Materials Chemistry Commons^™

Density Functional Theory Study On The Structures Of Solvent-Ion In The Electrolyte Of Lithium Ion Battery, Li-Dan Xing, Ru Yang, Xian-Wen Tang, Wen-Na Huang, Qi-Feng Liu, Qi-Peng Yu, Wei-Shan Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this work, the possible structures of solvent-ion complex, resulting from the electrostatic interaction in the propylene carbonate (PC) base electrolyte of lithium ion battery, have been investigated using the density functional theory. The calculated results show that the structure of solvent-ion complex depends on the solvent number. In the PC base electrolyte, maximum number of PC solvents that coexist in the Li⁺-solvent sheath is four. Additionally, the salt anion exists in a complex with the positively charged alkyl group of PC rather than in a free state. The calculated results give a good explanation to the reported …

Template-Assisted Fabrication Of Ferromagnetic Nanomaterials, Jagnyaseni Tripathy

LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations

Abstract

Template assisted deposition was used to produce various nanomaterials including simple nanowires, nanorods, multi-segmented metal nanowires, core-shell nanowires, alloy and polymer wires and tubes. Anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes were used as templates for the growth of the various structures using an electrochemical deposition method and also by wetting the porous templates. In the electrochemical deposition method, the pore size of the templates affects the rate of synthesis and the structures of the nanomaterials while in the wetting method, the viscosity and reaction time in the polymer solution influence the structures of the nanomaterials.

A conventional two-step anodization procedure …

Manufacturing Of Transparent Composites Using Vacuum Infusion Process, V. G.K. Menta, R. R. Vuppalapati, K. Chandrashekhara, Thomas P. Schuman

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel optically transparent glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite has been developed by infusing a clear epoxy resin system of matching refractive index into a conventional E-glass fabric preform. Transparent composites are manufactured using a low cost, environmentally friendly vacuum infusion process. Physical and mechanical tests have been conducted. Transparent composites manufactured using the modified vacuum infusion process had a fiber volume fraction of 40%. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of these composites were 374.9 MPa and 31.74 GPa respectively. The results indicate that the transparent composites possess good physical and mechanical properties. These transparent composites form a good …

Reducing The Effects Of Shot Noise Using Nanoparticles, Moshood K. Morakinyo, Shankar B. Rananavare

Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

We present a hybrid nano-lithographic approach to minimizes the effects of line edge roughness and shot noise in nano-hole patterning by reflowing photoresist polymers around the nanoparticles deposited using self-assembly and simple etch chemistries. The method extends the transistor contact holes patterning limits to below 20 nm.

Influence Of Pt:Ru Ratio In Nanotubes Array Structures On The Electrocatalytic Activity Of Methanol Oxidation, Jin-Hua Yuan, Feng-Bin Wang, Xing-Hua Xia

Journal of Electrochemistry

Bimetallic PtRu nanotubes array electrodes (NTAEs) with varied Pt to Ru atomic ratios have been prepared by electrochemical codeposition in 3-aminopropyltri-methoxysilane modified porous anodic alumina (PAA) membranes. The structure and morphology of the catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Electrochemical results showed that the NTAEs with varied atomic ratios could be achieved by controlling the precursor concentration for deposition. The prepared nanoarrays composed of Pt or PtRu alloy promoted the mass-normalized activity toward the sluggish electrooxidation reaction of methanol due to the increased catalytic activity and real surface area, as well as the …

Electrochemistry Of Glucose Oxidase Modified On Porin-Phospholipid Biomimic Membrane, Kun-Qi Wang, Zuo-Ming Zhang, Wei Xing, Chang-Peng Liu, Xing Zhou

Journal of Electrochemistry

Biomimic membrane with nano-channels, which is made up of porin MspA and 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) is constructed on glassy carbon substrate, and glucose oxidase (GOD) is modified on it. The direct electrochemical reaction and electrocatalytic behavior to oxygen and glucose of GOD on the GOD/MspA-DMPC/GC electreode are expounded by the cyclic voltammetric method. The study shows that GOD immobilized on porin MspA and DMPC biomimic membrane displays direct and surface-controlled electrochemical reaction nearby formal potential (E0′) of the flavoprotein active centre (FAD/FADH), and the electrochemical reaction contains two electrons and two protons exchange in 0.1 mmol·L^-1 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) …

Effect Of Imidazole Ionic Liquids On The Electro-Oxidation Of P-Methoxy Toluene, Qiong Chen, Ying-Hong Zhu, Ying Zhu, Yan-Fang Li, Chun-An Ma

Journal of Electrochemistry

The interactions between four Imidazole ionic liquids (EMIMBF₄, BMIMBF₄, BMIMHSO₄, BMIMAc) and p-methoxy toluene were investigated by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The red shifts of absorption peak were obviously observed, and the fine structures of the spectroscopy were disappeared on the long wave district. p-MT producing stable excited state was benefit from the interaction with solvent molecules. The electro-oxidation behavious of p-MT were studied in the four ILs on platinum electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CP), and the diffusion coefficients (D) and activation energies (ED) were calculated. The results indicated that the electro-oxidation process …

Review Of Carbon Materials Energy Storage Mechanism In Lead-Carbon Battery, Le-Ying Wang, Hao Zhang, Chen Hu, Shu-Kai Zhang, Hai-Lei Zhao, Gao-Ping Cao, Wen-Feng Zhang, Yu-Sheng Yang, Xiao-Kang Lai

Journal of Electrochemistry

The traditional lead-acid batteries are mainly used for automobile and various internal combustion engine starting, wireless communication base stations and renewable energy storage; however, their negative plates are easily sulfated under partial-state-of-charge duty, then their charging capacity and cycle life are greatly reduced. Lead-carbon battery is a new type of lead-acid battery, in which a carbon material with high specific surface area and conductivity is added into a negative plate, and has excellent rate discharge performance and higher PSoC cycle life. Lead-carbon battery has a good application prospect in energy storage and hybrid electric vehicle, so these years the study …

Determination Of Folic Acid By Composite Film Electrode Modified With Poly-Alizarin Red And Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Xue-Ping Du, Tong-Fang Lou, Ying Dong, Jian-Ying Qu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The novel modified electrode was fabricated by electropolymerizing alizarin red onto the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on glassy carbon electrode surface, which exhibited good electrocatalytic activity for folic acid. The experimental results showed that the reduction peak current of folic acid at -0.63 V was linear to its concentration over the range of 1.25×10^-6 ~ 4.00×10^-5 mol·L^-1 in the optimized experimental conditions (R = 0.9985). Test for recovery was carried out by standard addition method, and the recovery ratios were in the range of 92.0% ~ 102.0%. The modified electrode was prepared simply with excellent stability, …

Electro-Catalytic Properties Of Β-Pbo2/Sb-Sno2/Ti Electrode On Phenol Oxidation, Peng Li, Yue-Min Zhao, Li-Zhang Wang, Yan-Le Zhang, Zhao-Qing Lu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The combination technology of brush pyrolysis and electroplating was employed in the preparation of β-PbO₂/Sb-SnO₂/Ti electrode. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results showed that the Sb-SnO₂ as an interlayer would restrain the formation of lead fluoride and the crystallization degree on the electrode surface could be as high as 100%. The grain size was calculated by Scherrer formula to be 25.2 nm and the agglomeration of lead dioxide was effectively eliminated. The potential span of diffusion control phase, oxygen evolution potential, Tafel slope for the β-PbO₂/Sb-SnO₂/Ti electrode during …

On The Origin Of The Errors Of IK As Estimated From K-L Equation In Rotating Disk Electrode System, Wei Chen, Ling-Wen Liao, Zheng-Da He, Yan-Xia Chen

Journal of Electrochemistry

Rotating disk electrode system is mainly used to study the kinetics of reactions whose reactants have very low solubility in the electrolyte. For an irreversible reaction, Koutecky-Levich equation (K-L Eq.) is frequently used to deduce the kinetic current i_k). Since K-L Eq. is derived based on the assumption that a system should conform the steady-state diffusion conditions, the data recoded from the actual system which deviates from such a condition, great error may be induced for the i_k estimated. In this work, polarization curves for oxygen reduction reaction at polycrystalline Pt electrode recorded in solutions with various …

Electrochemical And Spectroscopic Studies Of Ethanol Oxidation On Nano-Cubic Pt Modified By Tin Adatoms, Lu Rao, Bin-Wei Zhang, Yan-Yan Li, Yan-Xia Jiang, Shi-Gang Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

The nano-cubic Pt modified by tin (Sn) was synthesized and used to investigate the role of this adatom played in the ethanol oxidation. The onset potential of ethanol oxidation was significantly shifted negatively which can be forward about 300 mV when the coverage of Sn (θSn)was 0.9. The electrtochemical in situ FTIR result demonstrated that the amount of CO₂ increased first, and then decreased with θSn increased, and reached the maximun when θSn was 0.38. Furthermore, the formation of acetic acid could be observed at very low potential (-0.05 V) after modifying Sn adatom, and the amount of acetic …

Preparation Of Pt/Dna-Mwcnts/Gc Electrode And Its Electrocatalytic Activity Toward H2O2 Reduction, Li-Li Fan, Li-Na Wu, Zhi-Yu Qu, Dan-Feng Liu, Jun-Ming Zhang, Si-Ming Fan, You-Jun Fan

Journal of Electrochemistry

The DNA-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/glassy carbon (GC) electrode was prepared by modifying the DNA functionalized MWCNTs composite on a GC electrode. A novel non-enzymatic H₂O₂ sensing electrode was fabricated by electrodepositing Pt nanoparticles on the DNA-MWCNTs/GC electrode. The modified electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The response properties of the sensing electrode to H₂O₂ were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results indicated that the sensing electrode exhibited a good linear relationship between response current and H₂O₂ concentration in the range of 0.04 ~ 18.07 mmol·L^-1 with …

Boosting Electrocatalytic Activity Of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Composite For Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Yu Zhang, Jin-Song Hu, Wen-Jie Jiang, Lin Guo, Zi-Dong Wei, Li-Jun Wan

Journal of Electrochemistry

Developing low-cost catalysts with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has recently attracted much attention because the sluggish ORR currently limits the performance and commercialization of fuel cells and metal-air batteries as well. Nitrogen doped carbon materials have been considered as a promising candidate for the replacement of high-cost and scarce Pt-based catalysts although their electrocatalytic activity still needs to be much improved. In this work, an improved nitrogen-doped graphene/carbon nanotubes composite (N-rGO/CNT) was developed as an efficient ORR electrocatalyst. It was found that the ORR activity of N-rGO/CNT composite could be significantly enhanced by introducing iron in …

Electrochemical Deposition Of Copt Alloy Thin Film And Its Abnormal Infrared Effects, Qing-Song Chen, Guo-Cong Guo, Shi-Gang Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

Nanostructured CoPt alloy thin film was deposited on glassy carbon substrate (denoted as CoPt/GC) under cyclic voltammetric conditions. SEM studies demonstrated that the CoPt/GC was composed of nonuniform nanoparticles with an average size of 139 nm. The composition of the CoPt/GC was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which depicts a Co:Pt ratio of ca. 3:5. In situ FTIR spectroscopy employing CO adsorption as a probe reaction revealed that the CoPt/GC exhibits abnormal infrared effects (AIREs). The unique anomalous IR features of CO adsorbed (CO_ad) on CoPt/GC consist in the complete inversion of the CO_ad IR …

Recent Progress In Heteroatoms Doped Carbon Materials As A Catalyst For Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Wei Ding, Xue Zhang, Li Li, Zi-Dong Wei

Journal of Electrochemistry

Developing catalytic materials for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) with high performance and low cost has been one of the major challenges for large-scale applications of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the heteroatoms doped carbon materials as a catalyst for the catalysis of ORR, with an emphasis on the universal origin of their catalytic mechanisms. The future prospects of the metal-free catalyst were to find precisely controlled doping methods, to explore the role of heteroatoms in the catalysis, and to generate more active catalysts with suitable nanostructure.

Fabrication Of Pattern Of Graphene Oxide And Au Nanoparticles By Microcontanct Printing Technique, Wen-Hui Pang, Xiao-Jian Xiao, Meng-Wei Ye, Kai-Chao Deng, Jing Tang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by modified Hummers method. Using the GO solution as "ink", Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and GO were transferred to the surface of ITO substrate modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES/ITO) in a sequence. The transferred AuNPs and GO could form a uniform and dense composite pattern which was characterized by FE-SEM and AFM. Moreover, using the APTES/ITO substrate surface potential as zero, the sequences of the surface potential were APTES>GO>Au.

Fabrication And Characterization Of The Ni-Scsz Composite Anodes With A Cu-Lscm-Ceo2 Catalyst Layer In The Thin Film Sofc, Yao Lv, Bo Huang, Xi-Zhi Gu, Chun-Yi Hou, Yi-Xing Hu, Xiao-Yin Wang, Xin-Jian Zhu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) directly operating on hydrocarbon without external reforming has the potential of greatly speeding up the application of SOFCs for transportation. In this paper, a three-layer structure anode was fabricated by tape casting and screen printing method. The addition of Cu-LSCM-CeO₂ to the supported anode surface presented better performance running on H₂ and ethanol. The maximum power densities were 511 and 390 mW?cm^-2, respectively, running on H₂ and ethanol at 750 °C. No significant degradation was observed on the anode. Consequently, the Cu-LSCM-CeO₂ catalyst layer on the surface of the …

Preparation And Electrochemical Behavior Of Pbo/Gn/Ac, Yun-Fang Gao, Yan-Ping Wang, Qiu-Shi Yao, Fu-Hua Wang, Dong-Lei Ren, Xin Xu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The lead oxide/graphene/activated carbon (PbO/GN/AC) composite materials were prepared by impregnating commercial activated carbon and graphene in saturated lead nitrate solution followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that PbO crystals (about 200 nm) were dispersed uniformly on the surface of activated carbon and graphene. Electrochemical data indicate that the composite exhibited good electrochemical performances. The PbO/GN/AC composite possessed the higher over-potential of hydrogen evolution and the high specific capacitance of 312.6 F·g^-1, while the internal resistance …

Syntheses Of Aminyl Diradicals And Nitroxide Tetra- And Octaradicals, Arnon Olankitwanit

Department of Chemistry: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

This dissertation comprises of two main research projects: aminyl diradicals and calix[4]arene nitroxide tetra- and octaradicals. The design, multi-step synthesis and characterization, including NMR, EPR spectroscopy, magnetic measurements and X-ray crystallography of precursors and target compounds will be discussed.

Aminyl radicals, nitrogen-centered radicals, are typically short-lived and considered as reactive intermediates. Because of their unique magnetic properties, aminyls are attractive building blocks for high-spin di-and polyradicals. The challenge is in the design and synthesis of aminyls with increased stability. In this chapter, we have prepared triplet (S = 1) ground state aminyl diradicals, which are derivatives of aza-m …

Study Of Polyaniline For Use In An Organic Field Effect Transistor, Thomas Martin Sprinkle

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses & Dissertations

Polyaniline's emeraldine base form was synthesized via chemical polymerization in HCl acidic media utilizing ammonium persulfate as the oxidant. Synthesis was done at room temperature and -30 'C and characterized for differences by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Methanol soxhlet extraction was done to increase number average molecular weight from 77,400 to 81,000 and decrease the poly dispersity index from 3.82 to 2.14. Films were cast using N, N'- Dimethylpropyleneurea and N-Methylpyrrolidone and showed poor mechanical properties upon acidic doping.

Cyclic voltammetry was done with HC1 as the acidic media and an ITO coated slide as the …

Epoxy Catalyzed Sol-Gel Method For Pinhole-Free Pyrite Fes2 Thin Films, S. Kment, H. Kmentova, A. Sarkar, R. J. Soukup, N. J. Ianno, D. Sekora, J. Olejnicek, P. Ksirova, J. Krysa, Z. Remes, Z. Hubicka

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

The uniform pinhole-free iron disulfide (FeS₂) pyrite thin films were fabricated. In the first step the FeO(OH)_x xerogel solution was synthetized by means of a novel epoxy catalyzed sol-gel method and next spin-coated onto various substrates to form the thin films. In the second step the xerogel coatings were annealed to yield hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) films, which were transformed into pyrite by chemical sulfurization. Among the main deposition parameters studied were the temperature of xerogel-hematite transformation and the optimal sulfurization temperature and duration. It has been observed that 15 min sulfurization at the temperature …

Electrocatalytic Oxidation Of Formate On Pd-Cu/C - Effect Of Dealloying Pretreatment, Kun Jiang, Ye Wang, Tao Lin, Wen-Bin Cai

Journal of Electrochemistry

Carbon supported highly dispersed Pd-Cu nanoalloy catalyst toward formate electrooxidation is prepared via one-pot synthesis by using ethylene glycol as the reducing agent and sodium citrate as the stabilizer. The as-prepared catalyst is structurally characterized by TEM and XRD. The Cu dealloyment is carried out through repetitive potential cycling of the Pd-Cu/C catalyst in an acidic solution. The dealloying effect on the performance of the Pd-Cu/C is investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, and the surface structural change of Pd-Cu/C is probed by in situ ATR-IR measurement. The results show that the as-prepared Pd-Cu/C processes a better long-term stability …

Electrochemical And Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Studies Of Benzimidazole On Nickel Electrode, Ping-Jie Wei, Ya-Xian Yuan, Min-Min Xu, Jian-Lin Yao, Ren-Ao Gu

Journal of Electrochemistry

By measuring cyclic voltammograms and polarization curves, the inhibition effects of benzimidazole (BMIH) concentration in acetonitrile system on a nickel electrode were investigated. It was found that the oxidation and the corrosion potentials shifted positively, and the oxidation current decreased with the increase in the concentration of BIMH. Potential dependent adsorption and film formation behavior of BMIH on the nickel electrode were investigated by in situ SERS spectroscopy. With the potential moving from negative direction to positive direction, the complexes made of BIMH and nickel were formed, preventing the nickel electrode from corrosion. In addition, the 0.001 mol·L^-1 of …

Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Supported On Graphene Quantum Dots For Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Jian Ju, Wei Chen

Journal of Electrochemistry

Silver-based catalysts have been extensively investigated as the platinum substituted catalysts due to their high catalytic efficiency, low cost and long-term durability. In this study, the surfactant-free silver nanoparticles supported on graphene quantum dots were synthesized through a facile approach without addition of any other protecting ligands and reducing agents. The “surface-clean” silver nanoparticles had remarkable electrocatalytic performance towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with the most efficient four-electron transfer process. Compared with commercial Pt/C catalyst, the hybrid nanoparticles showed comparable catalytic performance for ORR but much higher tolerance to methanol. Such silver nanoparticles supported on graphene quantum dots may have …

Electrochemical Fabrication Of Two-Dimensional Flower-Like Pt Nanostructures For Methanol Electrocatalytic Oxidation, Xia Wang, Jun Hu, Yong-Jun Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

Two-dimensional flower-like Pt nanostructures (2D FPNs) were fabricated on glassy carbon substrates by galvanostatical electrochemical technique. The electrolyte was the HAuCl₄ + HClO₄ aqueous solution without addition of any structure-directing organic reagent, which made as-prepared Pt nanostructures cleaner, exhibiting much higher reactivity. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed that 2D FPNs were spherical Pt nano-flowers constructed by the smallest building blocks, nano-leaves. The number density of spherical Pt nano-flowers can be tuned by controlling the electrodeposition time. High resolution transmission electron microscopic images indicated that each nano-leaf was formed by growing along Pt(111) direction. Electrocatalytic activities of as-prepared 2D …

Effecting Of Dissolved Oxygen On Microbial Fuel Cells Based On Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Chang-Li Cao, Li-Xiang Chen, Ran-Ran Wu, Ken-Lin Chang, Feng Zhao

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this work, the reaction between the electron shuttle secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anode was studied by measuring cyclic voltammogram and open circuit potential. The effect of dissolved oxygen on the oxidation reaction of anode was explored. It was demonstrated that the reaction was a diffusion-controlled and reversible process. The anode was a little affected when the dissolved oxygen of inocula was low (0 ~ 1.6 mg·L^-1). The polarization curves showed that the current output of microbial fuel cells decreased 7% with the impact of dissolved oxygen.

Preparation Of Pt-Tio2/Graphene Composites With High Catalytic Activity Towards Methanol Oxidation And Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Li Qi, Ying Yin, Wen-Guang Tu, Bing-Bing Wu, Zhao-Sheng Wang, Jian-Guo Liu, Jun Gu, Zhi-Gang Zou

Journal of Electrochemistry

A series of graphene-supported TiO₂ nanoparticles (TiO₂/G) with different TiO₂ contents were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method, and then the Pt-TiO₂/G catalysts were successfully prepared by reducing Pt-precursor with microwave technique. Compared with Pt-G catalysts, the catalytic performance toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) of Pt-TiO₂/G catalysts was improved due to the addition of TiO₂. However, the excessive TiO₂ would lead to a poor catalytic performance of Pt-TiO₂/G catalysts because of the low electrical conductivity of TiO₂.

In-Situ Afm Force Curve Investigations On Layered Structures Of Au(111)-Ionic Liquid Interfaces And Temperature Dependence, Xiao Zhang, Yun-Xin Zhong, Jia-Wei Yan, Bing-Wei Mao

Journal of Electrochemistry

By utilizing in-situ AFM force curve measurements systematic investigations have been carried out on Au(111)-ionic liquid interface in BMIPF₆ and OMIPF₆ of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different lengths of alkyl side chains. The temperature dependence of the number, thickness and stability of the layered structures of each system are studied by performing AFM force curve measurements at potentials far negative of the PZC. The layered structures at Au (111)/BMIPF₆ interface are composed of two charged interior layers and two neutral exterior layers at -1.0 V, while those at Au (111)/OMIPF₆ interface only one charged interior layer …

Cyclic Voltammetric Studies In Adsorption Of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (Ctab) On Au(111) Electrode, Ling Chen, Chang-Deng Xu, Jin-Yu Ye, Chun-Hua Zhen, Shi-Gang Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

Adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on Au(111) electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results demonstrate that the adsorption of CTAB on Au(111) yields particular CV features. Both the adsorption of CTA⁺ and the phase change of the surfactant film are surface structure selective. Two pairs of stable sharp peaks that depend on halide species appear upon the adsorption of cationic surfactant on Au(111) electrode. The relationship between the peak current density and the scan rate indicates that the electron transfer reaction was controlled by diffusion process. These CV features are observed for the first time, and reflect …