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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave In The Qidron Valley (Pp. 29–30), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave In The Qidron Valley (Pp. 29–30), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains were found in five burial troughs and one burial niche in Cave II in the Qidron Valley. They represent the primary burial of at least 27 individuals, including infants, children and adults of both sexes. It seems that the interred were part of the non-Jewish population that resided in Jerusalem during the Byzantine period.

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Coins From Two Burial Caves In The Qidron Valley, Jerusalem (Pp. 25–27), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

Coins From Two Burial Caves In The Qidron Valley, Jerusalem (Pp. 25–27), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Eighteen coins, sixteen of which were identifiable, were found in the excavation of two rock-cut burial caves on the western slope of the Qidron Valley. Nine coins, dated from the fourth to the sixth centuries CE, may indicate the period of use of the caves.

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Two Rock-Cut Burial Caves And Greek Inscriptions From The Qidron Valley, Jerusalem (Pp. 13–24), Boaz Zissu, Zubair Adawi Jan 2025

Two Rock-Cut Burial Caves And Greek Inscriptions From The Qidron Valley, Jerusalem (Pp. 13–24), Boaz Zissu, Zubair Adawi

'Atiqot

Two rock-cut burial caves (I, II), located at the bottom of the western slope of the Qidron Valley, were exposed. Cave I had been breached by antiquities looters in the past and was, therefore, documented only. Cave II was found sealed and was subsequently partially excavated. Two stone slabs (tombstones or tomb closing slabs) bearing Greek inscriptions were uncovered ex situ in the vicinity of the caves. Burial Cave I was dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods based solely on its plan. The architecture of Burial Cave II and the finds date its use to the Byzantine period (fifth–sixth centuries …

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A Burial Cave From The Intermediate Bronze Age And Middle Bronze Age Iic Near The Village Of Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, P. 161), Zach Horowitz, Doron Lipkunski Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Intermediate Bronze Age And Middle Bronze Age Iic Near The Village Of Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, P. 161), Zach Horowitz, Doron Lipkunski

'Atiqot

The burial cave was used during two different periods: the Intermediate Bronze Age (Phase 1) and MB IIC (Phase 2). During Phase 1, the cave served for the burial of one individual, whereas in Phase 2, it served for the burial of approximately 25 individuals. The finds from the Phase 2 burial included prolific local and imported ceramic finds, an alabaster vessel, bone-inlay plates, faience beads, metal objects, and four scarabs and a cylinder seal. Following its use during MB IIC, the cave was abandoned.

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Three Canaanite Design Scarabs, One Egyptian Obsidian Scarab And One Syrian Cylinder Seal From A Burial Cave Near Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Pp. 1–11), Baruch Brandl Jan 2025

Three Canaanite Design Scarabs, One Egyptian Obsidian Scarab And One Syrian Cylinder Seal From A Burial Cave Near Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Pp. 1–11), Baruch Brandl

'Atiqot

Four scarabs and a cylinder seal were unearthed in a burial cave near Ras ‘Ali, in Naḥal Zippori. Three of the scarabs are made of glazed steatite and one, of obsidian; the seal is made of serpentine. The three glazed steatite scarabs are locally made Canaanite products, while the obsidian scarab seems to have been imported from Egypt. The cylinder seal is a Syrian product that was imported from the Syrian coast, most probably from Ugarit. All the glyptic finds are typical of MB IIC in Canaan (sixteenth century BCE).

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The Skeletal Remains From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (P. 115*), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Skeletal Remains From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (P. 115*), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel were in a very poor state of preservation. They were retrieved from contexts dated to the Byzantine, Early Islamic and Mamluk periods and include at least six adults, one subadult and one child.

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The Glass Finds From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Pp. 23*–57*), Natalya Katznelson Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Pp. 23*–57*), Natalya Katznelson

'Atiqot

Approximately 2000 glass fragments, mostly small and of blown glass, were retrieved from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel, ranging in date from the late third to the fifteenth centuries CE. Most belong to two chronological groups: the seventh–mid-eighth centuries and the eighth–tenth centuries. The dating was based on fabric features and parallels from well-stratified sites. The Late Roman–Byzantine assemblage comprises common types. The late Byzantine–Early Islamic vessels belong to a well-known group, although a few newly discovered versions of local types were also found. While the assemblage includes a broad range of ornamented types, …

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The Coins From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Pp. 59*–113*), Gabriela Bijovsky, Ariel Berman Jan 2025

The Coins From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Pp. 59*–113*), Gabriela Bijovsky, Ariel Berman

'Atiqot

A total of 1797 coins, 1264 of which are identifiable, were retrieved from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel. These include a hoard of 751 seventh-century Byzantine gold solidi that was deposited no earlier than the early 680s, indicating that such coins continued to circulate until ‘Abd al-Malik’s reform. The other 513 identified coins range from a fourth-century BCE coin to Mamluk silver dirhams and fractions. The Byzantine period (sixth–seventh centuries) is represented by a large and varied series of bronze coins of all the emperors—from Anastasius I to Constans II. The Islamic coins can …

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The Oil Lamps From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Pp. 1*–21*), Alla Nagorsky Jan 2025

The Oil Lamps From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Pp. 1*–21*), Alla Nagorsky

'Atiqot

About 100 ceramic oil lamps, many of them complete, were recovered from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel. Most were found in fills that could not be related to a specific occupation level while more than half were found in fills in the ‘burial enclosure’. Almost all the lamp types, ranging in date from the Late Roman to the Mamluk periods (third–thirteenth centuries CE), appear in the corpus of the Hebrew University excavations at Bet She’an.

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A Fatimid-Period Glass Weight From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Hebrew Pp. 147–148; English Summary, P. 131*), Elias Khamis Jan 2025

A Fatimid-Period Glass Weight From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Hebrew Pp. 147–148; English Summary, P. 131*), Elias Khamis

'Atiqot

A Fatimid-period disk weight, equivalent in weight to two dinars and made of honey-green glass, was found in the northern part of Building III. It bears a three-line stamp of Imām az-Zāhir, the seventh Fātīmid Imām. Similar glass weights are known from Egypt, but have also been found in Syria and Palestine. Some scholars have suggested that these are glass jetons, used as coins. A more widely accepted suggestion is that these are simply dinar and dirham weights.

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Mollusk Shells From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Hebrew Pp.149–151; English Summary, P. 132*), Frida Ben-Ami Jan 2025

Mollusk Shells From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Hebrew Pp.149–151; English Summary, P. 132*), Frida Ben-Ami

'Atiqot

Five mollusk shells were retrieved from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel: Hexaplex trunculus, Glycymeris glycymeris, Spondylus gaederopus, Charonia sp., Tridacna maxima. Four shells originated in the Mediterranean Sea, and one, in the Red Sea. One specimen, the Charonia sp., is not found along the shore of Israel, and was most probably collected somewhere else in the Mediterranean basin, possibly Italy. One of the shells found at the site, H. trunculus, is known to have been used for dyeing in biblical times. The other four were used as decorative ornaments (beads), or as storage containers, …

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Building Remains And A ‘Burial Enclosure’ From The Byzantine To The Mamluk Periods At Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (With A Contribution By Alexandra Sardoyev) (Hebrew, Pp. 1–63; English Summary, Pp. 119*–128*), Ofer Sion Jan 2025

Building Remains And A ‘Burial Enclosure’ From The Byzantine To The Mamluk Periods At Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (With A Contribution By Alexandra Sardoyev) (Hebrew, Pp. 1–63; English Summary, Pp. 119*–128*), Ofer Sion

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation conducted at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel, on the eastern margins of the city, revealed remains of four buildings, tombs and water installations belonging to eight strata. In the lowest two strata was a Late Roman and Byzantine ‘burial enclosure’ comprising a stone foundation (Stratum VIII), a burial cave and a cist grave (Stratum VII). Buildings were erected among the burials in Stratum VI and these revealed a number of alterations, made during the Umayyad period (Strata V–IV), until their destruction in the 749 CE earthquake. Abbasid-period Stratum III represents construction following the earthquake. …

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The Ceramic Finds From The Late Roman To The Ottoman Periods At Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Hebrew Pp. 65–146; English Summary, Pp. 129*–130*), Miriam Avissar Jan 2025

The Ceramic Finds From The Late Roman To The Ottoman Periods At Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (Hebrew Pp. 65–146; English Summary, Pp. 129*–130*), Miriam Avissar

'Atiqot

The pottery recovered from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel includes few Late Roman sherds; a rich Byzantine assemblage comprising local and imported bowls, cooking wares, storage jars, jugs and amphorae; an equally rich Early Islamic assemblage consisting of glazed wares ranging from Coptic glazed ware to double-slipped glazed bowls, ‘Kerbschnitt’ bowls, glazed and unglazed cooking ware, and plain vessels made of both reddish and buff wares, possibly produced on-site, as well as kiln wasters, lids, a pomegranate-shaped bottle, a zoomorphic vessel and jar fragments bearing incised inscriptions; a rich variety of medieval vessels, including …

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The Coins From The Excavation At Lod (Hebrew, Pp. 41*–43*; English Summary, P. 221), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From The Excavation At Lod (Hebrew, Pp. 41*–43*; English Summary, P. 221), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Twenty-two coins were unearthed in the excavation north of Tel Lod, of which 17 were identified: 5 coins date to the Byzantine period, 1 is a Byzanto-Arab coin, and 10 coins date to the Umayyad and Abassid periods.

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Petrographic Examination Of Medieval Pottery From Tiberias (Pp. 209–212), Anastasia Shapiro Jan 2025

Petrographic Examination Of Medieval Pottery From Tiberias (Pp. 209–212), Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

Thirteen samples of the pottery from Tiberias were selected for petrographic examination. All sampled vessels date to the Crusader-period occupation of the building (Phases 3 and 4). Three petrographic groups were identified: Beirut Ware, Acre Ware and Tiberias Ware.

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Remains Of A Public Building From The Byzantine Period And A Farmhouse From The Early Islamic Period North Of Tel Lod (With A Contribution By Nitzan Amitai-Preiss) (Hebrew, Pp. 23*–39*; English Summary, Pp. 219–220), Elie Haddad Jan 2025

Remains Of A Public Building From The Byzantine Period And A Farmhouse From The Early Islamic Period North Of Tel Lod (With A Contribution By Nitzan Amitai-Preiss) (Hebrew, Pp. 23*–39*; English Summary, Pp. 219–220), Elie Haddad

'Atiqot

In a salvage excavation conducted north of Tel Lod, twelve squares were excavated, exposing finds from the Persian–Early Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. The finds from the Persian–Early Roman periods consisted merely of pottery and stone vessels. Two strata were identified from the Byzantine period: Stratum IIB yielded a segment of a flagstone floor belonging to a public building, and a few pottery vessels dated to the late third–seventh centuries CE; Stratum IIA comprised some architectural elements, a poorly-preserved lime pit and a plastered installation, as well as pottery vessels, a metal object and coins. The Early Islamic period …

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A Unique Metal Object From Tiberias (Pp. 173–181), Myriam Rosen-Ayalon Jan 2025

A Unique Metal Object From Tiberias (Pp. 173–181), Myriam Rosen-Ayalon

'Atiqot

An uncommon metal artifact (a stand?) was uncovered in the course of public works in Tiberias. The object is an open cylinder, made of sheet-metal, perhaps bronze. Both the outer and inner surfaces are adorned with a band of painted decoration: the exterior surface depicts a scene of human figures, while the interior one is a beautiful inscription in kufic script. No parallels to Islamic painted metalwork have been yet discovered; however, our painted object should perhaps be seen within the wider context of the art of painting under the Fatimids.

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Crusader, Ayyubid And Mamluk-Period Remains From Tiberias (Pp. 183–208), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Crusader, Ayyubid And Mamluk-Period Remains From Tiberias (Pp. 183–208), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

The excavation exposed five primary phases of occupation, dating from the Roman to the Ottoman periods. In Phase 5, accumulations containing Roman- to Fatimid-period pottery were found. In Phase 4, a building was erected, a small part of which was excavated; twelfth-century pottery was found, as well as some residual sherds dating to the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods. Phase 3 continued the use of the Phase 4 building, with the addition of walls and the raising of floors; finds on the floor included pottery vessels, glass vessels and a stone mortar, all dating to the thirteenth century. Phase 2 …

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Analysis Of Glaze On Ceramics From The ‘Akko Marina (Pp. 169–171), Irina Segal Jan 2025

Analysis Of Glaze On Ceramics From The ‘Akko Marina (Pp. 169–171), Irina Segal

'Atiqot

Among the ceramic sherds dredged from the seabed of the ‘Akko Marina were some bowls with a glaze of unusual silvery-black appearance. This study was conducted to define the main factor leading to the changes in color under sea water. The sample included glazed vessels found on land and glazed vessels from the sea. Significant differences in sulfur content were observed between the two sets of glaze: the on-land vessels contained no sulfur, whereas the vessels from the sea contained sulfur, obviously originating in the sea water, thus creating sulfides of lead in the glaze.

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The Fatimid, Crusader And Mamluk–Early Ottoman Ceramic Finds From The ‘Akko Marina: Some Insights Into Medieval Maritime Activity (Pp. 139–168), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

The Fatimid, Crusader And Mamluk–Early Ottoman Ceramic Finds From The ‘Akko Marina: Some Insights Into Medieval Maritime Activity (Pp. 139–168), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

Ceramic sherds, dating from the Fatimid, Crusader and Mamluk–early Ottoman periods (eleventh to c. sixteenth centuries CE), were found while deepening the ‘Akko Marina. Of the Fatimid period, only a cooking bowl and a glazed bowl are represented. The pottery dating to the Crusader period consists of different types of glazed bowls, cooking ware, amphorae, a lid and oil lamps. The few sherds from the Mamluk–early Ottoman period belong to glazed vessels. The pottery retrieved from the ‘Akko Marina might have originated in trade, served as ballast, or may have arrived with pilgrims, merchants or other individuals who came to …

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The Glass Vessels, Beads And Metal Artifacts From The Burial Cave At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–22*; English Summary, P. 218), Tamar Winter Jan 2025

The Glass Vessels, Beads And Metal Artifacts From The Burial Cave At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–22*; English Summary, P. 218), Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

The burial cave at ‘En Ya‘al yielded about 480 glass fragments. All but one of the glass vessels was free-blown of translucent colorless, light blue or light green glass. Several vessels were adorned with applied wound glass trails, and one vessel was decorated with shallow, mold-blown ribbing. The glass vessels from the site are typical of two eras: the Early Roman period (second half of the first–second centuries CE) and the Late Roman–Byzantine periods (fourth–seventh centuries CE). The beads—made of glass, carnelian and amethyst—and the metal objects—a ring, bracelets, iron and bronze pendants, a bell, copper/bronze trappings and an iron …

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A Byzantine-Period Pendant From The Burial Cave At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Pp. 135–137), Robert Kool Jan 2025

A Byzantine-Period Pendant From The Burial Cave At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Pp. 135–137), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

The pendant was found in the standing pit of the rock-hewn burial cave at ‘En Ya‘al. It is a cast-bronze, double-sided medallion, with two flat loops at opposite sides. A cruciform Greek monogram was incised or engraved on the flat surfaces of the medallion, possibly with the name of the pendant’s owner. Similar pendants were usually religious or amuletic in character. The inscription was engraved on the encircling edge of the medallion. It is a simple invocation, common on rings and bracelets from Byzantine Palestine, in which the owner invokes the name of a saint or holy person for help …

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A Burial Cave From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Hebrew, P. 11*–14*; English Summary, P. 217), Rafeh Abu Raya, Miguel Weissman Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Hebrew, P. 11*–14*; English Summary, P. 217), Rafeh Abu Raya, Miguel Weissman

'Atiqot

A rock-cut burial complex, comprising a courtyard and a cave, was excavated at ‘En Ya‘al, Jerusalem. The cave contains a burial chamber, a standing pit, loculi (kokhim) and a repository. The excavation yielded many ceramic oil lamps and vessels dating to the fourth–seventh centuries CE, with a few dating to the Early Islamic period; glass vessels, beads and metal objects, dating to the Early Roman–Byzantine periods; and a Christian bronze pendant. The plan of the cave is characteristic of Second Temple-period burial caves. The next phase of use was during the mid-first–second centuries CE, and the final use of the …

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Ceramic Oil Lamps And Vessels From The Burial Cave At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Pp. 123–134), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Ceramic Oil Lamps And Vessels From The Burial Cave At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Pp. 123–134), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

Most of the ceramic lamps and vessels from the burial cave at ‘En Ya‘al were retrieved from the cave courtyard; merely a few originated in the standing pit. A large number of lamps were found, comprising three main variants of the candlestick-type lamp; one of them bears a Greek inscription. The majority of the lamps were unused, with only a small number showing burning signs on the nozzle. The fragmentary pottery assemblage includes mainly small vessels, such as bowls and juglets, as well as some larger bowls and mortaria. This assemblage is dated to the Byzantine period, with a few …

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The Ceramic Finds From Khirbat El-Mughram In The Shu‘Afat Neighborhood, Jerusalem (Pp. 115–121), Yehudah Rapuano Jan 2025

The Ceramic Finds From Khirbat El-Mughram In The Shu‘Afat Neighborhood, Jerusalem (Pp. 115–121), Yehudah Rapuano

'Atiqot

The pottery recovered from the excavation at Kh. el-Mughram originated in two loci: the burial cave and the fills abutting the terrace wall (L102). The pottery from both loci represents homogeneous deposits dating to the period between the First and Second Jewish Revolts against the Romans (70–132 CE). The ceramic finds from this site amplify the pottery repertoire of the village of Shu‘afat, leading to the conclusion that the tomb belonged to inhabitants of that village.

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A Burial Cave And An Agricultural Terrace At Khirbat El-Mughram In The Shu‘Afat Neighborhood, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Natalia Katsnelson)(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, Pp. 215–216), Zubair Adawi Jan 2025

A Burial Cave And An Agricultural Terrace At Khirbat El-Mughram In The Shu‘Afat Neighborhood, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Natalia Katsnelson)(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, Pp. 215–216), Zubair Adawi

'Atiqot

Two excavation areas were exposed at the site of Khirbat el-Mughram: in the western area, a burial cave was partially excavated, and in the eastern area, a revetment wall for an agricultural terrace was unearthed. The burial cave consists of two arcosolia and two loculi (kokhim), a phenomena characteristic of the Second Temple period. The finds in the cave include pottery dating to the period between the two revolts (70–135 CE), six limestone ossuaries and six ossuary lids. All the ossuaries are decorated in low relief; one ossuary is incised with a name in Greek, and another exhibits traces of …

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A Unique Hellenistic Pottery Assemblage From ‘Akko (Pp. 71–103), Howard Smithline Jan 2025

A Unique Hellenistic Pottery Assemblage From ‘Akko (Pp. 71–103), Howard Smithline

'Atiqot

Nearly all the Hellenistic-period material originated from a single, homogeneous locus (L336) located below the Crusader-period bathhouse, excavated c. 250–300 m north of the ‘Akko Ottoman-period city wall. More than 700 rim fragments were found, dominated by four vessel families: open table vessels; closed table vessels; cooking vessels; and storage vessels. This assemblage is domestic in nature, dating to the third century BCE, reflecting one of the earliest Hellenistic occurrences in the ‘Akko area outside the tell of ‘Akko. Egyptian, Aegean and Cypriot elements were observed upon the vessels, which may reflect the foreign origin of many of them, and …

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Stamped Amphorae Handles From ‘Akko (Pp. 105–113), Gerald Finkielstejn Jan 2025

Stamped Amphorae Handles From ‘Akko (Pp. 105–113), Gerald Finkielstejn

'Atiqot

Thirty stamped amphora handles were found in the course of the excavation at ‘Akko, most of them Rhodian, one Cypriot, one Phoenician and two unidentified. Such a collection is quite common in the Southern Levant. Two of the Rhodian stamps date to the second third of the third century; eight, to the last quarter of the third century; four, to the end of the third–beginning of the second century; six, to the first third of the second century; and six, to the middle and the third quarter of the second century BCE. The top of the Cypriot amphora (Cy1) seems …

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The Burial Ground At Ḥorbat Za‘Aq (Pp. 1–23), Irit Yezerski Jan 2025

The Burial Ground At Ḥorbat Za‘Aq (Pp. 1–23), Irit Yezerski

'Atiqot

Thirty-two rock-cut burial tombs were documented in the burial ground excavated at Ḥorbat Za‘aq, in the southern Judean Shephelah. The majority of the tombs date to Iron Age IIB–III; one tomb (Tomb 13) dates to MB IIB–C; another (Tomb 48), to the Roman or Byzantine period; and two tombs (Tombs 22 and 23) were reused in the Early Roman period. These tombs probably belonged to families who lived in villages or farms in the vicinity of the burial ground. The Iron Age IIB–III rock-cut tombs at H. Za‘aq were hewn according to local architectural traditions; however, they share certain features …

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The Finds From The Ḥorbat Za‘Aq Burial Ground (Pp. 25–70), Irit Yezerski, Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

The Finds From The Ḥorbat Za‘Aq Burial Ground (Pp. 25–70), Irit Yezerski, Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

The bulk of the finds from the Ḥorbat Za‘aq burial ground comprise Iron Age pottery, with MB IIB–C artifacts originating in a single tomb (Tomb 13) and Roman finds from a number of others. The MB IIB–C ceramic assemblage is domestic in nature, comprising bowls, storage jars and juglets. The Iron Age IIB–III grave goods include pottery, metal artifacts and beads that are comparable to assemblages from Judahite settlements and burial sites. The finds consist mainly of small vessels, such as lamps, bowls, jugs and juglets. This Iron IIB–III pottery assemblage is typical of the second quarter of the eighth …

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