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Articles 9841 - 9870 of 11643

Full-Text Articles in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Numerical Simulation Of Shock Wave Effect On Damaged Upper And Lower Adjacent Structures Of Ships, Run Miao, Weili Wang, Hongjie Liu, Shiyong Wu, Zeng Liang Jan 2019

Numerical Simulation Of Shock Wave Effect On Damaged Upper And Lower Adjacent Structures Of Ships, Run Miao, Weili Wang, Hongjie Liu, Shiyong Wu, Zeng Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The damage effect of shock wave on the upper and lower adjacent cabin structure of small warship is studied. LS-DYNA finite element analysis software is used. Damage modes of upper and lower adjacent cabin structures under dynamic and static explosion are analyzed. Cabin damage under different charging speeds is calculated. The results show that in the dynamic explosion state, there is a big difference between the shock wave field and the static explosion, which causes different modes of bulkhead damage. When the explosive happens in the lower cabin, the upper cabin bulkhead is extruded by the deformation of the …

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Penetrating Capability Of Different Annular Shaped Charge Warhead, Tan Bo, Hongjie Liu, Run Miao, Zeng Liang Jan 2019

Penetrating Capability Of Different Annular Shaped Charge Warhead, Tan Bo, Hongjie Liu, Run Miao, Zeng Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: On the basis of the existing missile warhead, an annular shaped charge is added in the front of warhead without changing the size and increasing the weight of the warhead. ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used to simulate the whole process of the formation of annular jet and penetration of a double target and analyze the movement characteristics of two kinds of different annular jet in the air. The target damage effect is acquired. The calculation results show that the difference of the penetration ability on the double layer target of jet between center -ball shaped charge and that of the hollow …

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Research On Construction Method Of Data-Driven Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation Model, Yingbo Lu, Xiaochao Qian, Chen Wei, He Shu, Zhifeng Lu Jan 2019

Research On Construction Method Of Data-Driven Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation Model, Yingbo Lu, Xiaochao Qian, Chen Wei, He Shu, Zhifeng Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The problem of weapon equipment effectiveness evaluation is complex and nonlinear. However, the analytical method cannot empower evaluation index objectively or establish the mathematical model accurately. This paper proposes a data-driven evaluation model construction method. We introduce meta-model technology like GA-BP algorithm to construct effectiveness evaluation model, which can mine relationships and weights between indicators objectively. We take the interception effectiveness evaluation of a certain type of air defense missile weapon system as an example to verify the feasibility of this method. The method is helpful to optimize technical indicators and predict effectiveness rapidly.

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Simulation Of Influence Of Coal-Based Industry On Water Resources Bearing System, Yalin Chen, Wangsheng Gui, Qianjin Dong, Ye Chun, Haotian Wu Jan 2019

Simulation Of Influence Of Coal-Based Industry On Water Resources Bearing System, Yalin Chen, Wangsheng Gui, Qianjin Dong, Ye Chun, Haotian Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The contradictory spatial distribution between China's coal resources and water resources has become the stress to sustainable development of regional ecological environment and social economy. The paper presents interactive simulation model of regional water resources bearing system based on System Dynamics; and then Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is used as an example, the dynamic process of local water bearing system was simulated under different scenarios of planning. The simulation results show that regional sustainable development of water resources would be achieved if the resources are allocated based on the market, while the gap between supply and demand of regional …

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Multi-Algorithm And Multi-Population Co-Optimization Differential Evolution Algorithm, Jinghua Zhang, Han Pu Jan 2019

Multi-Algorithm And Multi-Population Co-Optimization Differential Evolution Algorithm, Jinghua Zhang, Han Pu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Algorithm fusion or co-evolutionary with multi populations are the solutions for complex engineering application. A multi-algorithm and multi-population collaborative optimization algorithm is proposed by differential evolution (DE) algorithm, which pays emphasis on algorithm selection and combination. The algorithm designs a parameter-adaptive DE algorithm and selects three different DE algorithm variants which is complementary for each other and provides a multi-population co-optimization scheme according to four algorithms characters. Stimulation results show that the proposed algorithm could make four different algorithms remedy for each other, gets a better result, and raises the precision, reliability and suitability, which reduces algorithm selection difficulty …

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Detailed Enhancement Of Forward Vehicle Video Images Based On Structured Forest, Weidong Jin, Yanhua Hu, Tang Peng, Li Wei Jan 2019

Detailed Enhancement Of Forward Vehicle Video Images Based On Structured Forest, Weidong Jin, Yanhua Hu, Tang Peng, Li Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the complexity of existing image enhancement methods, which cannot highlight the detection target, this paper proposes a method for detail enhancement of forward vehicle video based on structured forest. This method is mainly divided into two parts: structured forest edge detection and visual enhancement. This paper implements the detail edge extraction and enhancement of the patrolling image of the catenary. The gray histogram distribution after processing is more balanced, and the difference between the average values of gray levels in the detail area and background area of the enhanced patrol image is the standard deviation. The …

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Prediction Model For Breakdown Voltage Of Transformer Oil Based On Relative Transformation And Kernel Principal Component Analysis, Yinguo Xiong Jan 2019

Prediction Model For Breakdown Voltage Of Transformer Oil Based On Relative Transformation And Kernel Principal Component Analysis, Yinguo Xiong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the difficulty of measuring the breakdown voltage of transformer oil on line, a new prediction model for breakdown voltage of transformer oil is proposed based on relative transformation (RT) and kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). By analyzing the factors that are closely related to the breakdown voltage, the original data space is converted to the relative data space by relative transformation to improve the distinguishability between data. KPCA is employed in the relative space for the purpose of data dimension reduction, denoising and extracting nonlinear features. Kernel principal components extracted by KPCA are used as the input …

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Simulation And Analysis Of Blasting Effect For Multi-Core Tube-Hollow-High-Rise Building, Tiejun Cui, Shasha Li, Laigui Wang Jan 2019

Simulation And Analysis Of Blasting Effect For Multi-Core Tube-Hollow-High-Rise Building, Tiejun Cui, Shasha Li, Laigui Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the complex high-rise building structure collapse process and effect of blasting, the blasting simulation of building containing multi-core tube and hollow structure are performed. Simulation building has hollow-four core tube-frame structure and the core tube throughout the whole building. Particle flow method is used to model the building, and blasting simulation is implemented using the blast algorithm based on particle flow. According to the structure characteristics and the distance of core tube and architecture center, the implementation of blasting is three groups design. The processes of blasting and the blasting results are analyzed. Results show …

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Simulation Of Transient Temperature Field Of Current-Carrying Sliding Friction Pair, Fengyi Guo, Hongxin Gao, Liu Shuai, Zhiyong Wang, Zhang Kai, Aijun Wang Jan 2019

Simulation Of Transient Temperature Field Of Current-Carrying Sliding Friction Pair, Fengyi Guo, Hongxin Gao, Liu Shuai, Zhiyong Wang, Zhang Kai, Aijun Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The transient temperature rise of pantograph and catenary system could affect material properties of the friction pair, which accelerates the wear of system. In order to reduce the wear caused by temperature, transient temperature and distribution of copper/copper-carbon friction pair are studied. A simulation model is established by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Model effectiveness is verified with temperature experiments. The transient process of temperature field is studied by simulation. The results show that the temperature rise of carbon plate has small cyclical peaks. The highest temperature appears on the contact region in the initial stage of running. Temperature gradient …

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Study On Stability Of Bbmc Under Voltage And Current Control Mode, Xiaoping Zhang, Xiaoqiu Li, Wu Zhi Jan 2019

Study On Stability Of Bbmc Under Voltage And Current Control Mode, Xiaoping Zhang, Xiaoqiu Li, Wu Zhi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the paper, the stability of Buck-Boost matrix converter in voltage/current control mode is studied, and a nonlinear modeling and analysis method on the Buck-Boost matrix converter is proposed. The discrete iterative nonlinear mapping model of the converter is established. The influence of voltage feedback coefficient K1 and current proportional coefficient K2 on system stability is analyzed by sampling the distribution map of output voltage, hence, the stable domain of K1-K2 is determined. The influence on converter stability is verified and analyzed by the time domain waveform, the stroboscopic sampling chart and the …

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Research On Fjsp Problem Of Invasive Weed Optimization Based On Hybrid Strategy, Li Ke, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji Jan 2019

Research On Fjsp Problem Of Invasive Weed Optimization Based On Hybrid Strategy, Li Ke, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve the flexible job-shop scheduling problem more effectively, an improved invasive weed algorithm was proposed. A random key encoding scheme based on transformed sequences was proposed and an adaptive Gauss mutation operator was introduced to diversity the population in the process of weed breeding. In spatial diffusion stage, the standard deviation of normal distribution based on tangent function was used as seed’s new step size search method. In competition of invasive weed stage, by using the guided search strategy in the bee colony algorithm, the weed was guided to improve its ability to jump out of the …

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Multi-Tasks Channel Selection Algorithmic Modeling Based On Svm-Rfe, Jiankui Feng, Jin Jing, Wang Bei, Yugang Niu, Xingyu Wang Jan 2019

Multi-Tasks Channel Selection Algorithmic Modeling Based On Svm-Rfe, Jiankui Feng, Jin Jing, Wang Bei, Yugang Niu, Xingyu Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Channel selection is used to locate the mental task related brain area in the brain computer interface systems. In the previous studies, the channels were selected based on the data recoded from the multi-mental tasks. However, the different mental tasks are corresponding to the different brain area. If one same brain area is selected for different mental tasks, the features of one mental task would be noises of another mental task. In this paper, a new method was presented to solve this problem based on the data of motor imagery tasks. The SVM-RFE method was used to select the …

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Evaluation Of Contribution Of Army Combined Arms In All-Domains Weapon System-Of-Systems Based On Critical Capability, Xiaochao Qian, Tang Wei, Chen Wei, Yingbo Lu, Zhifeng Lu Jan 2019

Evaluation Of Contribution Of Army Combined Arms In All-Domains Weapon System-Of-Systems Based On Critical Capability, Xiaochao Qian, Tang Wei, Chen Wei, Yingbo Lu, Zhifeng Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To support equipment development demonstration of the army combined arms in all-domains weapon system-of-systems, an evaluate method of weapon system-of-systems contribution based on critical capability is studied. The critical capability of the army combined arms in all-domains weapon system-of-systems is analyzed based on the operational mission. A specified scenario of the army combined arms in all-domains weapon system-of-systems is given and the simulation system is constructed. The evaluation index systems and computation model of efficiency of the army combined arms in all-domains weapon system-of-systems are established under the specified scenario. The evaluation result can support the development demonstration …

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Modeling, Simulation And Realization Of Writing System Based On Bci Technology, Chen Chao, Ping Yao, Bin Hao, Xu Rui Jan 2019

Modeling, Simulation And Realization Of Writing System Based On Bci Technology, Chen Chao, Ping Yao, Bin Hao, Xu Rui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to solve the problem of insufficient information transmission and interaction between organisms and electromechanical devices in the integrated system of vital electricity, Emotiv EPOC and mechanical arm of eeg acquisition equipment were used to build a writing system based on brain-computer interface technology with faster information transmission rate The system modeling and simulation were conducted. In the system modeling, the frequency identification of steady-state visual evoked potential was carried out by a combination of bandpass filtering and Canonical Correlation Analysis algorithm, and the accuracy rate of the four classifications was as high as 91.6%. In the online …

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Think Of The Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems In Simulation: From Physics Domain To Social Domain, Bin Chen, Yiping Wang, Xiaogang Qiu, Liu Liang, Ma Liang Jan 2019

Think Of The Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems In Simulation: From Physics Domain To Social Domain, Bin Chen, Yiping Wang, Xiaogang Qiu, Liu Liang, Ma Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Dynamic data driven application systems (DDDAS) is an important part in the intelligent ACP based experimental approach. With the development of information technologies such as big data, intelligent learning, game play theory, the modes of application of DDDAS in simulation cases have changed a lot. In order to meet the requirements of the researches in both physics domain and social domain, the applications of DDDAS in classical cases are summarized. The data assimilation in the two physics cases is illustrated in detail. Then the cases in social domain which is focused by safety science are also discussed. The …

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Uncertainty Quantification Method For Aircraft Using Pce Model, Liu Bo, Xiaobing Shang, Chao Tao, Ping Ma, Yang Ming Jan 2019

Uncertainty Quantification Method For Aircraft Using Pce Model, Liu Bo, Xiaobing Shang, Chao Tao, Ping Ma, Yang Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study uncertainty quantification of aircraft, which has the characteristics of many uncertainty parameters, complex model structures, and so on, an uncertainty quantification method based on polynomial chaos expansion is proposed. A method based on multi-dimensional polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) is used as an agent model to approximate aircraft so as to reduce the amount of calculation of transmitting by the vehicle dynamic system from uncertainty parameters. The Sobol index of the global sensitivity is calculated based on the approximate agent model. An example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the polynomial chaos expansion method …

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Computational Model And Analysis Of Parachute’S Opening Load In Rocket Sled Experiments, Conglei Wang Jan 2019

Computational Model And Analysis Of Parachute’S Opening Load In Rocket Sled Experiments, Conglei Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The multi-bodies method with mass-spring damper model is used to analyze the parachute opening load in the rocket sled experiments. Results show that the computational model can be used to predict the opening load variation in rocket sled experiments. The computed maximum value and moment of opening load agree well with the experiment data. At the same time, the influences of fore-body mass and deploy velocity on the inflation load are analyzed. The analysis shows that in the range of 200~450 km/h, the peak value of the inflation load increases with the increase of the deploy velocity, and …

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Facial Feature Points Tracking System And Simulation Analysis, Mingze Yuan, Shihong Xia Jan 2019

Facial Feature Points Tracking System And Simulation Analysis, Mingze Yuan, Shihong Xia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Obtaining facial feature points from images are one of the fundamental research issues in computer vision and graphics. At present, most of face alignment methods obtain the position information of face feature points from a single static picture, i.e., a single still picture detection. Although these methods have obtained relatively accurate detection results, in the detection of feature points of continuous picture sequences, the feature point jitter may occur due to environmental changes such as illumination and background. Therefore, an embedded tracking system for a human face feature points is constructed using a tracking-based method for acquiring facial feature …

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Cloud Job Scheduling Model Based On Improved Plant Growth Algorithm, Li Qiang, Xiaofeng Liu Jan 2019

Cloud Job Scheduling Model Based On Improved Plant Growth Algorithm, Li Qiang, Xiaofeng Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The performance of cloud job scheduling algorithm has a great importance to the whole cloud system. The key factors that affect cloud operation scheduling are found out, and a resource constraint model is established. The existing simulation plant growth algorithm is improved based on the Logistic model of plant growth law, so that the plant growth way was made to change according to the energy power. The comparison of four different plant models was carried out and their different features were analyzed. Compared with 6 typical cloud job scheduling algorithms, it is concluded that the improved simulation plant growth …

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Application Tests Of Mudis In Surface Ship Operation Training Simulation System, Xu Jing, Zhengxiang Xiong, Yongsheng Zhang, Xu Ming Jan 2019

Application Tests Of Mudis In Surface Ship Operation Training Simulation System, Xu Jing, Zhengxiang Xiong, Yongsheng Zhang, Xu Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To meet the network communication demands of surface ship operation training simulation system, a multi-layer distributed service data interaction RTI was developed, which supported several system frameworks; and the main functions of HLA and DDS standards were realized. The distributed service with multiple key points was adopted; the data with several frequency response mechanisms and intelligent communication methods were provided; and the active analysis of data communication behavior was obtained. It had error-tolerance and adaptive load balancing capabilities. The MuDIS tests on data control, real-time data communication, time advance request delay, error-tolerance performance and so on were carried out …

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Simulation-Based Acquisition Platform For Complex Equipment, Huiyang Qu, Yaoqin Zhu, Ruiying Pu, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi Jan 2019

Simulation-Based Acquisition Platform For Complex Equipment, Huiyang Qu, Yaoqin Zhu, Ruiying Pu, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the architecture of the simulation-based acquisition platform and the integrated modeling technology, the modeling and simulation technology based on virtual prototype is described. The modeling and simulation techniques for reliability, maintainability and supportability, and for the acquisition project management across the life-cycle are elaborated. Based on an aerospace complex equipment acquisition project, the application of the simulation-based acquisition platform in the aerospace equipment demonstration, development and support phase is introduced.

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Low-Rank Sparse Joint Representation For Moving Object Detection In Video, Yang Lei, Pang Fang, Huosheng Hu Jan 2019

Low-Rank Sparse Joint Representation For Moving Object Detection In Video, Yang Lei, Pang Fang, Huosheng Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the video sequences with fixed cameras, it is a reasonable assumption that the fixed background has low-rank characteristic, and the dynamic foreground has sparse characteristic. A new motion detection method based on low-rank and sparse joint representation is proposed in this paper. The ideas of the proposed method are described as follows: The noise of video sequence is removed by image preprocessing. The optical flow between continuous video sequences is estimated, which is used to generate a binary motion mask as a movement weight matrix. An optimization model with low-rank background and sparse foreground is established based …

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Mining And Validation Of Attacking Behavior In The Robocup 2d Simulation, Chen Bing, Zhang Heng, Zekai Cheng, Dong Peng, Lin Chao Jan 2019

Mining And Validation Of Attacking Behavior In The Robocup 2d Simulation, Chen Bing, Zhang Heng, Zekai Cheng, Dong Peng, Lin Chao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Robocup is an international academic competition which focuses on artificial intelligence and robotics. The 2D simulation is one of the earliest and most influential projects in Robocup. Attacking is the core behaviour of the simulated football game, as well as the attack recognition is considered as an important part in team-confrontations. This paper selects some active and contribution index of attacking, extracts lots of attacking behaviour data of the key agents, proposes two kinds of attacking patterns of 2D simulation, as ‘separate attack’ and ‘cooperative attack’, according to the human-player actions. The following simulation tests give the accuracy of …

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Real-Time Reconstruction And Simulation Of Police Dog Posture Based On Multi-Sensor Data Vest, Chaozheng Zhu, He Ming, Yang Sheng, Yang Cheng, Zhenhua Song Jan 2019

Real-Time Reconstruction And Simulation Of Police Dog Posture Based On Multi-Sensor Data Vest, Chaozheng Zhu, He Ming, Yang Sheng, Yang Cheng, Zhenhua Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Real-time police dog posture reconstruction provides an intelligent, convenient and over-the-horizon interactive way for police on duty with dogs. For the biological movement characteristics of police dogs, a new multi-sensor dog data vest was designed and implemented. Based on multiple small size and low power consumption sensors, a new police dog motion fusion method was proposed to capture the different posture data of police dogs, including standing, sitting and prone position, etc. For frequent jitter of police dogs, this paper proposed a method of dog posture reconstruction based on multi-sensor data vest, and introduced an improved kernel function ELM …

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Uncalibrated Visual Servoing Based On Kalman Filter Optimized By Spsa, Jinqiang Zhang, Xianxia Zhang Jan 2019

Uncalibrated Visual Servoing Based On Kalman Filter Optimized By Spsa, Jinqiang Zhang, Xianxia Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the problem of robot uncalibrated visual servoing, this paper presents a method for online estimation of image Jacobian matrix based on Kalman filter optimized by simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm. This method takes the robot image Jacobian matrix as the system state, and uses Kalman filter to observe the system state. In order to improve the performance of the filter, the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm is used to optimize the filter parameters. This method is used to estimate the image Jacobian matrix and to design the control strategy, which can avoid complicated system calibration process. The simulation …

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Modeling And Simulation Of Pem Fuel Cell / Battery Hybrid Vehicle, Guizhi Sun, Sam Park, Zhongling Lin Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Pem Fuel Cell / Battery Hybrid Vehicle, Guizhi Sun, Sam Park, Zhongling Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper describes modeling of a hybrid power system that supplies energy to an electric vehicle based on a hybrid system that uses a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell as a primary energy source and a battery pack as an ancillary energy storage system. A threshold approach has been employed for power control. When the power required by the vehicle exceeds a threshold, the battery works with the fuel cell to satisfy the dynamic response of vehicle. Otherwise the fuel cell works alone with regenerative braking enabling recharging of battery capacity. The proposed model has been simulated and …

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Cloud Fraction Of Satellite Imagery Based On Convolutional Neural Networks, Xia Min, Maoyang Shen, Jianfeng Wang, Yangguang Wang Jan 2019

Cloud Fraction Of Satellite Imagery Based On Convolutional Neural Networks, Xia Min, Maoyang Shen, Jianfeng Wang, Yangguang Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Cloud fraction is the basis for the application of meteorological satellite. Existing methods cannot use all the characteristics and optical parameters of the satellite cloud, which results in the inaccuracy of cloud detection and cloud fraction. In order to solve this problem, convolutional neural network is used for cloud detection. Based on the improved convolutional neural network, the satellite cloud image is divided into thin cloud, thick cloud and clear sky. Based on the cloud detection, an improved spatial correlation method is used for cloud fraction. The results for Chinese HJ-1A/B satellite imagery show that convolutional neural network can …

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Human Action Recognition Based On Depth Image, Tang Chao, Miaohui Zhang, Li Wei, Cao Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong Jan 2019

Human Action Recognition Based On Depth Image, Tang Chao, Miaohui Zhang, Li Wei, Cao Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Because of the complexity and non-rigidity of human actions, traditional human action recognition based on RGB video data is a very challenging research topic. According to some deficiencies of existing recognition method based on RGB video data, a novel human action recognition method is proposed based on depth image data. In this new method, the block mean feature in the depth difference motion historical image is fused with the Gabor feature as mixed features and then a rotation forest algorithm is used to model. The experimental results show that the proposed method is simple, fast and efficient compared …

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Prediction Model Of Coke Quality Based On De-Bp Neural Network, Wenhua Tao, Zhengbo Yuan Jan 2019

Prediction Model Of Coke Quality Based On De-Bp Neural Network, Wenhua Tao, Zhengbo Yuan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The quality of coke has a great effect on the furnace process. In order to solve the problem of large amount of calculation and inspection of coke quality prediction linear method, the coke quality prediction model based on DE-BP neural network is established on the basis of analyzing the factors affecting coke quality, which uses principal component analysis method to determine the parameters of the input vector with the coal and coke ash quality indicators Ad, sulfur Std, crushing strength M40, abrasion resistance M10 as the output vector prediction. The result of …

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Key Frame Extraction For Slam Based On Spatio-Temporal Slices, Xinliang Zhang, Li Yang, Yunji Zhao Jan 2019

Key Frame Extraction For Slam Based On Spatio-Temporal Slices, Xinliang Zhang, Li Yang, Yunji Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To deal with the data redundancy and computational complexity of the mobile robot 3D visual SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), a key frame extraction technique based on spatio-temporal slices is proposed. Based on the analysis of the texture characteristics of the spatio-temporal slices, it yields that the motion state of the image acquisition device can be represented by the slope change of the texture. The similarity degree between two adjacent slices is measured to find out the key frame by use of the nearest neighbor pixel-matching algorithm, which can accurately describe the motion state of the device …

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