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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

Abu Ghosh, Jasmine Street: A Pre-Ghassulian Site In The Judean Hills (Pp. 85–130), Ianir Milevski, Ofer Marder, Henk K. Mienis, Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

Abu Ghosh, Jasmine Street: A Pre-Ghassulian Site In The Judean Hills (Pp. 85–130), Ianir Milevski, Ofer Marder, Henk K. Mienis, Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

The excavations at Abu Ghosh revealed two phases dated to the Pre-Ghassulian period, between the end of the sixth millennium and the mid-fifth millenium BCE. Three archaeological-sedimentary layers were identified at the site: Layer I—topsoil, Layer II—possibly EB I, and Layer III—Pre-Ghassulian. The architecture of Layer III consisted of rectilinear units, with apparent passages and entrances between them, whose walls were built on stone foundations. Most of the pottery shows affinities with the Qatifian-Besorian horizons typical of southern sites. The lithic assemblages are characterized by sickle blades, bifacials and perforators. The groundstone tools and stone bowls are characteristic of repertories …

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Tell Qasile (North): Remains Of A Pre-Ghassulian Structure On Fichmann Street, Tel Aviv (Pp. 131–139), Ronit Lupu, Ayelet Dayan Israel Antiquities Authority Jan 2025

Tell Qasile (North): Remains Of A Pre-Ghassulian Structure On Fichmann Street, Tel Aviv (Pp. 131–139), Ronit Lupu, Ayelet Dayan Israel Antiquities Authority

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed remains of walls, living surfaces, pottery sherds, flint artifacts, stone vessels and animal bones that can be attributed mainly to Pre-Ghassulian entities dating within the first half of the fifth millennium BCE. The small assemblage of finds from the site suggests a chrono-cultural attribution within the transitional period between the late Wadi Rabah and the beginning of the Ghassulian Chalcolithic cultures. The faunal assemblage comprises mainly sheep/goat remains, as well as a single hippopotamus(?) bone. The site represents an important milestone in the research of late prehistory in the Tel Aviv area, attesting to the presence of …

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Beisamun: An Early Pottery Neolithic Site In The Hula Basin (Pp. 1–61), Hamoudi Khalaily, Tali Kuperman, Nimrod Marom, Ianir Milevski, Dmitry Yegorov Jan 2025

Beisamun: An Early Pottery Neolithic Site In The Hula Basin (Pp. 1–61), Hamoudi Khalaily, Tali Kuperman, Nimrod Marom, Ianir Milevski, Dmitry Yegorov

'Atiqot

The excavation was conducted along the western fringes of the site of Beisamun. Three areas were opened (Areas A–C), revealing four layers. Layer I, the upper layer, is a dark brown clayey soil, which contained few archaeological finds. Layer II is a gray-brown clayey soil, rich in organic material and ash—most of the artifacts and architectural remains, dating to the Pottery Neolithic, were found in this layer. Layer III (in Area C) was rich in architectural remains dating to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. The lowest layer (Layer III in Areas A and B; Layer IV in Area C) is of …

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Neolithic Flint Workshops At Giv‘At Rabi (East) In Lower Galilee (Pp. 63–83), Omry Barzilai, Ianir Milevski Israel Antiquities Authority Jan 2025

Neolithic Flint Workshops At Giv‘At Rabi (East) In Lower Galilee (Pp. 63–83), Omry Barzilai, Ianir Milevski Israel Antiquities Authority

'Atiqot

This article presents the flint assemblages from the Neolithic workshops exposed at Giv‘at Rabi (East), which produced bidirectional blades, unidirectional blades and bifacial tools. The Neolithic blades were produced from wide cores with relatively few preparations. The bifacial tools included unfinished and finished cortical axes and adzes. These techno-typological characteristics suggest that the workshops at Giv‘at Rabi (East) should be dated to the Final Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNB) and the Early Pottery Neolithic (PN) periods. The discovery of the Neolithic workshops at Giv‘at Rabi (East) contributes to our understanding of the organization of the lithic industries in the region of Lower …

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Excavations At The Dar El-Gharbiya Neighborhood Of Kafr Yasif: A Crusader Estate In The Territory Of ‘Akko (With A Contribution By Yael Gorin-Rosen)(Pp. 233–261), Danny Syon, Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Excavations At The Dar El-Gharbiya Neighborhood Of Kafr Yasif: A Crusader Estate In The Territory Of ‘Akko (With A Contribution By Yael Gorin-Rosen)(Pp. 233–261), Danny Syon, Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

Six excavation squares and three test trenches were opened. In Square A, a building was unearthed, probably first constructed in the Byzantine period and reused, probably as a stable, in the Crusader period (twelfth century); the last phase of the building (also a stable?) dates to the Mamluk period (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries). The earliest architectural stratum in Squares B and D dates to the late Byzantine or Early Islamic period, followed by an architectural phase from the Crusader period (the twelfth century); the last phase, including a water system, dates to the Mamluk period. Square C contained a large quantity of …

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Skeletal Remains From The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) (Pp. 231–232), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Skeletal Remains From The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) (Pp. 231–232), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

During the excavation of the Gezer–Ramla aqueduct, human skeletal remains were found in simple pit graves, dated to the Late Islamic or Mamluk period. Each grave contained a single individual in primary burial, on their right side, in an east–west direction, with the head in the west facing south. This burial custom is typical of a Muslim population.

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A Section Of The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) And A Mamluk-Period Cemetery Near Moshav Yashresh (Pp. 213–230), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

A Section Of The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) And A Mamluk-Period Cemetery Near Moshav Yashresh (Pp. 213–230), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

The excavation exposed the excellently preserved remains of a section of the Gezer–Ramla aqueduct (Area B), as well as nine pit graves (Areas A, B). This section of the aqueduct, generally oriented southwest–northeast, was exposed along c. 150 m; two maintenance shafts were located along its course. It is the northernmost part of the Umayyad-period aqueduct to Ramla found to date. It may have been a secondary branch that split from the main channel and headed toward the water cisterns in the White Mosque area or the industrial area excavated in a neighborhood south of Ramla. After use of the …

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Human Skeletal Remains From Tombs At Kursi-Gergesa (Pp. 209–212), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From Tombs At Kursi-Gergesa (Pp. 209–212), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human remains were found in three burial chambers and one cist tomb at Kursi, dated to the Byzantine period. Based on anthropological analysis, at least 69 individuals, including infants, children and adults of both sexes, were identified. The finds at Kursi might suggest that the people buried at the site were of foreign origin (pilgrims?).

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New Archaeological Finds From Kursi-Gergesa (With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Pp. 175–197), Vassilios Tzaferis Jan 2025

New Archaeological Finds From Kursi-Gergesa (With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Pp. 175–197), Vassilios Tzaferis

'Atiqot

Two areas were opened (Areas C, D), exposing a stepped tunnel, a bathhouse and a cemetery. The stepped tunnel, which was unearthed in the 1970–1971 season of excavations, was found to end in a narrow leveled space, above which was a vaulted entrance leading to a spacious underground room. A compact Roman–Byzantine bathhouse was exposed, comprising five distinct units: a water-supply unit, a heating installation (praefurnium), heated-water pools, a hot room (caldarium) and a cool room (frigidarium). It is evident that the bathhouse was connected to the hostel building excavated in 1970–1971. The pottery from the bathhouse was similar to …

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Glass Finds And Assorted Beads From Three Tombs At Kursi-Gergesa (Pp. 199–208), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

Glass Finds And Assorted Beads From Three Tombs At Kursi-Gergesa (Pp. 199–208), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

Three glass vessels and 45 pieces of jewelry were retrieved from the tombs discovered behind the apse wall of the church at Kursi. Among the vessels is a mold-blown, hexagonal jug with a rare symbolic motif, hitherto unknown from an excavated context. The finds also included two glass pendants, a ribbed bracelet and many beads of varied shapes and sizes, made of glass, carnelian, resin, bone and coral. Two of the beads were decorated: a mosaic-glass bead and a carnelian bead with a drawn pattern. The entire assemblage is typical of the sixth–early seventh centuries CE.

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Middle Bronze Age Iia And Later Settlement Remains Near Yehud On The Coastal Plain (Pp. 131–174), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Eyal Vadaei Jan 2025

Middle Bronze Age Iia And Later Settlement Remains Near Yehud On The Coastal Plain (Pp. 131–174), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Eyal Vadaei

'Atiqot

Three areas (A–C) were excavated and six archaeological strata were identified. Area A yielded sparse remains of the late Byzantine (Stratum I), Persian (Stratum II) and transitional Iron Age II/Persian (Stratum III) periods. Area B yielded the poorly preserved remains of a pottery kiln of the vertical or up-draft type, dated by pottery to the late Byzantine period. Area C yielded three strata (VI–VIII) with sparse remains dating from MB IIA. The pottery included local wares and imports from Cyprus, analogous to the finds from the Palace III phase at Afeq, between the end of MB IIA and the beginning …

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A Middle Bronze Age Tomb At ‘Atlit (Pp. 111–130), Eilat Mazar, David Ilan Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Tomb At ‘Atlit (Pp. 111–130), Eilat Mazar, David Ilan

'Atiqot

The tomb comprises one square chamber; its opening was not preserved. The skeletal remains within the tomb indicate the existence of at least several burials. Large concentrations of artifacts were discerned in the tomb’s corners, a common phenomenon in Middle Bronze Age tombs. The pottery dates to the Middle Bronze Age, and includes local pottery and imported pottery, from Cyprus, inland Syria and Egypt. Other finds include stone vessels, metal objects, beads and scarabs. Clearly, this assemblage reflects a society with wide-ranging trade connections and a maritime orientation.

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Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata––Area S (With A Contribution By Hamoudi Khalaily) (Pp. 63–98), Amir Golani Jan 2025

Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata––Area S (With A Contribution By Hamoudi Khalaily) (Pp. 63–98), Amir Golani

'Atiqot

The excavations in Area S, within the Early Bronze Age site of Qiryat Ata, revealed four settlement phases, all of which are associated with EB II (General Site Stratum I). Phase 4 consists of several beaten-earth surfaces and a few architectural remains. Two adjacent and nearly complete structures (Structures 1 and 2) were exposed in Phase 3; they appear to have been part of a much larger building complex. In Phase 2, a large architectural unit was unearthed (compound? insula?), comprising several buildings of irregular plan around an open courtyard; the nature of this compound may indicate a public function. …

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Animal-Based Economy And Local Ecology: The Early Bronze Age Ii Fauna From Qiryat Ata––Area S (Pp. 99–109), Edward F. Maher Jan 2025

Animal-Based Economy And Local Ecology: The Early Bronze Age Ii Fauna From Qiryat Ata––Area S (Pp. 99–109), Edward F. Maher

'Atiqot

The species exploited at Qiryat Ata are dominated by domestic animals, the most common being sheep and goats. Very few wild animals are present in the assemblage, comprising less than 6% of the identifiable remains, including fallow deer, wild pig and sea turtle.

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Molluscs From The Early Bronze Age Site At Qiryat Ata––Area N (Pp. 59–62), Inbar Ktalav Jan 2025

Molluscs From The Early Bronze Age Site At Qiryat Ata––Area N (Pp. 59–62), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

This report discusses 35 malacological remains excavated at Qiryat Ata––Area N. Most of the specimens originated in EB II contexts, a few from surface loci. The malacological evidence indicates contacts with the Mediterranean during EB II, as well as exploitation of nearby Naḥal Qishon. Twelve shells of the species Cerastoderma glaucum display an artificial, worked hole that may have been part of a necklace.

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Faunal Remains From The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata—Area N (Pp. 45–57), Nuha Agha Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata—Area N (Pp. 45–57), Nuha Agha

'Atiqot

The assemblage consists of animal remains recovered from clear stratigraphic EB IB (N = 64) and EB II (N = 66) contexts. The identified remains were of livestock—sheep, goats, cattle and pigs—and a few wild animals, such as mountain gazelle and fallow deer. The age of the cattle remains in the EB II phase attests that most animals reached maturity; hence, their value was in secondary products, such as milk and/or labor, rather than their meat. In both periods, hunting of wild animals played only a marginal role in the economy of the site. These finds revealed that the transition …

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Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata––Area N (Pp. 11–44), Amir Golani Jan 2025

Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata––Area N (Pp. 11–44), Amir Golani

'Atiqot

The excavations in Area N revealed building remains attributed to four phases, dating to EB IB (General Strata III–II) and EB II (General Stratum I). In Phase 4, structures with rounded outer corners were uncovered, characteristic of EB IB and early EB II in the southern Levant. During Phases 3–1, dated to EB II, smaller and more compact spaces were created, pointing to ongoing renovations in the buildings. These complex architectural remains may represent evidence of social organization at a time when the site was apparently a fully urbanized settlement. The ceramic finds fit in well with the pottery corpus …

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An Advanced Method Of Laser Ablation Mc-Icp-Ms For Provenance Studies In Archaeometallurgy: Chalcolithic Metal Objects From Israel As A Case-Study (Pp. 1–10), Irina Segal, Ludwik Halicz Jan 2025

An Advanced Method Of Laser Ablation Mc-Icp-Ms For Provenance Studies In Archaeometallurgy: Chalcolithic Metal Objects From Israel As A Case-Study (Pp. 1–10), Irina Segal, Ludwik Halicz

'Atiqot

This study presents the analysis of Chalcolithic copper-based artifacts, found in the Peqi‘in and Quruntul caves and from the Camel Site. These artifacts were re-analyzed using LA-MC-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation–Multiple Collector–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), enabling the study of the archaeometallurgical provenance of small and corroded artifacts. It was determined that all of the artifacts from the Camel Site are similar to those from the Sandal and Peqi‘in caves, Naḥal Mishmar and Wadi Fidan.

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Glass Finds From The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 153–157), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

Glass Finds From The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 153–157), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

A relatively small amount of glass was found during a trial excavation conducted in the Mamluk and Ottoman residential quarter of al-Wata in Safed. The corpus comprises several fragments of blown vessels and a few tooled bracelets. This assemblage of common household wares can be attributed to the Mamluk period. The bracelets probably also date to the same period, although they may be later, up to modern times. The glassware was probably locally produced.

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Coins From The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 159–160), Ariel Berman Jan 2025

Coins From The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 159–160), Ariel Berman

'Atiqot

The excavations in the al-Wata quarter in Safed (Zefat) yielded a few out-of-context finds: a Late Roman coin from the fourth century, a Fatimid silver coin from the eleventh century, and a single Ayyūbid copper coin from the end of the twelfth century. Seven copper fulūs, minted at Dimashq and Iskandariya, represent the main Mamlūk period of the site (thirteenth–fifteenth centuries CE). Five copper manghir, minted at Dimashq and Egypt in the sixteenth century, represent a relatively short phase during the early Ottoman period.

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Imported Pottery From The Late Mamluk And Ottoman Periods At The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 143–151), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Imported Pottery From The Late Mamluk And Ottoman Periods At The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 143–151), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

Sixteen small sherds of imported pottery vessels dating to the late Mamluk and Ottoman periods (c. fifteenth–eighteenth centuries) were recovered from the residential quarter of al-Wata in Mamluk Safed,. These sherds belong to ceramic types that are rarely found in Israel, comprising types originating mainly in Italy, as well as Spain and Turkey. Only few such imports are known from the archaeological record. It seems that the presence of imported wares at Safed is related to the fact that it was the capital and main administrative center of Galilee during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. This supports the economic importance …

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Remains From The Mamluk And Ottoman Periods In The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Hebrew, Pp. 73*–85*, English Summary, P. 165), Michael Cohen Jan 2025

Remains From The Mamluk And Ottoman Periods In The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Hebrew, Pp. 73*–85*, English Summary, P. 165), Michael Cohen

'Atiqot

The excavation on the lower western slope of the city of Safed (Zefat) revealed remains of three buildings built upon bedrock. The occupational sequence extended from the Mamluk period, when the neighborhood was established, through the Ottoman period and until British Mandate times. The finds included pottery, both local and imported, as well as glass finds and coins. These results correspond with historical sources that describe the zenith of the city of Safed in the fourteenth century.

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Mamluk And Ottoman Remains In The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 113–137), Hervé Barbé Jan 2025

Mamluk And Ottoman Remains In The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 113–137), Hervé Barbé

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation in the al-Wata quarter of Safed revealed that the development of this sector of the city began as early as the early Mamluk period. This is further reinforced by the Arabic historical sources. The pottery suggests that occupation began as early as the thirteenth century, with some vessels clearly dating to the Frankish period. The numismatic study adds credence to this conclusion. The historical data and the archaeological finds, including a seventeenth-century coin, hint that the site was also occupied in the first half of the Ottoman period; however, no building remains from this period were identified.

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The Coins From The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 139–142), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From The Al-Wata Quarter, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 139–142), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Thirty-one coins, two of silver and the remainder of bronze and copper, were recovered from the al-Wata quarter in Safed (Zefat). Nineteen of the coins were identified. The earliest are two intrusive coins from the Byzantine period (fourth–second half of the sixth centuries CE). The remaining coins are mostly low-value Mamlūk copper denominations (thirteenth–fourteenth centuries CE), including two identical ‘fesse’ fulus of Lājīn. In addition, an irregularly-shaped dirham fraction was found. Such small silver fractions were minted in large quantities during Baybars’ reign at his Damascus mint and apparently circulated widely in medieval Syria. The latest coin is a silver …

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The Crusader, Mamluk And Early Ottoman-Period Pottery From Khirbat Din‘Ila: Typology, Chronology, Production And Consumption Trends (Pp. 71–104), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

The Crusader, Mamluk And Early Ottoman-Period Pottery From Khirbat Din‘Ila: Typology, Chronology, Production And Consumption Trends (Pp. 71–104), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

At Khirbat Din‘ila, pottery from the Crusader, Mamluk and perhaps, early Ottoman periods was uncovered. The majority of the assemblage dates to the Mamluk period (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE). This is the first Mamluk pottery assemblage in the southwestern Levant in general and Galilee in particular to be comprehensively studied, utilizing quantitative analysis and petrographic analyses. Unglazed wares are very common, comprising vessels used mainly for storing, transferring, preparing and serving food, and include handmade, wheel-made and mold-made wares. A large range of wheel-made glazed types were also found, consisting of cooking wares, table wares and oil lamps. A few imported …

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Petrographic Study Of Selected Mamluk-Period Pottery From Khirbat Din‘Ila (Pp. 105–112), Anastasia Shapiro Jan 2025

Petrographic Study Of Selected Mamluk-Period Pottery From Khirbat Din‘Ila (Pp. 105–112), Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

Twenty-seven vessels dated to the Mamluk period from Khirbat Din‘ila were selected and sampled for petrographic examination. The vessels were divided into four petrographic groups. It was found that all the soil types are known for their use in pottery production throughout human history, as are the use of quartz sand or crushed calcite tempers.

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Khirbat Din‘Ila, Western Galilee: The Survey And Excavations Of Three Oil Presses (Pp. 37–69), Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

Khirbat Din‘Ila, Western Galilee: The Survey And Excavations Of Three Oil Presses (Pp. 37–69), Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

The excavations at Khirbat Din‘ila revealed four occupation stages at the site, during the Roman, Byzantine, Crusader and Mamluk periods. During the Roman period, a square enclosure and an oil press (Oil Press C) of the beam-press type operated at the site. The pottery from this stage included mostly storage jars and fragments of a discus-type oil lamp. During the Byzantine period, three oil presses (A, B, C) were in use: Oil Presses A and B were of the lever-and-screw press type; Roman-period Oil Press C continued in use in the Byzantine period—its type could not be precisely determined. Potsherds …

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A Bread Stamp From Ḥorbat Ma‘On (Pp. 31–36), Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

A Bread Stamp From Ḥorbat Ma‘On (Pp. 31–36), Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

A pottery bread stamp was discovered in Stratum IV at Ḥorbat Ma‘on, dated to the end of the Byzantine period. The bread stamp has a disk-shaped base and a round knob handle. The handle top is decorated with a cross and the base of the stamp bears a Greek inscription that reads: “Blessing of (Saint?) Stephen”. The inscription indicates that the stamp was used for preparing buns that were handed out at a church as a memento of a visit to that church. It is proposed that the excavated complex at Ḥorbat Ma‘on included a church of St. Stephen and …

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Coins From Ḥorbat Ma‘On (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–72*, English Summary, P. 164), Donald T. Ariel, Ariel Berman Jan 2025

Coins From Ḥorbat Ma‘On (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–72*, English Summary, P. 164), Donald T. Ariel, Ariel Berman

'Atiqot

Of the 129 coins found at Ḥorbat Ma‘on, 56 could be identified. The earliest coins date to the first century BCE–first century CE through the first half of the third century CE—these may not be related to the settlement at the site. The coins from the last third of the third century until the first quarter of the fifth century CE seem to reflect the Stratum VI occupation there. Strata V–IV are represented by coins later than 423 until the seventh century CE. The remainder of the coins date to the late seventh through ninth centuries CE (Stratum III) and …

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A Byzantine Monastery And Islamic-Period Settlement Remains At Ḥorbat Ma‘On (Hebrew, Pp. 13*–62*, English Summary, Pp. 162–163), Pirhiya Nahshoni, Gregory Seriy Jan 2025

A Byzantine Monastery And Islamic-Period Settlement Remains At Ḥorbat Ma‘On (Hebrew, Pp. 13*–62*, English Summary, Pp. 162–163), Pirhiya Nahshoni, Gregory Seriy

'Atiqot

At Ḥorbat Ma‘on, located in the northwestern Negev, three areas were opened (A–C) and six strata (I–VI) were discerned. The strata date from the Late Roman–early Byzantine to the Late Islamic (fourteenth century CE) periods. In Stratum V, dated to the late Byzantine period, a well-planned complex was erected, consisting of several buildings and at least two streets. The finds included local and imported pottery vessels. Gypsum stoppers were found in one of the rooms, two of them bore the embossed forms of a lion and a cross. The architecture and finds from Stratum V indicate that this must have …

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