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Articles 1771 - 1800 of 13468

Full-Text Articles in Plant Biology

Contribution A L’Etude Des Especes Spontenees Du Genre Medicago L. En Algerie, Variabilite Au Niveau Des Graines Et Des Gousses Chez Sept Populations De M. Scutellata; Relation Avec Les Conditions Du Milieu D’Origine, A Abdelguerfi Apr 2025

Contribution A L’Etude Des Especes Spontenees Du Genre Medicago L. En Algerie, Variabilite Au Niveau Des Graines Et Des Gousses Chez Sept Populations De M. Scutellata; Relation Avec Les Conditions Du Milieu D’Origine, A Abdelguerfi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dans le but de resorber la jachere, de proteger les sols contre l'erosion, d'ameliorer la production des parcours et dans un souci de valorisation des ressources phytogenetiques locales d'interet fourrager, plusieurs travaux ont ete menes sur !es luzernes annuelles (Abdelguerfi, 1978 ; Abdelguerfi et al., 1988a et 19886). L'un des interets majeurs des especes annuelles du genre Medicago reside dans leur utilisation au niveau des jacheres. Grace a leurs graines dures, elles entrent facilement en rotation avec !es cereales. Mais la longevite du systeme ble/Medicago est conditionnee par la connaissance des elements se rapportant a la production de graines par …

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The Performance Of Wheatgrass Cultivars In Inner Mongolia Of China, Yun Jing-Feng, Mi Fu-Gui Apr 2025

The Performance Of Wheatgrass Cultivars In Inner Mongolia Of China, Yun Jing-Feng, Mi Fu-Gui

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron J. Gaertn) is native to Eurasia and most commonly occurs in southern regions of the U.S.S.R., northern regions of China and the P.R. of Mongolia. It is a main species component of steppe, sandy regions of steppe and mountain vegetation. Crested wheatgrass is a very winter-hardy, drought-resistant, extremely long-lived perennial bunchgrass. It regrows very early in the spring and turns yellow very late in the fall, main­taining a period of green growth more than 7 months. It is more widely used for rangeland improvement and artificial pasture establishment in the arid and semi-arid regions. There are …

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The Development Of Murex Medic As A New Pasture Species For Acid Soils In Australia, D J. Gillespie Apr 2025

The Development Of Murex Medic As A New Pasture Species For Acid Soils In Australia, D J. Gillespie

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Until recently murex medic (Medicago murex) was not con­sidered to be particularly useful as a pasture species anywhere in the world. However, the identification of several unique characteristics possessed by this species has stimulated interest in its use. The first registered variety, Zodiac, was developed by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and released to seed producers throughout Australia in 1988. Other varieties are being evaluated and further releases are likely in a few years. The Western Australian Department of Agriculture now holds the world's largest collection of the murex species with approximately 450 introductions from the Mediterranean …

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Ontribution A L’Etude Des Especes Spontanees Du Genre Medicago L. En Algerie. Analyses Chimiques Du Fourrage Au Stade Vegetatif, Ratiba Goumiri, A Abdelguerfi, F H. Longo-Hammouda, S Oubchur Apr 2025

Ontribution A L’Etude Des Especes Spontanees Du Genre Medicago L. En Algerie. Analyses Chimiques Du Fourrage Au Stade Vegetatif, Ratiba Goumiri, A Abdelguerfi, F H. Longo-Hammouda, S Oubchur

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

En Algerie, l'alimentation constitue le principal facteur limi­tant la production animale; son deficit en unites fourrageres (UF) est evalue a 3 milliards (Moskal, 1983). Elle est, outre son deficit, souvent de tres mau��aise qualite. La connaissance de la valeur alimentaire des fourrages est indispensable pour equilibrer au mieux !es rations, etablir des plants de rationnement adaptes aux besoins et valoriser le potentiel genetique du troupeau (Codron, 1986). Dans ce cadre et afin de caracteriser le materiel vegetal local, nous avons realise quelques analyses classiques sur des legumi­neuses du genre Medicago. Les especes de ce genre sont, en effet, appelees …

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Introduction And Evaluation Of Tropical Forages In The Savannas Of Colombia, E A. Pizarro, L H. Franco, A Ramirez Apr 2025

Introduction And Evaluation Of Tropical Forages In The Savannas Of Colombia, E A. Pizarro, L H. Franco, A Ramirez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The well-drained isohyperthermic savannas occupy an area of 98 million hectares, and are distributed in Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, and Guyana. This extensive region of tropical America is characterized by a total wet season potential evapotranspiration of 901 to 1060 mn, an average monthly temperature in the wet season above 23.5 °C, and a wet season of six to eight months. The soils are Oxisols of low fertility and the predominant production system is extensive cattle ranching on native pastures of low nutritive value (Coch­rane et al., 1985). The Tropical Pastures Program of CIAT began a series of regional trials …

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The Potential Of Secondary Grasses, J Frame Apr 2025

The Potential Of Secondary Grasses, J Frame

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of invasive grass genera, such as Festuca, Agrostis, Holcus et al., on the productivity of sown swards is subject to controversy. Some authors have classed most unsown grasses as "weeds" while others (e.g. Frame, 1983) have classed certain of them as "secondary" grasses since they can be more productive than sown "primary" grasses such as Lolium perenne L., especially under adverse environments and low soil fertility conditions. Thus the production and quality or the grass species which most commonly invade UK grassland or are typical of permanent pasture were assessed at Ayr, longi­tude 4°33' west and latitude 52°28' …

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Centrosema Tetragonolobum- A New Tropical Pasture Legume For Acid Soils, R Schultze-Kraft Apr 2025

Centrosema Tetragonolobum- A New Tropical Pasture Legume For Acid Soils, R Schultze-Kraft

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

During one of the joint plant exploration missions between CIA T's Tropical Pastures Program and national research institutions which aim at building up a comprehensive inter­national forage germplasm collection for development of acid­soil tolerant cultivars (Schultze-Kraft, 1985), an unknow Cen­trosema species was collected. It is closely related to C. brasili­anum and was recently described as C. tetragonolobum (Schultze-Kraft and Williams, in press). Its natural distribution is restricted to the Orinoco region in Colombia and Venezuela between latitudes 4° and 6° N. At present 12 germplasm accessions are available. They were collected during 1984-86 on acid soils (pH 4.5-5.5) and in …

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L’Amatante (Amaranthus Retroflexus L.) Comme Plante Fourragere, L Bosch, F Casanas, A.M.C Verdu Apr 2025

L’Amatante (Amaranthus Retroflexus L.) Comme Plante Fourragere, L Bosch, F Casanas, A.M.C Verdu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

L'amarante est une des mauvaises herbes !es plus communes dans nos champs. Elle parvient a etouffer la culture principale si on ne la contr6le pas correctement. Elle a une germination maximale en fin de printemps et en debut d'ete, bien que la ger­mination continue pendant tout l'ete, favorisee par Jes hautes temperatures et la lumiere intense (Baskin et Baskin, 1977). Sa croissance rapide s'explique par le fait qu'il s'agit d'une plante en C-4 specialement efficace pour la captation de CO2 puis­qu'elle a des cloisons cellulaires tres minces (Longstreht et al., 1980). Elle presente aussi une remarquable capacite de repousse apres …

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Morpho-Physiological Aspects And Nutritive Value Of Brachiaria Brizantha Cv. Marandu And Heteropogon Sp Affected By The Plants' Age, V. De B.G Alcantara, A.R P. De Almeida, P B. Alcantara, G Braun, E L. Caielli Apr 2025

Morpho-Physiological Aspects And Nutritive Value Of Brachiaria Brizantha Cv. Marandu And Heteropogon Sp Affected By The Plants' Age, V. De B.G Alcantara, A.R P. De Almeida, P B. Alcantara, G Braun, E L. Caielli

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing pressure must be related to the pasture potential capacity of recovery. The measurement of leaf area index (LAI) is a way of evaluating that effect. Whatever the management, the main objective will be to allow pasture to reach a high LAI status and its' maintenance (Peterson, 1970). In elephant grass the stem/leaf ratio was used to indicate the dry matter production and indirectly indicates the grazing pressure (Rodrigues, 1984). Present experiment was done to evaluate the evolution of leaf area index (LAI), leaf/stem ratio (L/S), percentages of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and in vitro dry matter digesti­bility …

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Forage Legume Productivity In A Medium Altitude Acid Soil Area Of Ethiopia, J R. Lazier Apr 2025

Forage Legume Productivity In A Medium Altitude Acid Soil Area Of Ethiopia, J R. Lazier

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The medium altitude (1000 - 2000 m) acid soil regions of East Africa are preferred agricultural areas due to the adaption of coffee and many food crops to the environment. In the Soddo, Wolaita area of Ethiopia population densities are high and farm size averagess about l ha. There is a lack of high quality feed in the area for the cattle which are an integral part of the farming system. A trial was designed to test the productivity of promising legumes in mixture with a commercial cultivar of a grass dominant in the region for cut and carry feeding …

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Study Of Forage Plants' Initial Growth Using The Quantitative Development Analysis, V. De B.G Alcantara, A.R P. De Almeida Apr 2025

Study Of Forage Plants' Initial Growth Using The Quantitative Development Analysis, V. De B.G Alcantara, A.R P. De Almeida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The initial development analysis is destinated to the evalu­ation of net production in plants, derivated from the photosyntetic process and the perform results of the assimilat­ive system during certain time period (Watson, 1952). The factors that guide plant production, in general, may be classificated in three classes : genetic, ecological and physiologi­cal factors. The physiological factors are : leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (EA) and relative growth rate (Rw) (Alvim, 1962). Some authors think that little genetic difference exist in relation to EA and that there is a little probability of increasing the production capacity of species through …

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The Development Of Medicago Polymorha L. As An Important Pasture Species For Southern Australia, M A. Ewing, J G. Howieson Apr 2025

The Development Of Medicago Polymorha L. As An Important Pasture Species For Southern Australia, M A. Ewing, J G. Howieson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Despite the importance of annual pasture legumes to the farming systems of southern Australia and efforts to select appropriate species and varieties (Cocks et al., 1980), well adapted pasture legumes have not been identified for all situa­tions. A particular need exists for species and varieties suited to light surface textured, acid soils in areas receiving between 250 -400 mm of rainfall annually. Soils of this general description are widespread in Western Austrafo, .. Subterranean clover performs well on similar soils where they occur in higher rainfall zones but often fails to persist in arid areas, especially where frequent cereal cropping …

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Negative Correlations Between Resource Allocation To Survival And Reproduction: Comparisons Between Annual And Perennial Species Of Medicago For Juvenile Vigor, I Olivieri, A Bory, F Angevain, M Angevian, J M. Prosperi, P Mansat Apr 2025

Negative Correlations Between Resource Allocation To Survival And Reproduction: Comparisons Between Annual And Perennial Species Of Medicago For Juvenile Vigor, I Olivieri, A Bory, F Angevain, M Angevian, J M. Prosperi, P Mansat

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At any given age, a plant must allocate limited resources to growth, survival (e.g., disease resistance, root storage) and reproduction (through male and female functions). Growth may be viewed as a way of acquiring more resources (necessary for survival or reproduction at a later time). Response to selec­tion, whether natural or artificial, may well depend on the shape of the compensation curves that exist between those functions (Olivieri, 1987). Such a principle of resource allo­cation predicts the existence of negative correlations between these components of the life-cycle (see for instance Roach, 1986). As shown by Van Noordwijk and De Jong …

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Contribution A L’Etude Des Especies Spontanees Du Genre Scorpiurus L. En Algerie Ii. Durete Et Germination Des Graines Chez 29 Populations De S. Muricatus Subsp. Sulcatus (L.) Thell, M M'Hammedi-Bouzina, A Abdelguerfi, R Berrekia Apr 2025

Contribution A L’Etude Des Especies Spontanees Du Genre Scorpiurus L. En Algerie Ii. Durete Et Germination Des Graines Chez 29 Populations De S. Muricatus Subsp. Sulcatus (L.) Thell, M M'Hammedi-Bouzina, A Abdelguerfi, R Berrekia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Les especes du genre Scorpiurus L., tres recherchees par le cheptel, peuvent jouer un role important dans !'amelioration des parcours et de la production des jacheres. Outre leur inten��t fourrager, elles concourent au maintien de la fertilite des sols grace a leurs caracteristiques agronomiques (fixation d'azote, systeme racinaire puissant, port etale ... ). Mais !'utilisation de ces especes spontanees de legumineuses reste conditionnee par !'estimation de la proportion de graines dures et Jes moyens a mettre en ceuvre pour surmonter cet obstacle a la germination. Ainsi, et suite aux travaux de Bensalem et al. (1988) sur le genre Scorpiurus et …

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Grass Adaptation In Cuba. I. Characterization Of The Areas Dedicated To Livestock Production, J J. Paretas Apr 2025

Grass Adaptation In Cuba. I. Characterization Of The Areas Dedicated To Livestock Production, J J. Paretas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The present study is aimed to point out various aspects allowing to locate and learn the soil, climate, social and econ­omic conditions as well as the production characteristics of pastures and forages and their utilization for milk and beef pro­duction under Cuban conditions.

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Perennial Legumes And Grass-Legume Associations Adapted To Poorly Drained Savannas In Tropical South America, B Grof, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, J.L F. Zoby, M A. De Souza Apr 2025

Perennial Legumes And Grass-Legume Associations Adapted To Poorly Drained Savannas In Tropical South America, B Grof, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, J.L F. Zoby, M A. De Souza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Seasonally flooded areas and swamp grasslands constitute a significant percentage ot the savannas and represent an import­ant source of supplementary forage during the dry season. Approximately 21 % (170 million ha) of the central lowlands of tropical South America is poorly drained ; 82 % of these lands (139 million ha) is covered with forest and the remaining 31 million ha by native savannas (Cochrane et al.,1985). The poorly drained savanna lands have been used success­fully since colonial times for extensive cattle production. Sig­nificant areas are found in the Brazilian Pantanal, in Brazil's southwest Amazonia, the Casanare plains of northeast …

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The Effect Of Nitrogen And Clover Proportions On Yield Of Red Clover-Grass Mixtures, B E. Frankow-Lindberg Apr 2025

The Effect Of Nitrogen And Clover Proportions On Yield Of Red Clover-Grass Mixtures, B E. Frankow-Lindberg

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover is the most important forage legume in Swedish ley farming (c. 500 tonnes of seed certified in 1986/87). It is tra­ditionnally sown with a mixture of grasses, typically timothy and meadow fescue. Recommendations for maximum DM yields, obtained from extensive series of experiments, given no fertilizer nitrogen (Bengtsson, 1964; Arnemo and Steen, 1972) are 4-6 kg/ha red clover seeds ( of a diploid cul ti var) in a mixture of totally 20-24 kg/ha seeds sown. Red clover content in the established sward declines with time from c. 60 % in the first­year crop to c. 25 % in …

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Some Changes In Biological Soil Characteristics Of Grassland Ecosystem Under Different Management Intensity, L Ondrasek Apr 2025

Some Changes In Biological Soil Characteristics Of Grassland Ecosystem Under Different Management Intensity, L Ondrasek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The papers which are in our country engaged in problems of soil biological processes under treated seminatural grassland are orientated mainly on the determination of quantitative and qualitative extents of changes originated especially under infl­uence of application of increasing level of nitrogen fertilizers in relation to possible negative phenomenons in environments (Kopcanova et al., 1985, Tesafova and Gordienko, 1988). Our paper deals also with those problems. Its aim is to give a short information about some important changes in biologi­cal soil properties under long time differently managed grass­land.

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Dairying In New Zealand, A M. Bryant Apr 2025

Dairying In New Zealand, A M. Bryant

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Many of you are visitors to this country. This afternoon you saw something of an industry quite different from yours back home. The objective of my talk is to help you identify what these differences are and why they exist. By the end of the day you should have a picture of how one industry • the dairy industry • has integrated a whole range of systems into a successful whole.

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Regrowth Sites Of Sulla (Hedysarum Coronarium L.) After Defoliation, H Krishna, P D. Kemp Apr 2025

Regrowth Sites Of Sulla (Hedysarum Coronarium L.) After Defoliation, H Krishna, P D. Kemp

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sulla is a semi-perennial herbaceous forage legume which has rarely been used for grazing. Field studies were undertaken to determine the relative importance of regrowth sites on sulla so that guidelines for grazing management could be refined. Regrowth was predominantly from the crown and most stems remaining after grazing subsequently died. It is concluded that grazing management should be severe and infrequent but, because regrowth is from the crown, treading damage needs to be avoided.

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Science And Information For Our Grasslands, G A. Nores, R R. Vera Apr 2025

Science And Information For Our Grasslands, G A. Nores, R R. Vera

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This paper favours a view of grasslands, and agricultural research in general, that extends well beyond the limits of the scien1ific cummunity and promotes the active involvement of scientists in current societal debates from a ��cientific perspective. It is argued that in developed counuies environmental concerns rather than production growth will tend to dominnte future social debate, In developing countries there is a need to balnnce agricultural growth with responsible management of natural resources. Needs for new technology go beyond improving biophysical efficiency, and involve economic and social efficiency objectives. The relevance of grassland research is ��ssessed in terms of …

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Genetic Engineering For Pastures, W J. Peacock Apr 2025

Genetic Engineering For Pastures, W J. Peacock

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The flrst genetically engineered food products frolll hotticultural production systems are now enlering the Market and field trials of genetically engineered crop species are well advanced. We can expect that a range of crop cultivars, in which genetic engineering is n component of the breeding process, will soon go into broad ncre agriculture. Pasture species are nut far behind. Gene transfer systems are in place for a number of temperate and tropical pasture legumes and even for a few species of more dlrficult grasses. Genetic transfer systems are In place for a numoec of temperate and tropical pastvce legumes and …

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Nitrogen Fixation And Transfer To Associated Grasses By White Clover Cultivars Under Dairy Cow Grazing, S F. Ledgard Apr 2025

Nitrogen Fixation And Transfer To Associated Grasses By White Clover Cultivars Under Dairy Cow Grazing, S F. Ledgard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

New Zealand pastures obtain most of their nitrogen (N) from fixation of atmospheric N2 by white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Grasslands Huia has been the predominant cultivar used, but in recent years a number of new cultivars have become available. Studies under mowing and sheep grazing have shown that the large-leaved cultivars are the most pro­ductive (van den Bosh et al., 1986; Frame and Boyd, 1987). These cultivars have not been evaluated under dairy cow graz­ing. This paper describes a 2 year field experiment examining white clover cultivars under dairy cow grazing for production, N2 fixation and transfer of …

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N-15 Study Of Nitrogen Uptake By Tall Fescue Throughout A Spring Growth, J Salette, Marie-Laure Decau, Francoise Vertes Apr 2025

N-15 Study Of Nitrogen Uptake By Tall Fescue Throughout A Spring Growth, J Salette, Marie-Laure Decau, Francoise Vertes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In previous works, nitrogen uptake by a grass sward during regrowth has been studied and modelled (Salette and Lemaire, 1981 ; Lemaire and Salette, 1984). In this study, the use of N- 15 labelled fertilizer allows differentiation of two nitrogen sources for the plant nutrition : soil and fertilizer.

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Spring Nitrogen Uptake In Grass Swards In Relation To N Fertilizer Rates And Variation Between Years, J Salette, Marie-Laure Decau, G Lemaire Apr 2025

Spring Nitrogen Uptake In Grass Swards In Relation To N Fertilizer Rates And Variation Between Years, J Salette, Marie-Laure Decau, G Lemaire

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.

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Ajustement De L’Azote Recolatable Dan Les Fourrages A L’Offre Minerale Dans Les Prairies Permanentes, P Loiseau, P Monteilhet Apr 2025

Ajustement De L’Azote Recolatable Dan Les Fourrages A L’Offre Minerale Dans Les Prairies Permanentes, P Loiseau, P Monteilhet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Une-serie de recherches-a-ete entreprise-dans-Je-but d\��value la reponse a l'azote des prairies dans l'etage collineen subatlan­tique. La contribution du sol a l'azote recoltable dans !es four­rages et Jes coefficients d'utilisation des apports mineraux sont etudies en fonction de differents parametres. Le but pratique est d'ameliorer le conseil de fumure azotee. Mais Jes recherches incluent aussi une connaissance plus approfondie du comporte­ment de l'azote dans Jes sols sous prairies. Une des recherches a ete appliques aux prairies permanentes de fauche en zone de piemont.

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Etude Du Stock D’Azote Mineralizable Dans Les Milieux A Teline Linifolia De La Suberaie En Mamora (Maroc)., M Qarro, A Harcharass Apr 2025

Etude Du Stock D’Azote Mineralizable Dans Les Milieux A Teline Linifolia De La Suberaie En Mamora (Maroc)., M Qarro, A Harcharass

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Les facies de Teline linifolia (genet) couvrent actuellement de vastes etendues en foret de Mamora (63% de chene-liege, 24% d'eucalyptus, 5% de Coniferes et 8% de vides et dayas) avec des recouvrements tres eleves. Le developpement de cet arbuste est favorise par !'interdiction de la chevre qui regularise la den­site du sous-bois (Qarro, 1986). Notre etude, engagee dans ces milieux, vise a etudier le role ecopedologique de cette legumineuse (Teline linifolia) sur Jes sols sablonneux pauvres en elements mineraux (l'azote particu­lierement) et plus particulierement Jes relations entre le recou­vrement de Teline et le stock d'azote mineralisable. II convient de tester …

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Seasonal Variations In Soil Mineral Nitrogen And In The Response Of Grassland To Nitrogen Fertilization, O Oenema, J Postmus, W H. Prins, J J. Neeteson Apr 2025

Seasonal Variations In Soil Mineral Nitrogen And In The Response Of Grassland To Nitrogen Fertilization, O Oenema, J Postmus, W H. Prins, J J. Neeteson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grassland is intensively used in the Netherlands. According to the fertilizer recommendation, the optimum N supply for such grassland is 250 kg ha-1 yr-1 for well-drained peat soils and 400 kg ha-1 yr-1 for all other soils. Environmental problems, associated with N losses from intensively used grass­land, necessitate a refinement of the general recommendations. This, in turn, requires understanding of the dynamics of soil mineral nitrogen. This paper reports on (1) seasonal dynamics of soil mineral N and (2) seasonal variations in the response of cut swards to N. Results of grazed swards will be dealt with elsewhere (Oenema et …

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Ammonia Volatilisation And Loss From Grassland Systems, S C. Jarvis, B F. Pain, D J. Hatch, R B. Thompson Apr 2025

Ammonia Volatilisation And Loss From Grassland Systems, S C. Jarvis, B F. Pain, D J. Hatch, R B. Thompson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is considerable interest in monitoring flows of nitrogen (N) through various parts of grassland systems. Until recent developments in methodology it had been particularly difficult to assess the contribution of NH3 volatilisation to N cycling. Emission rates for NH3 over Europe are thought to have increased by 50 % over the past 30-40 years and to arise largely from livestock excreta. This occurs after the hydrolysis of excreted urea and, with cattle, takes place directly from grazed swards, animal houses (during overwintering) and stored or applied slurry. As well as the economic losses, NH3 fluxes have important environmental consequences …

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The Effects Of Fertilizer/Urine Interactions On Nh3 -N Losses From Grassland Soils, R D. Meyer, S C. Jarvis Apr 2025

The Effects Of Fertilizer/Urine Interactions On Nh3 -N Losses From Grassland Soils, R D. Meyer, S C. Jarvis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Recent studies (Black et al., 1984) have indicated that the vol­atilisation of ammonia (NH3) from urea granules broadcast on to pastures at application rates of 50-100 kgN/ha often exceeds 20 % of the N applied. The extent of this loss becomes an import­ant consideration when manipulating management systems to maximise N efficiency and minimise losses to the environment. This will become especially important as the use of urea fertiliser increases because of relative cheapness and as technological advances in production and in farm handling are made (Gould et al., 1986). The factors influencing the volatilisation of urea in simple systems …

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