross-Country Runners, Sebastian R. Diebel, Ian Newhouse, David S. Thompson, Vineet Bk Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 97-107, 2017. Altitude training has been shown to alter blood lactate (BL) levels due to alterations resulting from acclimatization. This study aims to estimate the impact of altitude training on BL changes immediately following an incremental treadmill test and during recovery before and after 10-day altitude training at approximately 1828 meters. Eight varsity cross-country runners performed an incremental treadmill test (ITT), pre and post-altitude training. Resting and post-warm-up BL values were recorded. During ITT, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and time to exhaustion were monitored. BL was also measured post-ITT at 0, 2, …

Validity Of The Bottle Buoyancy Model For Body Fat Determination, Cherie Pettitt, Kalvin Danzl, Lauren M. Glorvigen, Cody J. Strom, Thomas A. Inkrott, Robert W. Pettitt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 87-96, 2017. We investigated a modification of the bottle buoyancy (BB) method in comparison to single frequency, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) as a valid noninvasive method of percent body fat (%BF) determination. Twenty-eight participants (15 men, 13 women), in counterbalanced-order, completed the BB, BIA, and computerized hydrostatic densitometry (HD) methods. We elected to modify the BB method using a 12.15 L container with participants hugging the container in an upright position. Consistency measures of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), coefficient of variation (CV) and total error of measurement (TEM) are reported. Our …

Borg Scale Is Valid For Ratings Of Perceived Exertion For Individuals With Parkinson’S Disease, Amanda Penko

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 76-86, 2017. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that has traditionally been treated with anti-parkinsonian medication. There is increasing evidence that exercise is beneficial to those with PD, therefore, it is necessary to validate a measure of exertion that can be implemented across exercise settings that may not have the capability to actively monitor heart rate. The aim of this project was to determine the validity of the Borg RPE scale in individuals with PD undergoing a maximal progressive cycling exercise test. Thirty-eight males and females (58.5 ± 8.1 yrs) with a clinical diagnosis …

Assessing Energy Level As A Marker Of Aerobic Exercise Readiness: A Pilot Investigation, Kelley Strohacker, William R. Boyer, Kayla N. Smitherman, Emily Cornelius, Daniel Fazzino

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 62-75, 2017. Energy ratings have been used as a marker of exercise readiness (i.e. pre-exercise physical/mental state indicating ability to perform) within flexible nonlinear periodization (FNLP)-based resistance training interventions. However, empirical data is lacking regarding the utility of this approach for aerobic exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of pre-exercise energy level to predict affective and behavioral responses to prescribed aerobic exercise. Participants consisted of 19 women and 8 men (N=27, age=20±4 years, estimated maximal oxygen uptake=37±6). Participants performed two 30-min bouts of treadmill exercise under an imposed moderate …

The Acute Effects Of Static Stretching Compared To Dynamic Stretching With And Without An Active Warm Up On Anaerobic Performance, Bradley J. Kendall

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 53-61, 2017. The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) has been used in many studies to determine anaerobic performance. However, there has been poor reporting of warm-up protocols and limited consistency between warm-up methods that have been used. With the WAnT being such a commonly-used test, consistency in warm-up methods is essential in order to compare results across studies. Therefore, this study was designed to compare how static stretching, dynamic stretching, and an active warm-up affect WAnT performance. Ten recreationally active participants (5 males, 5 females) with a mean (SD) age of 23.3 (0.7) volunteered for …

The Relationship Between Sports Specialization And Mental Toughness, Courtney Buhrow, Jacob Digmann, Jennifer J. Waldron

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 44-52, 2017. The pros and cons of early sport specialization compared to diversification have been examined in many research studies. The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the relationship between mental toughness and age of specialization in sport, and (b) differences in mental toughness based on early specialization of sport and gender. College athletes (N = 102) completed surveys about specialization and mental toughness, including MeBTough. The mean age of specialization was 13.45 (± 4.47). Results showed no significant difference in mental toughness of those who specialized early and those who did …