Plant Biology Commons^™

Persistence Of Perennial Ryegrass Under Grazing In A Mediterranean-Type Environment Of South Australia, P R. Gibson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pastures were continuously grazed by sheep for four years at six stocking rates on the Kan­garoo Island Research Centre, South Australia. Changes in botanical composition in a reno­vated pasture sown to Lolium perenne cv. Vic­torian and subterranean clover (Trifolium sub­terraneum) cvv. Mt. Barker and Woogenellup, are discussed in relation to the replacement of the oestrogenically-potent subterranean clo­ver cv. Yarloop. There was a consistent within-year and be­tween-year decline in the perennial ryegrass component and this was associated with con­current invasion by vigorous, exotic, annual species mainly of Mediterranean origin. The lack of persistence of the perennial ryegrass indicates little …

Optimal Combinations Off Our Large Herbivores For Short Grass Prairie, George M. Van Dyne

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Diets of four large herbivores grazing together on a shortgrass prairie rangeland were studied. Cattle and bison consumed mainly grasses; sheep and antelope consumed mainly forbs. To maximize forage use, optimal grazing deter­mined by nonlinear programming would be 67, 20, 12, and I% of the forage grazed to be taken by cattle, bison, sheep, and antelope, respectively. Historically, this range has been grazed primarily by cattle. This study suggests more animal production could be attained with a mixture of herbivore species.

Improving Production From Arid Rangelands Of The South-Western United States, Carlton H. Herbel, Robert P. Gibbens, John M. Tromble

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three methods of several possibilities are dis­cussed for improving production from arid rangelands. Sandy lands infested with mes­quite can be improved by aerially spraying with 2,4,5-T. Natural recovery of perennial grasses,_ primarily mesa dropseed, following spraying resulted in 204 kg/ha herbage compared to 33 kg/ha on the adjacent unsprayed area. An area infested with creosotebush was root-plowed and seeded. Herbage production in 1975 was 1,631 kg/ha, primarily Lehmann and Boer lovegrass. Cattle production was increased by cross­breeding Herefords with either Brangus or Santa Gertrudis. The weaning weights of Santa Gertrudis calves were heavier than calves from the other two breeds, …

Management Of Ephemeral Ranges In The Western United States, Kay W. Wilkes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In using ephemeral range procedures, several aspects have come into focus:

(1) We have found that completion of our intricate multiple-use planning procedures gives us a much clearer picture of the many desert resource values and conflicts and the effects of "just letting the livestock go when the feed comes."

(2) There are a number of problems in taking sound ecological data and attempting to fit it in with other management needs in an allotment management plan, for example, off-road vehicle use on the desert, wild burros, and desert wildlife.

(3) We lack adequate information on the ephemeral and ephemeral-perennial …

Aid To Rangeland Management. Mechanical Type Conversion Of Woodland Areas, William Gordon Leavell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Efficient land utilization is essential to meet the growing requirements of an expanding population. The large low-producing pinyon­juniper woodland of the United States offers potential for increased production to meet additional livestock, wildlife, and watershed needs. Through a multiple-use planning pro­cess which determines areas suitable for in­creasing production by mechanical conversion of vegetative types and an environmental anal­ysis procedure which determines the benefits and adverse impacts of such actions, decisions can be made to undertake treatment in an environmentally acceptable manner. The Bureau of Land Management has me­chanically converted over 200,000 hectares of pinyon-juniper to a more diversified and pro­ductive …

Grassland Site Types Of The North Mongolian Forest Steppe Zone And Possibilities Of Intensification, K Kloss, M Succow

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Five grassland site types are distinguished: Chestnut soils are covered with natural forb or grass steppes producing 0.1 to 1.0 t DM/ha at less than 300 mm annual precipitation. They should be exclusively used for winter grazing. At higher precipitations, these soils will tum into permafrost soils. They bear mountain herbage vegetation as forest substitute asso­ciations. Productivity amounts to 4 t/ha. Mow­ing and/or grazing are possible. Fertilization seems to be profitable. Between grass steppes and mountain herbage lands we find extended meadow steppes located on shallow chemo­zems. Old, intensively grazed pastures in the lowlands have become depleted in nutrients. Nitrogen …

A Study Of The Improvement Of Dry-Land Ranges Developed Under The Ecological Conditions Of Erzurum (Eastern Anatolia), F Tosun, I Manga, M Altin, Y Serin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The study described in the paper was con­ducted to determine a suitable range improve­ment method under dry conditions in Erzurum, Turkey. Four treatments, i.e. control, broad­casting, and two artificial pasture establish­ments, were applied in the experiment, and the following results were obtained:

(a) Absence of good seedbeed preparation, and the occurrence of heavy competition from the native vegetation resulted in the failure of broadcasting. The additional profit for this treatment over control was negative.

(b) Artificial pasture establishment was the most successful method due to good seed­bed preparation and elimination of the competition coming from the native vege­tation.

(c) About …

Establishment And Permanent Use Of Cultivated Pastures In The Foothill Regions Of Turkmenia, S Ya Prikhodko, N D. Prikhodko

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The results of long-term experiments are re­ported. The following promising plant species were chosen for pasture establishment: Hal­oxylon persicum, H. aphyllum, Salsala paletz­kiana, S. richteri, Aellenia subaphylla, Artemisia badhysi, Kochia prostrata. These species of different forms of life were sown in mixture. Under conditions of cultivation, a great part of the plant species reached the generative stage in the 1st or 2nd years of life. At the age of 3 to 5 years, the shrubs reached a height of 160 to 400 cm, the semi-shrubs a height of 45 to 75 cm. The forage yield was 1.5 to 4.5 t/ha, …

Improvement Of Solonetz Soils In Kazakhstan For The Cultivation Of Grassland Plants, K A. Baitkanov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Extensive areas of Kazakhstan require various improvement measures aiming at the develop­ment of solonetz soils for the cultivation of grassland plants. Forage and meadow plants such as barley (Hordeum), melilot (Melilotus), mixtures containing melilot and wheat grass (Agropyron), as well as mixtures mainly com­posed of grasses, i.e. wheat grass and smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis), proved highly salt-tolerant. Representatives of pasture plants such as Russian wild rye (Elymus) and grass mixtures ensure satisfactory yields on all kinds of solonetz soils having different degrees of salinity and alkalinity.

The Introduction Of New Forage Crops In The Arid Zone Of Central Asia, Zebri Shamsutdinov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The low productivity of natural grassland in the desert and semi-desert regions of Central Asia, and their strong annual and seasonal fluctuations urgently need improvement. The solution of this problem implies the intro­duction of shrubs and semi-shrubs for feeding purposes in arid regions of the Soviet Union. More than 300 species from the wild-growing flora have been tested to this effect. From these, some 10-15 species appeared to be promising for cultivation. On account of their biological, ecological, and physiological prop­erties, a special technique was developed for cultivating these species in the arid zone of Central Asia. By the establishment …

The Utilization Of Desert Pastures By Rotational Grazing, Zh. A. Zhambakin, K M. Moldabekova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On an Artemisia terrae-albae pasture, moderate grazing of 50-60 % of the forage yield was found to be optimal for ensuring a long pro­ductive life of the sward. With low grazing intensity, the sward gets weedy from litter and the regenerating power of plants declines. Heavy grazing, on the other hand, causes sward deterioration and disappearance of val­uable species. Overgrazing has negative effects, especially after summer grazing, but also after pasturing in spring and autumn. Rotational grazing secures the regeneration of the major sward components, increases herbage yield by about 40 %, and provides a long persistence of the sward.

New Forage Plants In Kazakhstan - Experiments For Their Introduction, Kemal Borangaziev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Data obtained from more comprehensive studies suggest that certain wild-growing plant species,' owing to their strongly pronounced adaptability, can grow beyond the limits of their traditional environments. Those wild-growing plants showed positive response to improvements in their environment. Enhancement was recorded from the physical and other properties of their seeds, growth height, habitus, bushiness, and other yield characteristics, which, consequently, increased the productivity of plants. The conclusions drawn from the above studies can be used as a basis for successful production experiments for introducing new species, with the view to improving cultivated vegetation in regions otherwise less suitable for plant …

Biological Conditions For Yield Increase Of Desert Pastures On Gypseous Sierozem Soils In South-Eastern Kazakhstan, S N. Pryanishnikov, I I. Alimaev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Artemisia + ephemerals pastures in the deserts of south-eastern Kazakhstan are com­posed of a small number of species, and produce low yields as between 0.05 and 0.25 t DM/ha. However, yield potentials between 0.57 and 0.97 t/ha and higher forage quality might be achieved by efficient improvement of these sites, for example, by seeding of artificial swards. Seeded plant associations can take advantage of the deeper soil horizons by uti­lizing additional moisture and nutrients. Agro­phytocoenoses consisting of Kochia prostrata + Salsola orientalis + Eurotia ceratoides have proved most promising in the area under review.

Main Trends In Improving Natural Grazing Areas 1n Arid Regions Of The Ussr, Leonid Sinkovski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The main trends in scientific research for opening up for forage production the arid regions of the USSR include: efficient utili­zation of pastures, surface improvement of natural forage lands by sod-seeding and fertili­zation, comprehensive use of local wild-growing forage plants for undersowing and sod-seeding to improve pastures, as well as use of local water resources and artesian wells to organize intensive forage production in desert areas.

Use Of Ecosystems In The Arid Zone Of The Ussr For Pasture Farming, Nina T. Nechaeva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Additional roughage and fodder concentrates are required for grazing sheep to offset seasonal and annual yield variations of natural pastures. High yields and natural regeneration of the plant cover are secured by moderate stocking of pastures and by rotational grazing, with only something between 60 and 65 per cent of the potential yield being utilized. When inade­quately managed, the desert pastures are quickly degraded within eight to ten years, and the plant cover regenerates slowly taking as much as six or seven or even sometimes between 15 and 20 years. The depleted second­ary vegetation types and areas in the vicinity …

Structure, Utilization, And Efficient Fertilization As Well As Establishment Of Pastures In The Alpine Regions Of Austria, R Wohlfarter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Reported in this paper are results obtained from studies conducted into ownership and yield structures of alpine grassland as well as into correlations between stand, fertilization, yield, as well as nutrient and mineral levels in forage harvested from alpine pastures. An analysis of alpine grassland stands has shown that extremely valuable plant associa­tions with comparatively high yields, in spite of high altitude, can be created by appropriate fertilization, utilization and resowing proce­dures. Alpine hay samples were tested for their nutrient and mineral levels, and all of them proved superior to samples taken of valley hay. A certain readjustment of conventional …

How To Organize Feeding In Complex Sheep Production Units In Mountain Areas Of The Kirghiz Ssr, K I. Isakov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Kirghiz SSR, the driving-pasture system is conditioned by the vertical zonation of the Tien Shan and Alai mountain ranges. A fun­damentally new form of livestock production must be practiced to meet the present-day material and technical level of agricultural production. Such a new form is sheep fanning without driving. lt can be introduced in many mountainous regions of the USSR, where "inner" and "outer" pastures are available. The major conditions for a pasture system without driving are the creation of complex sheep production units and the establishment of the necessary fodder base. Two types of sheep production units …

Rearing Of Lambs On Intensively Managed Pastures In The Carpathian Region And Its Problems, Jozef Habovstiak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

One of the patterns of utilizing the good pro­ductivity of grass stands in the Carpathian region consists in the intensive rearing of lambs in a pasture system. In the individual pasture farms, 350 to 700 kg of meat per ha were pro­duced over a grazing period of 130 to 150 days. A very important factor in this pasture system is the planning of technical equipment (fences, sheds, etc.). The most critical problem is, however, to keep the lambs in good health. In each pasture farm, therefore, periodical veterinary attendance and strict sanitary ar­rangements must be integral parts of the fight …

The Biological Performance And Efficient Utilization Of Artificial And Natural Grassland Areas In The Valleys And Mountainous Regions Of The Western Part Of Northern Tien Shan, N I. Zakharev, A A. Atabaev, L A. Golovina, L V. Koverga, N G. Kotysheva, I P. Lazarev, N S. Sotnikova, N N. Sycheva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Investigations over several years and numer­ous experiments • carried .. out under different aspects and in different geographical zones revealed the fundamentally new importance of perennial legume/grass mixtures under in­tensive cultivation and utilization. The intensive utilization of young plants in several cuts and cycles at a high level of agrotechnics allows to obtain high yields of best-quality green ma­terial that can be fed fresh or used for pro­ducing feeds of high biological value, especially in regard to the protein, carotene, and phos­phorus contents. Intensive cultivation and utilization of legume/grass mixtures allows by different tech­nologies to produce feeds of high value …

Studies Of Some Species Sown As Single Crops Or In Mixtures In Alpine Areas, M I. Maslinkov, T S. Koichev, I A. Ivanov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was conducted in the Central Rhodope Mountains, 1,880 m a.s.l., between 1969 and 1974, using red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.), and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), with 100 kg nitrogen and 80 kg phosphorus being applied to one hectare per annum. The tests were undertaken by cutting at grazing maturity. The following conclusions were mainly drawn from six-year observations and results obtained therefrom:

(1) Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) was highly adaptable. It formed high-density plant stands and ensured the highest yields of green …

Influence Of Altitude Level On The Efficiency Of Natural And Sown Grasslands In The Slovakian Part Of The Carpathian Mountains, Jozef Habovstiak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The results showed a decrease of production of grass stands by 10 % per 100 m altitude in­crease due to the decreasing temperatures. This decrease is more than twice· as high as in the Alpine regions. Similarly, in the higher altitudes the crude protein content of the same grass varieties decreased by 2 % and digestibility by 2.1-10%.

Studies Into Uses Of Natural Nardus Stricta L. Pastures, Totyu Totev, Konstantin Koev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted over four con­secutive years, with the view to comparing controlled and unrestricted grazing by sheep. Controlled grazing was found to help increas­ing the green matter yield by 13.3 % and the hay yield by 12.5 %. The actual yield levels resulting from controlled grazing exceeded those ob­tained after unrestricted grazing by 32.5 % for green matter and by 31.5 % for hay. The utili­zation coefficient for green matter was higher by 12.5 %- A controlled grazing regime increased the consumption of real forage plants, such as Agrostis vulgaris, Festuca rubra V. Fallax, and Deschamps1a flexuosa, whereas forb …

Utilization Of Soil In Northern Latitudes, Vasil Ivanovich Ustinov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

About half of the territory of the Soviet Union is located in the Far North and in regions with similar conditions, including the vast lands of the tundra and forest tundra as well as the various subzones of the taiga. More than 500 million hectares are considered as forage-bearing land: grazing for reindeer and other farm animals, hay land, and potential arable land. Many scientists believe that up to 5 million head of reindeer may be kept grazing these lands. In recent times, great attention has been paid to the rearing of horses, elks, and musk­oxes in northern latitudes. Measures …

The Function Of Grasslands In The Concentrated And Specialized Agriculture And In The Management Of Landscape, Blazej Krcmar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Concentration and specialization of the large­scale agricultural production have come to the focus in recent years and, due to this fact, a new type of landscape is being formed. It is now of topical value to keep a given level of ecosystems heterogeneity. This is essential both in making the production more intensive and in conserving the necessary equilibrium of nature. A slight reduction of natural ecosystems, espe­cially of grassland swards, by the so-called intensification of agroecosystems might bring about an undesired ecological crisis of land­scape. To prevent this danger is our task.

Studies On The Alteration Of Grassland Ecosystems Under Intensification Of Grassland Management In The Gdr, Rudolf Hundt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the investigations described in this paper consisted in finding out the effect of industry-like production methods on grassland ecosystems from the plant-sociolog­ical, ecological, and agricultural points of view. In 1954, grassland phytocoenoses in the Elbe river valley near Dessau and in the Mulde river valley near Wurzen had been the object of geobotanical investigations. These investiga­tions were repeated in 1976. Sprinkler irrigation, intensive eutrophication, and ihe inclusion of grazing resulted in a complete change of the ecosystems. The productiveness of the swards improved substantially both in quantitative and in qualitative respect, and the number of species declined …

Persistence Of Various Grassland Components Under Varying Compaction Of The Sward, Vladimir Regal, Miloslava Vesela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies on poaching-reistant successors on 32 types of plant stands and the evaluation of 210 stands on test runs helped to select the species of highest resistance to poaching. By means drawn of such regarding studies the conclusions composition have of grassbeen sports mixtures for grounds, stress-resistant playgrounds, swards airfields, (pastures,and others). position, Poa These Lolium pratensis mixtures perenne bemay be ingthe of simple predominant com­ of species. Tr(folium repens may and serve for short-growing supplementingspecies the stand. In mountainous, Festuca more rubra humid lo­ cations Agrostis with tenuis poorer proved soils, suitable for supplemen­and tation.

Wildfires 1n Semiarid Artemisia/ Stipa Grasslands, James A. Young, Raymond A. Evans

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We investigated plant succession after acciden­tal burning of Artemisia/ Stipa grasslands. Burn­ing is the most important catastrophic stand renewal process for this grazing resource. The most striking impact of burning was the com­plete removal of the dominant shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt. which does not sprout after removal of the aerial portion of the plant. Numerous other species of shrubs do root­sprout after burning and assume dominance of the plant community for 10 to 15 years. The native perennial grasses were not unduly in­jured by the fire, but the density of perennial grass had been greatly reduced by a century of …

The Evaluation Of Relationships Between Ecological Factors And Production On Permanent Grassland, Vladimir Krajovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On 42 sites in 10 districts of the Carpathian region of the CSSR, relationships were exam­ined between grassland production and region­al, climatic (precipitation, temperature, solar radiation), and soil conditions (soil type, pH, S, 'r, V, C0., nutrients, and clay fraction). To this, five variants of fertilization were used (0; PK; 120 kg N/ha + PK, 240 kg N/ha + PK; 480 kg N/ha + PK). None of the natural ecofactors is generally characteristic enough for determining an opti­mal production. But the nutrition and the utilization of grass stands are important under each condition. Therefore, a system of differ­entiated grassland management …

The Yield Dependence Of Grass/Clover Mixtures On Different Environmental Conditions, Zygmunt Gryncewicz, Franciszek Gospodarczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover as pure crop as well as in mixture with grasses gave the best yields in foothill locations (450 m above sea level) above all under conditions of sufficient precipitation. In mountain locations (850 m above sea level) grasses showed better growth, accounting for the main part in the overall herbage crop. In the mixtures compared, meadow fescue proved to be the best component in all alti­tudes, Italian ryegrass was best in lowland areas, and timothy in the highest altitudes. Best yields in terms of oat equivalents were obtained from mixtures consisting of 75% clover and 25 % grasses. …

Flood Adaptation And Productivity Of Savanna Grasses, E Gonzalez Jimenez, A Escobar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Savannas subjected to seasonal flooding occupy· vast areas of the Tropics. Above-ground bio­mass values for Venezuelan flooded savannas are high and related to the longer availability of water. C3 plants colonized the waterlogged unit and showed the highest productivity and nutritive value. This natural system permits a prolonged grazing season. These first results show the great potential for animal production of this ecosystem, stressing the need for coor­dinated research efforts in order to gain a better understanding of it.