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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

The Shells From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 103–104), Inbar Ktalav Jan 2025

The Shells From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 103–104), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

Only four shells were retrieved from the Chalcolithic cemetery north of Kibbutz Palmaḥim. All of them, three gastropods and one bivalve, originated in the Mediterranean Sea. This short report attempts to place them in their context and analyze their significance to the Chalcolithic people.

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Khirbat Abu Ḥamid (Shoham North): An Early Bronze Age Ib Village On The Eve Of Urbanization In The Lod Valley (With Contributions By Ofer Marder, Moshe Sade) (Pp. 105–157), Yitzhak Paz, Orit Segal, Yonatan Nadelman Independent Researcher Jan 2025

Khirbat Abu Ḥamid (Shoham North): An Early Bronze Age Ib Village On The Eve Of Urbanization In The Lod Valley (With Contributions By Ofer Marder, Moshe Sade) (Pp. 105–157), Yitzhak Paz, Orit Segal, Yonatan Nadelman Independent Researcher

'Atiqot

This article presents the results of two excavations conducted at Khirbat Abu Ḥamid, with special focus on the EB IB unfortified settlement at the end of the fourth millennium BCE. A rather large village was exposed, comprising four strata dating to EB IB. The architectural remains include rounded and rectangular structures. The pottery finds are evidence of a transitional EB IB–EB II horizon. After the settlement was abandoned, its inhabitants may have established the fortified town at nearby Tel Bareqet. The microcosm of the Lod Valley in the third millennium BCE reveals a considerable shift from a rural and open …

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The Chipped-Stone Collection From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 97–101), Ofer Marder Jan 2025

The Chipped-Stone Collection From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 97–101), Ofer Marder

'Atiqot

The flint collection from Palmaḥim is extremely meager. A few artifacts were recovered inside the tombs, but most of them were retrieved from the lower layers of the surrounding sand fills and on the surface. Aside from two Chalcolithic sickle blades, all the flint items are intrusive. The flint collection is not homogeneous, attesting to a temporarily occupied site during four different periods: Middle Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic (Kebaran), Pottery Neolithic and Chalcolithic.

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The Human Remains From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 95–96), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Human Remains From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 95–96), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

A few of the burial jars, kurkar ossuaries and chain-type burial cells in the Chalcolithic cemetery at Palmaḥim (North) included fragmentary human skeletal remains. The bones represent at least 14 individuals, none of which are children, as is characteristic of Chalcolithic cemetery populations.

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The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North): New Evidence Of Burial Patterns From The Central Coastal Plain (Pp. 1–94), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North): New Evidence Of Burial Patterns From The Central Coastal Plain (Pp. 1–94), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Palmaḥim (North) is a large Chalcolithic burial and cult site of a type previously unknown in the central coastal plain of Israel. The well-planned cemetery comprises circular or rectangular single-chamber burial structures, built upon or hewn into the kurkar bedrock. Within the burial structures, secondary interments were made in a variety of receptacles, including small cists, chain-burial cells, stone and clay ossuaries, and burial jars. Most of the tombs had rectangular, trapezoidal or ovoid orthostats attached to one of their sides within a recess. The pottery assemblage is small, consisting mainly of simple types very common in the Ghassulian Chalcolithic …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Textile Impressions On Mamluk Pottery From Tamra (Ez-Zu‘Abiyya) (Pp. 163–164), Orit Shamir Jan 2025

Textile Impressions On Mamluk Pottery From Tamra (Ez-Zu‘Abiyya) (Pp. 163–164), Orit Shamir

'Atiqot

Textile impressions on the inner surface of two body fragments of a Mamluk-period bowl were discovered at Tamra.These were identified as the remains of a linen cloth, probably used to cover the vessel during its production to prevent it from drying quickly and causing the vessel to crack.These impressions resemble other linen textiles from the medieval period.

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The Coins From Tamra (Ez-Zu‘Abiyya) (Hebrew, Pp. 107*–108*; English Summary, P. 172), Danny Syon Jan 2025

The Coins From Tamra (Ez-Zu‘Abiyya) (Hebrew, Pp. 107*–108*; English Summary, P. 172), Danny Syon

'Atiqot

Excavations at Tamra yielded seven coins, six of which were identified. For the most part, the coins are frequently found at sites throughout the country. One exceptional coin is a Roman silver denar of Faustina the Younger, minted in Rome between 161 and176 CE.

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A Middle Bronze Age Scarab From Tamra (Ez-Zu‘Abiyya) (Pp. 159–162), Daphna Ben-Tor Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Scarab From Tamra (Ez-Zu‘Abiyya) (Pp. 159–162), Daphna Ben-Tor

'Atiqot

The scarab was found in the earth that was dug out of an Iron Age building, with which it was most likely associated. The scarab’s features and base design argue, however, for a date in the Middle Bronze Age, and thus, it is probably a heirloom.

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A Church From The Byzantine, Umayyad And Abbasid Periods Andremains From Iron Age I At Tamra (Ez-ZuʻAb Iyya ) In Ramat Issakhar (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–106*; English Summary, Pp. 168–171), Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

A Church From The Byzantine, Umayyad And Abbasid Periods Andremains From Iron Age I At Tamra (Ez-ZuʻAb Iyya ) In Ramat Issakhar (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–106*; English Summary, Pp. 168–171), Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

Excavations at the village of Tamra ez-Zuʻabiyya exposed well-preserved basalt architectural remains of a rural settlement, dating from the Byzantine to the Early Islamic periods. Remains were also uncovered from the Iron Age and the Persian and Roman periods, as well as from the Fatimid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. In the Byzantine period, a church was erected at the site, decorated with a colorful mosaic pavement, depicting doves and peacocks. During the Umayyad period, the church included a nave, a bema and a northern aisle. The nave was adorned with a colorful mosaic pavement, containing a four-line dedicatory inscription in …

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The Armon Ha-Naẓiv Tunnel, ‘Government House’ Ridge, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–53*; English Summary, Pp. 165–167), YaʻAkov Billig Jan 2025

The Armon Ha-Naẓiv Tunnel, ‘Government House’ Ridge, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–53*; English Summary, Pp. 165–167), YaʻAkov Billig

'Atiqot

The excavations at the Armon Ha-Naẓiv tunnel in Jerusalem shed light on its purpose, as well as on the dating of the lower aqueduct’s construction, its periods of use and planning. The excavations exposed the full length of the tunnel and various installations adjacent to the tunnel entrances. It is now possible for the first time to date the aqueduct to the Second Temple period on the basis of archaeological finds. Some changes were made to the aqueduct during the Byzantine period. Following the Muslim conquest and during the Umayyad period, the aqueduct was redirected to the Temple Mount, Haram …

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Coins From The Armon Ha-Naẓiv Tunnel, ‘Government House’ Ridge, Jerusalem (Pp. 79–82), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

Coins From The Armon Ha-Naẓiv Tunnel, ‘Government House’ Ridge, Jerusalem (Pp. 79–82), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

During the excavations at the Armon Ha-Naẓiv Tunnel, 61 coins were discovered, 33 of them unidentifiable. All the coins are bronze except for one silver Crusader obole. The coins uncovered within the foundation trench of the tunnel date its construction to the first century BCE, from the days of Alexander Jannaeus to Herod. The remainder of the coins is related to the later periods of use of the aqueduct and adjacent installations, during the Byzantine and Islamic periods.

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A Byzantine-Period Funerary Chapel In The Newe Yam Dalet Neighborhood In Ashqelon (Pp. 147–158), Yulia Ustinova, Gregory Seriy Jan 2025

A Byzantine-Period Funerary Chapel In The Newe Yam Dalet Neighborhood In Ashqelon (Pp. 147–158), Yulia Ustinova, Gregory Seriy

'Atiqot

Excavations in Ashqelon’s Newe Yam Dalet neighborhood revealed a remarkable funerary chapel.The funerary complex comprises a courtyard, a tomb and a roofed chamber. The chamber floor was paved with mosaics, containing three Greek inscription; a fourth inscription was found on a marble slab in secondary use.The epigraphic evidence endorses the interpretation of the site as a cultic complex, perhaps aprivate memorial site of an individual venerated by the community.

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Remains From The Late Roman To The Mamluk Periods On Djabsha Street, Old City, Jerusalem: An Early Islamic-Period Fuller’S Workshop? (Pp. 127–146), Hervé Barbé Jan 2025

Remains From The Late Roman To The Mamluk Periods On Djabsha Street, Old City, Jerusalem: An Early Islamic-Period Fuller’S Workshop? (Pp. 127–146), Hervé Barbé

'Atiqot

A limited salvage excavationon Djabsha Street in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem provided evidence for the occupation of the site from the end of the Roman through the Mamluk period. Asmall workshop was established at the site toward the end of the Byzantine, or perhaps at the beginning of the Early Islamic period. It is assumed that this installation was linked with the processing of skins or cloth (tannery, laundry, dyer, etc.).

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The Magdala Archaeological Project (2010–2012):A Preliminary Report Of The Excavations At Migdal (With Contributions By Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Ruth A. Jackson-Tal And Yael Gorin-Rosen, And Danny Syon)(Pp. 83–126), Marcela Zapata-Meza, Andrea Garza Diaz Barriga, Rosaura Sanz-Rincón Jan 2025

The Magdala Archaeological Project (2010–2012):A Preliminary Report Of The Excavations At Migdal (With Contributions By Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Ruth A. Jackson-Tal And Yael Gorin-Rosen, And Danny Syon)(Pp. 83–126), Marcela Zapata-Meza, Andrea Garza Diaz Barriga, Rosaura Sanz-Rincón

'Atiqot

The archaeological strata from the 2010–2012 excavations at Magdala revealed finds from four main periods: Stratum IV—Hellenistic (late second–mid-first centuries BCE); Stratum III—Early Roman (mid-first century BCE–67 CE), which is further divided into Phase IIIa, Early Roman 1 (mid–late first century BCE), and Phase IIIb, Early Roman 2 (first century–67 CE); Stratum II—Middle–Late Roman (67–350 CE); and Stratum I—after c. 350 CE. The finds included architectural remains, as well as pottery (bowls, cooking bowls, kraters, cooking pots, jugs, jars and lamps), glass vessels (bowls, beakers, jars, bottles, jugs, wineglasses, windowpanes, spindle whorls, inlays, beads and stirring rods) and coins. The …

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Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Mollusks From Beqo‘A (Pp. 75–78), Inbar Ktalav Jan 2025

Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Mollusks From Beqo‘A (Pp. 75–78), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

This report discusses 26 shells from the excavations at Beqo‘a. The malacological evidence from Beqo‘a during the Chalcolithic and EB IB indicates contacts with the Nile River, as reflected by the presence of the freshwater bivalve Chambardia rubens, as well as with the Mediterranean, which is reflected by the presence of Glycymeris nummaria.

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Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Fauna From Beqo‘A (Pp. 67–74), Edward F. Maher Jan 2025

Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Fauna From Beqo‘A (Pp. 67–74), Edward F. Maher

'Atiqot

The Zooarchaeological finds from Beqo‘a date from the Chalcolithic period (Stratum III) and EB IB (Strata II–I). The faunal assemblage consists of 207 animal bones and tooth fragments belonging to cattle (Bos taurus), donkey (Equus asinus), gazelle (Gazella sp.), pig (Sus scrofa) and Sheep/Goat (Ovis/Capra). The fauna from both phases of occupation is dominated by domestic stock; wild species were rarely exploited. The limited mortality data suggest that animals were culled at varying stages, and therefore, utilized for both primary and secondary animal products.

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Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Flint Assemblages From Beqo‘A (Pp. 55–56), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Flint Assemblages From Beqo‘A (Pp. 55–56), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

A total of 5128 flint artifacts was collectedfrom the excavation at Beqo‘a. Approximately 70% of the flint artifacts were retrieved from the Chalcolithic layer (Stratum III); the remainder were from the Early BronzeAge IB (Strata II and I).The Stratum III assemblage is homogeneous and typical of Late Chalcolithic–Ghassulian assemblages. As the site is located within an environment of available raw materials, flint production was an integral partof the site’s economy.

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The Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Site Of Beqo‘A (Pp. 9–54), Amir Golani, Benyamin Storchan, Anna Eirikh-Rose Jan 2025

The Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Site Of Beqo‘A (Pp. 9–54), Amir Golani, Benyamin Storchan, Anna Eirikh-Rose

'Atiqot

Rescue excavations carried out near Moshav Beqo‘a revealed a proto-historic site with remains from two major occupation periods: the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Stratum III dates from the Ghassulian phase of the Chalcolithic period, and the two subsequent Strata II–I date from late EB I. The primary feature exposed in Stratum II is a building with rounded corners and an adjacent circular structure, perhaps a granary.

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An Excavation Near A Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Flint Quarry Onkaizer Hill, Modi‘In (Pp. 1–8), Polina Spivak Jan 2025

An Excavation Near A Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Flint Quarry Onkaizer Hill, Modi‘In (Pp. 1–8), Polina Spivak

'Atiqot

A trial excavation conducted on the eastern slope of Kaizer Hill, Modi‘in, uncovered anthropogenic bedrock markings, possibly related to flint quarrying activity, and a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) flint industry. Four natural rock steps of limestone bedrock were exposed, and flint items were systematically collected. On the surface and edges of the rock steps, dense concentrations of bedrock cupmarks were documented, probably the result of the extraction of flint nodules.

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Petrographic Examination Of Tiles, Bricks And Mortaria From Legio (Pp. 41–48), Anastasia Shapiro Jan 2025

Petrographic Examination Of Tiles, Bricks And Mortaria From Legio (Pp. 41–48), Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

Numerous complete and fragmentary ceramictiles—tegulae roof tiles and square floor tiles—as well as bricks, were unearthed at Legio. Of these, eight tegulaeand two bricks bear Roman legion stamps.Apetrographic study was conducted with the aim of establishing their mineralogical compositionand suggesting a plausible place fortheir manufacture.

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Roof Tiles And Bricks Bearing Romanlegionary Stamps From Legio (Hebrew, Pp. 133*–140*; English, Pp. 123–124), Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

Roof Tiles And Bricks Bearing Romanlegionary Stamps From Legio (Hebrew, Pp. 133*–140*; English, Pp. 123–124), Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

Excavations at Legio recovereddozens of roof tiles and bricks, consisting mainly of flat roof tiles (tegulae),but also ridge tiles (imbrices), bricksand floor tiles.Eight of the roof tiles andtwo of the bricks are impressed with Romanlegionarystamps, attestingto a Roman military presence at the site: Legio VI Ferrata and Legio II Traiana.Petrographic analysisof the fragments containing legionary stampsshows that they were produced from localraw materials, thusconfirming the existence of a pottery workshopnear the legion’s permanent garrison at Legio.

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A Roman-Period Altar From Legio (Hebrew, Pp. 141*–145*; English Summary, P. 125), Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

A Roman-Period Altar From Legio (Hebrew, Pp. 141*–145*; English Summary, P. 125), Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

Excavationsat Legiorecovered flat roof tiles (tegulae),ridge tiles (imbrices), bricksand floor tiles. Ten of thesefragments bear Roman legionary stamps in Latin:Legio VI Ferrata andLegio II Traiana.Stamps of this kind attestto a Roman military presence at the site. Petrographic analysisof the fragments containing legionary stampsshows that they were produced from localraw materials, thusconfirming the existence of a pottery workshopnear the legion’s permanent garrison at Legio.

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Evidence Of A Flourishing Ancient Viticulture In Light Of Theexcavations Near Khirbat El-Hashash (Midrakh ‘Oz), In Therural Area Between Gevaʻ And Legio (Hebrew, Pp. 75*–132*; English Summary, Pp. 119–122), Nimrod Getzov, Yotam Tepper, Yigal Tepper Jan 2025

Evidence Of A Flourishing Ancient Viticulture In Light Of Theexcavations Near Khirbat El-Hashash (Midrakh ‘Oz), In Therural Area Between Gevaʻ And Legio (Hebrew, Pp. 75*–132*; English Summary, Pp. 119–122), Nimrod Getzov, Yotam Tepper, Yigal Tepper

'Atiqot

Khirbat el-Hashash is situated on the westernborder of the Jezreel Valley.The findsat the site include mainly installations, quarriesand caves characteristic of the ancient rurallandscape, attesting to intensive and specializedvine cultivation during the Roman and EarlyByzantine periods. This report documents thefinds at 40 different units, all of which yielded surface-find potsherdsfrom domestic waste scattered by farmers toimprove the soil. The potsherds date from theEarly to the Late Roman periods.The region around the site provided the local inhabitants with most of their economic needs.Of special interest are three distinct features:‘Mishmar Ha-ʻEmeq’ and ‘Midrah ‘Oz’installations, and ‘stone bridges’. The site wasprobably part of …

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Petrographic Examination Of Selected Vessels From Tel Bira (Pp. 35–40), Anastasia Shapiro Jan 2025

Petrographic Examination Of Selected Vessels From Tel Bira (Pp. 35–40), Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

Seven pottery vessels from theMiddle Bronze Age IIB–C site at the foot ofTel Bira were selectedfor petrographic analysis, with the aim ofidentifying the production sources of significanttypes.Four petrographic groups were identifie: Groups 1 and 2 are oflocal provenance;Group 3 originated in the northern coastal plain; andGroup 4, in the Mediterranean coast of Syria.

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Finds From The Bronze And Iron Ages West Of Tel Bira (With A Contribution By Hamoudi Khalaily) (Hebrew, Pp. 39*–74*; English Summary, Pp. 117–118), Nurit Feig Jan 2025

Finds From The Bronze And Iron Ages West Of Tel Bira (With A Contribution By Hamoudi Khalaily) (Hebrew, Pp. 39*–74*; English Summary, Pp. 117–118), Nurit Feig

'Atiqot

Twoexcavation areas were openedat thefoot of Tel Bira and to its west. In Area A, fivestrata were exposed. The earliest Stratumcomprised two cavities,probably used for burial, from the Intermediate Bronze Age;natural cavities, which probably servedfor burial, date to Middle Bronze Age IIA; a partially constructed burial date to Middle BronzeAge IIB–C; andtraces of walls andfloors date to the Iron Age.In Area B, three strata wereidentified: a crushed limestone floor dating from MB IIA–B;three burials dated toMB IIA–B; and a patch of dark soil thatyielded LB I pottery.The finds at the site consisted mainly ofpottery and flint toolsfrom the IntermediateBronze Age. …

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Animal-Bone Remains From Tel Magal (Pp. 9–12), Ron Kehati Jan 2025

Animal-Bone Remains From Tel Magal (Pp. 9–12), Ron Kehati

'Atiqot

The excavation at Tel Magalyielded 853 bones. Alarge number of them were heavily broken.The startigraphic sequence comprised stratafrom the Neolithic period (Stratum IX), WadiRaba (Strata VIII, VII), Early Bronze Age IB(Stratum VI), Early Bronze Age II (Strata V–II) and Early Bronze Age III (Stratum I), andbones were recovered throughout the sequence,with the highest percentage in strata dating tothe Early Bronze Age periods.

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The Flint Assemblages From Tel Magal (Pp. 1–8), Ofer Marder Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblages From Tel Magal (Pp. 1–8), Ofer Marder

'Atiqot

The flint artifacts from the excavation at TelMagalwere retrieved from a stratigraphic sequencethat includes strata dating to the Early PotteryNeolithic (Jericho IX culture; Stratum IX), LatePottery Neolithic (Wadi Raba culture; StrataVIII, VII) and Early Bronze Age (Strata VI–I),as well as isolated finds of Pre-Pottery NeolithicB (PPNB).

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Remains From The Pottery Neolithic Period Andearly Bronze Age At Tel Magal(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–38*; English Summary, Pp. 115–116), Uzi ʻAd, Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Remains From The Pottery Neolithic Period Andearly Bronze Age At Tel Magal(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–38*; English Summary, Pp. 115–116), Uzi ʻAd, Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

The site, located on the western fringes of the Samariafoothills,lies on the route ofthe Via Maris, as it winds northward from Afeqto Khirbat Yamma and Tel Jatt, and approachesNaḥal ʻIron.Eight excavation squares were opened,uncovering nine strata,from the PotteryNeolithic period (the Yarmukian and theJericho IX and Lodite cultures); from the Wadi Rabah culture;from Early Bronze Age IB; fromEarly Bronze Age II; and from Early Bronze Age III.The layers fromtheearliest strata contained potsherds, flint artifactsand animal bones. The architectural remains of theEarly Bronze Age strata conform toother contemporary structures, some werebuilt with curved walls, somewith curved and straight walls, and some withstraight …

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