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Articles 1 - 30 of 1020
Full-Text Articles in Agriculture
A Settlement From The Middle Ages And The Byzantine Period At Khirbat Ibreika (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–47*; English Summary, Pp. 199–200), Eli Yannai
'Atiqot
Six excavation squares were opened, revealing three strata: Stratum I, from the days of the British Mandate; Stratum II, from the Middle Ages; and Stratum III, from the Byzantine period. Most of the finds indicate intensive plundering of masonry from Stratum II. Stratum III yielded part of a press bed of an oil press with a mosaic pavement. The pottery finds attest that the Byzantine settlement was established in the sixth century CE, and continued until the end of the Mamluk period, and probably up to modern times. A hand axe, typical of the Upper Acheulian period, was found in …
The Excavation At Khirbat El-Batiya (Triangulation Spot 819) (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–28*; English Summary, Pp. 197–198), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa
The Excavation At Khirbat El-Batiya (Triangulation Spot 819) (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–28*; English Summary, Pp. 197–198), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa
'Atiqot
The western part of a large building was exposed, dating to the end of the Byzantine period. Two main strata were observed (I, II). Stratum Ia included the remains of a dry-built building, constructed from finely dressed limestone blocks arranged in headers and stretchers. The floors were paved with stone slabs, and the walls were probably coated with plaster. The finds from this phase date to the fifth–sixth centuries CE. Stratum Ib represents slight modifications that were carried out in the building. In Stratum II the building continued to be used, mainly in the southern part. A jug and a …
The Glass Finds From Khirbat El-Batiya (Triangulation Spot 819) (Hebrew, Pp. 29*–36*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Yael Gorin-Rosen
The Glass Finds From Khirbat El-Batiya (Triangulation Spot 819) (Hebrew, Pp. 29*–36*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Yael Gorin-Rosen
'Atiqot
Fragments of gold-glass tiles were retrieved from the excavation, together with well-known vessel types from the late Byzantine–Early Islamic periods. It is the first time that gold-glass tiles were found in situ. The glass vessels include a beaker/bowl, wineglasses and a bottle, as well as an exceptional mold-blown cosmetic flask from medieval times. The gold-glass tiles were probably part of the decoration of the Stratum I building, which was connected with a monastery or a church.
Kisra (Hebrew, Pp. 9*–19*; English Summary, Pp. 196–197), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa
Kisra (Hebrew, Pp. 9*–19*; English Summary, Pp. 196–197), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa
'Atiqot
Two areas were excavated. In Area A, three strata were uncovered, from the Hellenistic, Byzantine and Crusader/Mamluk periods, alongside pottery from the Roman period. The Byzantine-period building housed an oil press installation, which was put out of use by a conflagration. In Area B, two strata were observed, from the Byzantine and Crusader/Mamluk periods.
Coins From Messillot (P. 93), Donald Ariel
Coins From Messillot (P. 93), Donald Ariel
'Atiqot
Fourteen coins were found in the excavation; all but one, which is gold, are copper. The coins appear to reflect occupation at the site in the fourth century CE and in the Umayyad period.
A Late Byzantine–Early Islamic-Period Farmhouse At Mesillot In The Bet She’An Valley (Pp. 181–192), Pinhas Porat
A Late Byzantine–Early Islamic-Period Farmhouse At Mesillot In The Bet She’An Valley (Pp. 181–192), Pinhas Porat
'Atiqot
Three strata (III–I) were identified during the excavation. The date of Stratum III is unknown. Stratum II, the main building phase at the site, probably dates to the late Byzantine period. A large, roughly square building was unearthed, comprising a large central courtyard surrounded by at least 16 rooms. It probably served as a farmhouse. Stratum I represents repairs and additions to the Stratum II building, possibly during the Early Islamic period. The finds from Strata II and I include pottery vessels, mostly domestic, iron objects, stone objects, a clay tile and coins. The latest coin dates from 739/740 CE …
Excavations At Khirbat Marmita (Pp. 139–178), Lilly Gershuny
Excavations At Khirbat Marmita (Pp. 139–178), Lilly Gershuny
'Atiqot
Three building complexes were uncovered at the site, as well as various installations that were quarried into bedrock. The buildings date from the first half of the first century BCE (Building 20/23), from the Hellenistic–Early Roman period (Building 84) and from the Herodian period (c. 30 to at least 67 CE; Building 104). Among the installations were five simple winepresses, typical of the Roman and Byzantine periods; a lever-and-weights oil press; cisterns with square or circular shafts; 33 cupmarks; caves; quarries; and a miqweh. The finds include pottery vessels, stone and basalt vases, glass vessels and metal artifacts. It seems …
The Coins From Khirbat Marmita (P. 179), Helena Sokolov
The Coins From Khirbat Marmita (P. 179), Helena Sokolov
'Atiqot
Five coins were found at Khirbat Marmita, all of bronze. Three of the coins date to the reigns of Antiochus VII, Alexander Jannaeus and Nero; one is from the second year of the Jewish Revolt; and one is from the fifth century CE.
An Iron Age Pottery Assemblage From Underground Chambers At Jatt (Tel Gat) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–7*; English Summary, P. 195), Michael Cohen
An Iron Age Pottery Assemblage From Underground Chambers At Jatt (Tel Gat) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–7*; English Summary, P. 195), Michael Cohen
'Atiqot
Pottery vessels dating to Iron Age II were recovered from four underground units. They belong to a single ceramic assemblage, comprising bowls, kraters, cooking pots, jars, a jug and a lamp, indicating that they originated in dwellings. The vessels are characteristic of the northern coastal plain, dating primarily to the second half of the tenth–beginning of the ninth centuries BCE. This small-scale excavation sheds light on this early phase of occupation at Tell Jatt. The purpose of the underground units was not determined.
Archaeozoological Finds From The Excavations West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 135–137), Moshe Sade
Archaeozoological Finds From The Excavations West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 135–137), Moshe Sade
'Atiqot
Animal bones were found inside four of the tombs dated to Middle Bronze Age II. Each tomb contained the remains of one sheep/goat, usually within vessels. It seems that the people at this site raised cattle. A large number of donkey bones were also found. Sea shells were also present, probably due to the proximity of the site to the Mediterranean shore. Many animal bones were found in the Hellenistic-period assemblage.
Petrographic Analysis Of Pottery From A Middle Bronze Age Ii Site West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 129–131), Anat Cohen-Weinberger
Petrographic Analysis Of Pottery From A Middle Bronze Age Ii Site West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 129–131), Anat Cohen-Weinberger
'Atiqot
In this study, 32 vessels were examined from the Middle Bronze Age II settlement, tombs and kilns to determine the nature of the raw materials. Most of the samples were related to the same petrographic group, the nature of which points to a coastal origin. The results of this study suggest a homogenous raw material for the examined assemblage.
Anthropological Remains From A Middle Bronze Age Ii Site West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 133–134), Yossi Nagar
Anthropological Remains From A Middle Bronze Age Ii Site West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 133–134), Yossi Nagar
'Atiqot
The human skeletal remains from the Middle Bronze Age II graves were fragmentary, in a poor state of preservation. At least 26 individuals were identified, including infants, children, sub-adults and adults of both sexes, indicating a normal civilian population.
A Middle Bronze Age Ii Site West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 65–128), Raz Kletter
A Middle Bronze Age Ii Site West Of Tell Qasille (Pp. 65–128), Raz Kletter
'Atiqot
The site remains comprise a cemetery, two pottery kilns and a settlement dating to Middle Bronze Age II. Ten burials were excavated, all except one (T800) were rectangular pit-graves dug into kurkar sandstone. Each grave contained one to three individuals; T800, which was round, contained seven individuals in secondary deposition. The average grave assemblage comprised about ten pottery vessels, which were usually placed in a row next to one long side of the burial. The pottery kilns are almost identical in size, direction and structure. They are of the vertical type, with two main superimposed parts: a combustion chamber and …
Chalcolithic Burial Sites At Ma‘Abarot And Tel Ifshar (Pp. 45–63), Yosef Porath
Chalcolithic Burial Sites At Ma‘Abarot And Tel Ifshar (Pp. 45–63), Yosef Porath
'Atiqot
The two burial sites are located in the Sharon plain, south and north of Naḥal Alexander. The kidney-shaped cave at Ma‘abarot was hewn in the kurkar sandstone. All the burials in the cave were secondary. Of the 63 burials identified, 42 were placed in three types of ceramic vessels—house-shaped ossuaries, chest-shaped ossuaries and large domestic kraters—and 21, in ‘bone heaps’. The finds consisted of pottery vessels typical of the Chalcolithic period, e.g., V-shaped bowls and fenestrated bowls and bottles, and a flake from a flint digging tool. At Tel Ifshar, two burial places were discovered, both damaged by infrastructure work. …
A Chalcolithic Burial Cave At Eṭ-Ṭaiyiba (Pp. 1–44), Eli Yannai, Yosef Porath
A Chalcolithic Burial Cave At Eṭ-Ṭaiyiba (Pp. 1–44), Eli Yannai, Yosef Porath
'Atiqot
The cave, hewn in soft limestone, is of an irregular oval shape, with high margins that served as benches. A minimum of 38 ossuaries were found in the cave, some open and box-shaped, others closed and house-shaped; ossuary jars and kraters were also found. The ossuaries were decorated with plastic ornamentation, depicting pegs, noses, eyes and rope decoration, as well as painted ornamentation in various patterns, e.g., triangles, lines and arches. Funerary goods included only pottery vessels characteristic of the Chalcolithic period: V-shaped bowls, cornets, amphoriskoi, fenestrated pedestal bowls and cylindrical stands. It seems that the people buried in the …
Mollusks From Crusader-Period ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Inbar Ktalav
Mollusks From Crusader-Period ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Inbar Ktalav
'Atiqot
This study analyzes mollusk remains collected during the 2007 excavation season at the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko, which was part of a Crusader-period residential neighborhood. A total of 538 shells were identified, including marine shells from the Mediterranean and Red Seas, freshwater shells and land snails. The analysis of these shells sheds light on the lives of the Crusader-period residents of ‘Akko, including their trade connections and use of shells for construction, ornamentation, pigment containers and raw material for the inlay industry.
Fragments Of A Crusader-Period Chancel Screen From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Vardit R. Shotten-Hallel
Fragments Of A Crusader-Period Chancel Screen From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Vardit R. Shotten-Hallel
'Atiqot
The phrase ‘where [or: when] least expected’ is rarely used in archaeology. In fact, when excavating a cesspit, the opposite is often true. Cesspits are precisely where archaeologists expect to uncover hoards of household artifacts, like pottery and glass, or sometimes valuables, dislocated sculptures and even skeletons. In this regard, the excavation at the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko is no exception. Four richly decorated marble fragments were found in a cesspit, integrated in the shaft’s wall as part of repair work. A stylistic analysis, and consideration of the historical context of their deposition, revealed an unexpected possibility regarding their …
The Metal Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Joppe Gosker
The Metal Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Joppe Gosker
'Atiqot
The 2007 excavation at the Knights Hotel Site yielded about 170 metal finds, mostly iron or copper alloy, though silver and gilded items were also found. Some objects associated with warfare may have been linked to the final battle of ‘Akko in 1291 CE, but most of the finds relate to daily life, encompassing activities such as horse keeping, dress, foodways, medicine and construction. The dominance of Eastern-type arrowheads indicates that local traditions were sometimes adopted, certainly for the arrows if not the bows. Concerning dress accessories, the overall impression is of European traditions. It seems that the Franks preferred …
Stone Objects From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
Stone Objects From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
Four stone objects were retrieved during the 2007 excavation season at the Knights’ Hotel site: three whetstones and one bead. Besides the routine registration of measurements and visual description, the specimens were examined under a binocular microscope at ×20 and ×40 magnifications, with the aid of 5% dilute hydrochloric acid and a steel needle. This procedure made it possible to define the lithology of the rock that the objects were made of and to trace use features like minor scratches, which usually receive little attention.
Crusader-Period Glass Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Yael Gorin-Rosen
Crusader-Period Glass Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Yael Gorin-Rosen
'Atiqot
This article discusses the glass finds uncovered during the 2007 excavation season at the Knights’ Hotel site and complements the report of the 1995 season. This collection of glass vessels is significant as it expands our knowledge concerning the variety of types produced in the local workshops and includes a variety of vessels from other production centers. Together, the finds from both seasons emphasize the richness and diversity of Crusader-period glassware and artifacts during the thirteenth century, before the fall of ‘Akko in 1291.
Tobacco Pipes From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
Tobacco Pipes From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
The study of 111 Ottoman tobacco pipes and three nargile heads from the excavation of the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko illuminates the smoking habits of the population of this quarter of the city between the early seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. The dates, provenance and typology of the pipes are based on the results of previous studies. The latest date of most of the pipes in this corpus may be related to an explosion during the siege of 1840, after which the quarter remained unoccupied.
Petrographic And Microscopic Examination Of Crusader-Period Pottery From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
Petrographic And Microscopic Examination Of Crusader-Period Pottery From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
A petrographic and microscopic study was undertaken for 14 Crusader-period vessels from the Knight’ Hotel site in ‘Akko. The petrographic analysis confirmed the presumed Egyptian origin of twelve vessels, while the microscopic examination of two pithoi suggested that their raw material originated within an ophiolitic complex found in Venice and its vicinity.
Crusader-Period Ceramics From The Knights’ Hotel Site, ‘Akko, Edna J. Stern, Nohar Shahar
Crusader-Period Ceramics From The Knights’ Hotel Site, ‘Akko, Edna J. Stern, Nohar Shahar
'Atiqot
The Crusader-period ceramic assemblage unearthed in the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko contains a large variety of daily wares. The assemblage consists of local and imported wares from various regions, some of which were identified through petrographic analysis. The imported wares indicate trade connections with Mediterranean port cities, and the petrographic analysis identified a new group of vessels from Egypt’s northern Nile region. The article outlines the pottery typology and quantification, and presents the ceramic distribution within the excavated urban area. The findings indicate changes in land use, as some residential and commercial areas were converted into dumps and cesspits. …
Daily Life And Industry In Crusader ‘Akko: The Knights’ Hotel Site, Danny Syon
Daily Life And Industry In Crusader ‘Akko: The Knights’ Hotel Site, Danny Syon
'Atiqot
This report details the second season of excavations at the Knights’ Hotel site, carried out in 2007, covering three areas (A–C) not excavated in the first season (1995). The excavations revealed domestic and public(?) architecture dating from the thirteenth century CE. The architectural features are mostly similar to the ones exposed in the first season and include an abundance of water and sanitary installations: cisterns, wells and cesspits. The mixed character of this neighborhood of the capital of the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, and the daily life of its residents is highlighted by the wealth of pottery and glass vessels …
Remains Of Two Iron Age Iib–C(?) Updraft Pottery Kilns At The Foot Of Tel Gamma (Tell Jemma), Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Ilana Peters, Svetlana Talis, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Emily Bischoff Bruintjes, Yotam Asscher
Remains Of Two Iron Age Iib–C(?) Updraft Pottery Kilns At The Foot Of Tel Gamma (Tell Jemma), Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Ilana Peters, Svetlana Talis, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Emily Bischoff Bruintjes, Yotam Asscher
'Atiqot
An excavation southwest of Tel Gamma exposed two Iron Age II updraft pottery kilns and a refuse pit. The eastern kiln was only partially preserved; its fill contained workshop debris and storage-jar wasters. The better-preserved western kiln retained an almost intact, elongated combustion chamber with two sets of mud-brick flues and evidence of periodic upkeep. An activity layer was identified between and around the kilns, from which a mixed Iron IIA–C ceramic assemblage and a few stone artifacts were collected. The stone artifacts likely served in fine grinding and burnishing. In the refuse pit, potsherds, vitrified bricks, animal bones and …
A Middle Bronze Iia Pottery Production Site On The Northern Bank Of NaḥAl Soreq, Near Yavne-Yam, Lily Singer-Avitz, Yossi Levy, Etan Ayalon
A Middle Bronze Iia Pottery Production Site On The Northern Bank Of NaḥAl Soreq, Near Yavne-Yam, Lily Singer-Avitz, Yossi Levy, Etan Ayalon
'Atiqot
A Middle Bronze Age IIA pottery production site was uncovered on the northern bank of Naḥal Soreq, near Yavne-Yam. Excavations revealed installations, including pits, an oven, a stone pavement and a two-story pottery kiln. The discovery of a potter’s wheel and petrographic analysis confirm local ceramic production using nearby ḥamra and kurkar materials. Stone anchors found on-site suggest the transport of vessels via small boats along the stream, connecting the site with nearby settlements such as Nabi Rubin and Yavne-Yam.
The Faunal Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, An Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Site In The Jezreel Valley, Zohar Turgeman-Yaffe
The Faunal Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, An Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Site In The Jezreel Valley, Zohar Turgeman-Yaffe
'Atiqot
The rural site of Naḥal Rimmonim yielded 421 identifiable animal bones that originated in well-stratified loci from five strata dating to the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages. The site’s economy seems to have been independent, or production-based, with residents providing most of their own needs while also trading with other groups. The economy was based on animal husbandry, with some hunting, mostly of gazelles, alongside the production of secondary products, such as milk, wool and labor, with a preference for wool. Pigs were the most common species in all domestic levels, including a unique pig burial. The faunal assemblage from …
Middle Bronze Age Human Skeletal Remains From Nahal Rimmonim, Yossi Nagar
Middle Bronze Age Human Skeletal Remains From Nahal Rimmonim, Yossi Nagar
'Atiqot
The excavation at Nahal Rimmonim yielded the remains of seven individuals interred in jar burials and a grave dating, respectively, to Middle Bronze Age I–II and III. The MB I–II storage-jar burials were uncovered in a residential area, comprising three infants—a well-documented trait of the period. The MB III remains include the primary burial of four individuals in stone-built graves: three adults and a child aged three–four years.
The Flint Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, Ariel Vered
The Flint Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, Ariel Vered
'Atiqot
The excavation at Naḥal Rimmonim yielded flint items dating to the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages, alongside intrusive highly patinated Middle Paleolithic artifacts. The Intermediate Bronze Age assemblage represents a local, expedient industry that produced simple flake tools from locally available lithic resources and long, regular blades, probably imported as blanks, continuing the Canaanean blade industry of the Early Bronze Age. The Middle Bronze Age assemblage attests to the production of flakes on which simple ad hoc tools were manufactured on locally available raw materials. The production of Canaanean blades ceased abruptly, probably when the Second Urban Revolution took place …
Petrographic Examination Of The Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Vessels From Nahal Rimmonim, Anastasia Shapiro
Petrographic Examination Of The Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Vessels From Nahal Rimmonim, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
This paper presents petrographic data retrieved from samples taken from pottery found in the context of a Middle Bronze Age pottery workshop and from a domestic pottery assemblage dating from the Intermediate Bronze Age. The results for both periods mostly point to on-site and local production, contributing to our knowledge concerning pottery production and trade in the Jezreel Valley and adjacent areas.