Dentistry Commons^™

The Relationship Between Periodontitis And Cardiovascular Disease, Jonathan Krupka

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

The relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease has been the subject of much research in recent years. The aim of this study is to review and analyze the relevant literature regarding this relationship, with an emphasis on determining a presence of periodontal bacteria from the periodontal pocket in atheromatous plaques, and to explore the biological role of inflammatory mechanisms that may link periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. Although there seems to be conflicting reports, the overall consensus confirms the presence of periodontal bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, in atheromatous plaques. Additionally, the presence of systemic markers of cardiovascular disease in …

Student’S Oral Health Knowledge, Oral Health Practices, And Their Susceptibility To Oral Health Diseases At A Midwestern University, Mouhamed Koubaytari

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

Poor oral health knowledge and poor oral health practices have been a silent epidemic in the United States of America. This self-perpetuating cycle of poor oral health knowledge and poor oral health practices have affected groups of people in the United States with low income who are at risk of population due to the lack of insurance. Scholars have shown that poor oral health can result from a lack of access to preventive care (dental appointments) and restorable care when dental diseases or issues may be fixed. Poor oral health knowledge may lead to poor oral health self-care practices down …

Studying For The National Board Dental Hygiene Exam, Skye Lewis

A with Honors Projects

This is a slide show which includes helpful hints for studying for the National Board Dental Hygiene Exam.

An Exploratory Statistical Method For Finding Interactions In A Large Dataset With An Application Toward Periodontal Diseases, Joshua Lambert

Theses and Dissertations--Epidemiology and Biostatistics

It is estimated that Periodontal Diseases effects up to 90% of the adult population. Given the complexity of the host environment, many factors contribute to expression of the disease. Age, Gender, Socioeconomic Status, Smoking Status, and Race/Ethnicity are all known risk factors, as well as a handful of known comorbidities. Certain vitamins and minerals have been shown to be protective for the disease, while some toxins and chemicals have been associated with an increased prevalence. The role of toxins, chemicals, vitamins, and minerals in relation to disease is believed to be complex and potentially modified by known risk factors. A …

Consequences Of Community Water Fluoridation Cessation For Medicaid Eligible Children And Adolescents, Jennifer Meyer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Oral health impacts general health and well-being throughout the lifespan. Recent trends in the United States towards cessation of community water fluoridation (CWF) may increase disparities in oral health. The purpose of this quantitative retrospective cohort study was to analyze Medicaid dental claims records for caries related procedures among 0 to18-year-old patients during an optimal CWF year 2003 (n = 854) and compare them to claims records from 2012 (n = 1,053), 5 years after CWF was ceased. The theoretical framework of this study was the diffusion of innovations theory. Statistically significant results included higher mean number of caries related …

A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial To Compare Free Gingival Grafts And Connective Tissue Grafts Around Implants With A Lack Of Keratinized Mucosa, Jeffrey Thomas Hsu

All ETDs from UAB

A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL TO COMPARE FREE GINGIVAL GRAFTS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE GRAFTS AROUND IMPLANTS WITH A LACK OF KERATINIZED MUCOSA JEFFREY T HSU PERIODONTOLOGY ABSTRACT Although evidence is equivocal regarding the need for keratinized mucosa around dental implants, the consensus among researchers and clinicians is that peri-implant keratinized mucosa is beneficial to the health and stability of the implant prosthesis. An adequate width of keratinized mucosa (WKM) provides a resistant barrier to bacterial infiltration, facilitates restorative procedures, improves esthetic outcomes, patient comfort, and ease of oral hygiene. Many surgical approaches have been used to increase WKM around dental …

Osteoblast And Chondrocyte Specific Contribution Of The Runx2 Gene During The Development Of Cleidocranial Dysplasisa, Kayla Renee King

All ETDs from UAB

The Runx2 transcription factor is essential for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into functional chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In humans, the haploinsufficiency of the Runx2 gene is associated with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD). The CCD is characterized by short stature, open sutures and fontanels in the skull, hypoplastic clavicles and supernumerary teeth. Skeletal elements disrupted in CCD patients are developed by intramembranous and/or endochondral ossification. However, the cell type specific roles of the Runx2 gene in the development of CCD-associated skeletal defects remain unknown. The main goal of this research was to define the specific role of the Runx2 gene in …

Validation Of Mixed Dentition Analysis Method For Northern Thai Population, Wannapa Chinadet

All ETDs from UAB

The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of the Tanaka-Johnston mixed dentition analysis method and develop a new predictive model for Northern Thai population. A total of 400 sets of dental study casts (145 males and 255 females) were obtained from the Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics at the Chiang Mai University School of Dentistry, Thailand. The models were obtained from patients that were age 11 to 23 years that consisted of a full permanent dentition. A digital caliper was used to measure the mesiodistal widths of all teeth on dental study models. The sum of the …

การคืนกลับแร่ธาตุบนรอยผุจำลองระยะแรกที่ผิวเคลือบฟันที่ได้รับการเคลือบด้วยวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันต่างชนิด: การศึกษาในช่องปาก, วิชชุดา ผดุงลาภพิสิฐ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้เป็นการศึกษาในช่องปากร่วมกับห้องปฏิบัติการ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อประเมินผลการคืนกลับแร่ธาตุของวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันต่างชนิด บนรอยผุจำลองระยะแรกที่ผิวด้านเรียบของฟัน โดยตัดชิ้นฟันจากด้านประชิดของฟันกรามน้อยจำนวน 24 ซี่ จำนวน 3 ชิ้นต่อซี่ ทำให้เกิดรอยผุจำลองระยะแรกบริเวณผิวเคลือบฟัน แบ่งชิ้นฟันเป็น 3 หน้าต่าง ได้แก่ หน้าต่างทดลอง หน้าต่างรอยผุจำลองระยะแรกก่อนการทดลอง และหน้าต่างควบคุมที่ไม่ได้เคลือบวัสดุ บริเวณหน้าต่างทดลองจะถูกเคลือบด้วยวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันเรซินที่มีฟลูออไรด์ (เดลตัน-เอฟเอสพลัส) หรือวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันเรซินที่ไม่มีฟลูออไรด์ (เดลตัน) หรือกลาสไอโอโนเมอร์ (ฟูจิเซเว่น) ติดชิ้นฟันบนแบร็กเกตที่ยึดกับแถบรัดจัดฟัน และสุ่มชิ้นฟันตัวอย่างติดบนฟันกรามแท้บนซี่ที่หนึ่งทั้งสองข้างของอาสาสมัครจำนวน 24 คน เป็นระยะเวลา 28 วัน มีช่วงพักการทดลอง 7 วัน หลังจากนั้นใช้ชิ้นฟันตัวอย่างที่เหลือติดในการทดลองช่วงที่ 2 ก่อนการทดลอง 7 วันจนสิ้นสุดการทดลองอาสาสมัครใช้ยาสีฟันที่มีส่วนผสมของฟลูออไรด์ วันละ 2 ครั้ง วัดค่าความหนาแน่นแร่ธาตุทั้ง 3 หน้าต่าง ด้วยเครื่องไมโครคอมพิวเตตโทโมกราฟี ภายหลังการทดลอง พบว่าวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันทั้ง 3 ชนิด เดลตัน เดลตัน-เอฟเอสพลัส และฟูจิเซเว่น มีค่าความหนาแน่นแร่ธาตุเฉลี่ยเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ (p=0.018 และ p=0.001 และ p=0.000 ตามลำดับ) และเดลตัน-เอฟเอสพลัสกับฟูจิเซเว่นมีค่าร้อยละการเปลี่ยนแปลงความหนาแน่นแร่ธาตุเฉลี่ยมากกว่ากลุ่มควบคุมในช่องปากอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ (p=0.003 และ p=0.001 ตามลำดับ) นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่ากลุ่มที่เคลือบด้วยฟูจิเซเว่น มีค่าร้อยละการเปลี่ยนแปลงความหนาแน่นแร่ธาตุเฉลี่ยสูงสุด และมีค่ามากกว่าเดลตันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ (p=0.01) อย่างไรก็ตามไม่พบความแตกต่างระหว่างกลุ่มฟูจิเซเว่นกับเดลตัน-เอฟเอสพลัส อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ (p=0.625) จึงสรุปได้ว่า การเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันสามารถเพิ่มการคืนกลับแร่ธาตุให้กับรอยผุได้ โดยวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันกลาสไอโอโนเมอร์ สามารถเพิ่มการคืนกลับแร่ธาตุได้ดีกว่าวัสดุเคลือบหลุมร่องฟันชนิดเรซินที่มีและไม่มีฟลูออไรด์ ตามลำดับ

Perceived Parental Barriers To Preventive Dental Care Programs For Children, Kim Attanasi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Dental caries is the most prevalent childhood illness and disproportionately affects children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Dental organizations are collaborating within communities to decrease oral health disparities among children by offering free preventive oral health events. These programs face the problem of low enrollment due to lack of informed parental consent. Also, gaps in the literature indicated the need to examine oral health perceptions and dental-care-seeking practices of culturally diverse low-income parents regarding preventive care for their children. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the reasons why parents are not allowing their children to participate in …

Roles Of Community Pharmacists In Improving Oral Health Awareness In Plateau State, Northern Nigeria, Olaniyi O. Taiwo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is poor oral health awareness in Nigeria. This is mainly attributed to limited access to correct information on oral health as well as a lack of oral health care providers. The impact of the poor oral health awareness is worse in Northern Nigeria due to the uneven distribution of oral health care workers and training facilities. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the roles of community pharmacists (CPs) in Plateau State, Nigeria as sources of oral health information. Theoretical framework for this study was the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Background knowledge and practices of oral …

Translation And Validation Of The Spanish Version Of The Rapid Estimate Of Adult Literacy In Dentistry-30, Wilma Luquis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Low or marginal health literacy affect nearly 90 million citizens in the United States, compromising health outcomes, including oral health. Oral health literacy has been studied in diverse populations, yet the assessments used were developed and validated for English-speaking populations. A validated Spanish-language oral health literacy assessment was needed to help researchers and practitioners evaluate oral health literacy in the Hispanic population. Using the oral health literacy framework, the purpose of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of a previously validated English-language oral health literacy. A translation-back-translation process was applied to the English version …

Measuring Determinants Of Oral Health Behaviors In Parents Of Low-Income Preschool Children, Josefine Ortiz Wolfe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Dental decay is a preventable disease, but it remains the most unmet healthcare need of American children. Untreated dental decay has adverse and long-lasting effects on a child's quality of life. Healthy oral habits among preschool children are essential for a healthy permanent dentition and are achieved primarily by 3 oral health related behaviors: proper dental hygiene, a healthy noncariogenic diet, and regular dental visits. This quantitative study, based on the theory of planned behavior, explored the relationship between these 3 oral health behaviors and 4 determinants: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention, using a 71-item questionnaire. The …

Effects Of Instrument Handle Design On Dental Hygienists' Forearm Muscle Activity During Scaling, Jessica R. Suedbeck, Susan L. Tolle, Gayle Mccombs, Martha L. Walker, Daniel M. Russell

Dental Hygiene Faculty Publications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 4 different commercially available instrument handle designs (A. 16 grams and 12.7 mm diameter, B. 23 grams and 11.1 mm diameter, C. 21 grams and 7.9 mm diameter and D. 18 grams and 6.35 mm diameter) on the muscle activity of four forearm muscles during a simulated scaling experience.

Methods: A convenience sample of 27 (n=27) dental hygienists used a Columbia 13/14 curet with four different instrument handles to scale artificial calculus from typodont teeth. Each participant's muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG).

Results: Similar muscle …

A Study Of Visible Tattoos In Entry -Level Dental Hygiene Education Programs, Kathryn R. Search, Susan L. Tolle, Gayle Mccombs, Aaron Arndt

Dental Hygiene Faculty Publications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to survey entry-level dental hygiene program directors in the United States (US) to assess their perceptions of dental hygienists with visible tattoos as well as to determine current policies related to dress codes in US dental hygiene programs.

Methods: Data was collected with an online survey emailed to 340 dental hygiene program directors from March to April 2016, yielding a 43% (n = 141) response rate. Participants indicated their opinions of visible tattoos on the basis of professionalism and school policy requirements.

Results: Eighty percent of respondents reported their program …

Effect Of One Piece Versus Two Piece Mini Implants On Bone Height Of Implant Retained Mandibular Overdenture, Fardos N. Rizk, Jehan Fikry Prof., Amr Badr, Ahmed Damarisy Dr.

Dentistry

Introduction: Severely atrophied mandibles are a common problem within elderly completely edentulous patients. Given their small diameters, long height and self-tapping characteristics, miniimplant retained over-dentures are a valuable treatment option in such patients. Mini-implants are usually once-piece implants, however recently two-piece mini-implants were introduced with aim of addressing the angulation problems. The success of the latter has not been thoroughly studied. Crestal bone height measurements are normally used to evaluate implant success. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of one piece versus two piece ERA mini implants on crestal bone height of implant retained mandibular over-denture. Materials …

Mucosa-Supported Stereolithographic Surgical Guide Versus Conventional Surgical Stent In Implant Supported Overdenture, Fardos N. Rizk, Marwa Sabet Prof., Shaimaa Azoz, Eman Gamal

Dentistry

Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare between the accuracy of mucosa-supported stereolithographic surgical guide versus conventional surgical stent in implant supported overdenture. Materials and methods: Twelve patients with completely edentulous patients were selected for this study and divided into three groups. Group (A): 8 implants were placed in the mandible using conventional surgical stents during implant insertion. Group (B): 8 implants were placed in the mandible using partially limiting mucosa-supported stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guide during implant insertion. Group (C): 8 implants were placed in the mandible using completely limiting mucosa-supported stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guide during implant insertion. …

Molar Distalization By Temporary Anchorage Devices (Tad S) – A Review Article, Jun Ming Tan, Yi-Min Liu, Hung-Cheng Chiu, Yi-Jane Chen

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

Clinically, there are many ways to achieve molar distalization, such as skeletal anchorage, extraoral anchorage, sliding jig, lip bumper, and pendulum, etc. Although several methods have been described to distalize molars or total dentition, there is no strong scientific evidence of the effectiveness of various methods. To date, temporary anchorage devices (TADs) are increasingly used as orthodontic anchorage sources because of its strong anchorage, including endoosseous implants, miniplates, miniscrews and microscrews. Application of bony anchorage makes teeth move more efficiently, without depending on patient compliance in wearing appliance. However, only case reports and small case series have been published on …

Segmental Maxillomandibular Rotational Advancement To Correct Obstructive Sleep Apnea In A Patient Skeletal Class Ii Malocclusion - A Case Report, Yea-Ling Yang, Sam Sheng-Pin Hsu, Clement Cheng-Hui Lin

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

The first priority to solve the sleep-disordered breathing could be soft-tissue surgery or non-surgical therapy such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, in patients with incomplete remission or relapse, the sleep quality and day time symptoms may persist. The case report presented a young man with main problems of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Skeletal Class II maxillary protrusion. We proposed a segmental maxillomandibular rotational advancement (SMMRA) with surgery-first procedure at the end of his puberty. The surgical orthodontic treatment achieved good outcome of function and esthetics at the same time. The polysomnogrphic data and airway dimension were dramatically …

Surgical-Orthodontic Treatment Of A Patient With Severe Skeletal Class Iii Anterior Open Bite And High Mandibular Plane By Preserving The Posterior Facial Height, Tz-Ya Hung, Wei-Cheng Lee, Benjamin Lo, Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, Lih-Juh Chou, Chung-Hsing Li

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

Class III malocclusions with a hyperdivergent vertical facial pattern are often difficult to treat without combining the surgical-orthodontic approach. The aim of this article is to present a collaborative management of a case with severe skeletal class III and anterior open bite. The 19-year-old man was characterized with midface deficiency, mandibular prognathism, high mandibular plane angle, long lower facial height, and excessive anterior open bite. The achievement of a stable surgical setup in interdigitation prior to orthognathic surgery (OGS) is critical for a successful treatment via dental decompensation. Two-jaw surgery with clockwise rotation of the maxilla and bilateral sagittal split …

Radiographic Predictors Affecting On The Duration Of Treatment For Maxillary Impacted Canine, Jen-Bang Lo, Chen-Jung Chang, Hsiu-Ming Hsu, Jia-Kuang Liu

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

The purpose of this study was to investigate radiographic predictors of impacted maxillary canine related to the duration of treatment time. A total of twenty-four maxillary impacted canines with surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment were collected. The average age of the patients was 13.7 years at the beginning of treatment and the study included 9 males and 14 females. There were sixteen impacted teeth on the buccal side and eight on the palatal side. Four panoramic radiographic predictors including canine angulation, mesiodistal position, vertical position and root formation related to the duration of orthodontic treatment were assessed. The duration of …

Non-Surgical Treatment Of An Adult Class Iii Malocclusion Patient With Facial Asymmetry By Unilateral Mandibular Arch Distalization, Chi-Yu Tsai, Shiu-Shiung Lin, Yi-Hao Lee, Li-Tyng Sun, Yu-Jen Chang, Te-Ju Wu

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

This article reports the treatment of a 22-year-old male with Class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry by non-surgical camouflage orthodontic approach. This patient presented with anterior crossbite and deviated midline, mild protrusive mandible and chin deviation. The Class III malocclusion was marked with anterior functional shift resulted from the premature contact of the incisors. Unilateral mandibular buccal shelf miniscrew was applied for the correction of the skewed mandibular arch. After treatment, the deviated dental midline and Class III molar relation were both corrected. This patient exhibited harmonious profile and occlusion.

Camouflage Orthodontic Treatment For Adultpatient With Skeletal Class Iii Malocclusion And Bilateral Posterior Cross-Bite, Rouh-Hwai Wang, Hsin-Lan Shen

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

This 23-year-old female presents with skeletal Class III malocclusion, complicated by prominent chin projection, bilateral posterior lingual cross-bite, missing of bilateral maxillary first molars, and severely lingualtilted lower second molars. The treatment modality was conventional edgewise appliance with bilateral lower first premolar extraction. A favorable result of ideal overbite and overjet and correction of bilateral posterior cross-bite were achieved. The patient was satisfied the improvement of function and esthetics after treatment.

Maxillofacial Distraction Osteogenesis, Hong-Po Chang, Tsau-Mau Chou, Yu-Chuan Tseng, Jen-Hao Chen, Han-Jen Hsu, Pao-Hsin Liu

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

Distraction osteogenesis in the maxillofacial skeleton is an increasingly popular alternative to many conventional orthognathic surgical procedures. This review summarizes recent data regarding the biological and biomechanical basis of distraction osteogenesis, its advantages and disadvantages, and special considerations in maxillofacial distraction. Intraoral mandibular distraction osteogenesis, maxillary and midfacial distraction, and alveolar distraction osteogenesis are discussed. This review also discusses sutural expansion/maxillary protraction osteogenesis and orthodontically induced periodontal osteogenesis, which are similar to physeal osteogenesis. In the near future, improved understanding of biomolecular mechanisms that mediate distraction osteogenesis may guide the development of targeted strategies that use molecular mediators, growth factors, …

Solving The Complications Of Treating A Unilateral Submerged And Ankylosed Maxillary Permanent First Molar – A Case Report, Han-Wen Yang, Hsin-Yi Lo, Kwong-Wa Li, Liang-Ru Chen

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

The study reported an adult orthodontic case with a unilateral ankylosed upper permanent first molar. A number of complications occurred, including occlusal plane canting, dental midline deviation and asymmetric molar relationship. The case demonstrated the mechanics used to solve all the complications we met. The case also showed the phenomenon that after extraction of the ankylosed tooth, the bone remodeling mechanism of the bone in situ seemed abnormal and resulted in difficulty of protracting the tooth into the extracted site. All the above reasons, therefore, resulted in prolonged treatment time. In addition, the case also demonstrated the method we used …

Using The Forsus Appliance To Correct Class Ii Mandibular Asymmetry In A Growing Patient: A Case Report, Yun-Fang Chen, Yu-Fang Liao

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

The case report described the orthodontic treatment of a 13-year-old male patient diagnosed as Angle Class II Division 1 subdivision left malocclusion with deep bite and spacing. The chief complaint was protrusive upper front teeth prone to injury. Non-extraction treatment with Forsus appliance and Class II elastics was used to correct the Class II relationship on the left side, and to improve the deviated mandibular dental midline, protrusive front teeth and lips, and lip incompetence. Although there were residual mandibular dental deviation of 0.5 mm and lip incompetence, the patient and his parents were satisfied with the treatment results revealing …

Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 94, No. 2, 2017)

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

Silver Diamine Fluoride And Oral Health-Related Quality Of Life, Nazafarin Javdan

Theses and Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to study the association between Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life as assessed by “The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale” questionnaire. Methods: Parents of healthy children (ASA I and II) ages 1-5 with early childhood caries with reversible pulpitis who had application of SDF filled out a questionnaire at baseline and again after one month. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate the child’s behavior, physical abilities, pain, temperament, and how well the child gets along with others. Results: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to …

Amixicile Inhibits Anaerobic Bacteria Within An Oral Microbiome Derived From Patients With Chronic Periodontitis, Kane Ramsey

Theses and Dissertations

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic bacteria residing in a complex biofilm within a susceptible host. Amixicile is a non-toxic, readily bioavailable novel antimicrobial that targets strict anaerobes through inhibition of the activity of Pyruvate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase (PFOR), a major enzyme mediating oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of amixicile, when compared to metronidazole, in inhibiting the growth of bacteria present in a microbiome harvested from patients with chronic periodontitis.

Plaque samples were harvested from patients with severe chronic periodontitis and cultured under anaerobic conditions. The microbiomes were grown in the presence …

Practice Of Endodontic Re-Treatment In Four Cities Of Pakistan, Sana Ehsen Nagi, Farhan Raza Khan, Munawar Rahman

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Background: Root canal re-treatment is the procedure of choice when the primary root treatment fails but patient is inclined toward salvage of the tooth. The re-treatment is often a challenging procedure owing to lack to the predictability in the outcomes. Since, there is a no single way of planning and executing such procedure, a study was planned to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding endodontic re-treatment among Pakistani dentists. The effect of clinical experience on the re-treatment planning was also determined.
Methods: A survey was conducted by distributing a questionnaire among 240 dentists practicing in four major cities of …