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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

A Fishpond From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At ‘Illuṭ (Hebrew, Pp. 29*–48*; English Summary, Pp. 205–206), Edna Dalali-Amos, Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

A Fishpond From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At ‘Illuṭ (Hebrew, Pp. 29*–48*; English Summary, Pp. 205–206), Edna Dalali-Amos, Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

The excavation in the village of ‘Illuṭ exposed an installation comprising two plastered pools, serving during three phases (A–C). In Phase B the installation was used for fish farming (piscina), as indicated by the incorporation of antilia jars and a clay pipe in one of the pool’s walls. The installation was dated to the Middle Roman period based on the pottery finds, continuing in use until the end of the Byzantine period. This fish farm attests to consumption and economic facets of the inhabitants of the site, as well as to their high technological and agricultural skills.

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The Last Years Of Crusader Acre (‘Akko) And Resettlement In The Ottoman Period: Archaeological Evidence From The Boverel Quarter (Pp. 141–186), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

The Last Years Of Crusader Acre (‘Akko) And Resettlement In The Ottoman Period: Archaeological Evidence From The Boverel Quarter (Pp. 141–186), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

An excavation conducted in a two-story Ottoman-period building within the Old City of ‘Akko uncovered a flagstone floor, which was probably the original floor of the late Ottoman building, dating to the later half of the eighteenth, or the early nineteenth, century CE (Stratum I). Below the floor was evidence of an early Ottoman, seventeenth-century CE occupation (Stratum II), and beneath it, a Crusader thirteenth-century CE building, which was destroyed by a fierce fire (Stratum III). It is assumed that the Crusader building was destroyed in the summer of 1291, following its conquest by the Mamluks. The phenomenon of Ottoman …

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Three Iron Age Ceramic Assemblages From The Tel ‘Eton Cemetery (Pp. 121–139), Hayah Katz, Avraham Faust Jan 2025

Three Iron Age Ceramic Assemblages From The Tel ‘Eton Cemetery (Pp. 121–139), Hayah Katz, Avraham Faust

'Atiqot

This article presents three tomb assemblages dated to Iron Age IIA–B. The analysis of the pottery indicates that the three tombs were in use in Iron II: Tomb C2, the earliest tomb, served in Iron IIA, perhaps continuing in use in the transitional Iron IIA–B phase; Tomb A3 was used during the later stage of Iron IIA, possibly continuing slightly into Iron IIB; and Tomb B, the latest of the three tombs, in use in Iron IIB, the eighth century BCE. The Tel ‘Eton tombs provide significant data for the continuous use of this cemetery from the Late Bronze Age …

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The Human Skeletal Remains From Cave 2 At ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 117–119), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Human Skeletal Remains From Cave 2 At ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 117–119), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains were uncovered in EB I–II Cave 2 at ‘En Ḥakhlil, representing at least 19 individuals—4 infants, 7 children and 8 adults—that may have been interred at the site over a relatively short period. The burials possibly originated in the nearby Early Bronze Age settlement of Tel Shadud.

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An Early Bronze Age I–Ii Cemetery At ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (With A Contribution By Paulina Spivak) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–28*; English Summary, Pp. 203–204), Yiftah Shalev Jan 2025

An Early Bronze Age I–Ii Cemetery At ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (With A Contribution By Paulina Spivak) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–28*; English Summary, Pp. 203–204), Yiftah Shalev

'Atiqot

Four rock-cut burial caves were exposed on a hillside to the south of Migdal Ha-‘Emeq, One (Cave 2) yielded archaeological finds. The cave was badly damaged in antiquity, and the finds within it were found scattered. Most of the finds date to EB IB, including pottery vessels, such as red-slipped and gray-burnished bowls, chalices, amphoriskoi and juglets, as well as beads, a figurine and a few flint items. Skeletal remains belong to at least 19 individuals—children and adults. The burial cave, in use from EB IB to EB II, was probably part of a much larger cemetery, which served the …

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A Zoomorphic Clay Figurine From ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal ‘Ha-Emeq (Pp. 113–116), Nadeshda B. Knudsen Jan 2025

A Zoomorphic Clay Figurine From ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal ‘Ha-Emeq (Pp. 113–116), Nadeshda B. Knudsen

'Atiqot

A nearly complete clay zoomorphic figurine was uncovered in the Early Bronze Age I–II burial cave at ‘En Ḥakhlil. The animal species represented is not clear, as the shape of the ears/horns is vague, and the tail is missing; it may represent a donkey or a bull. The figurine seems to have been deposited as a burial offering for the deceased.

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Anthropological Remains From Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 111–112), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Anthropological Remains From Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 111–112), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains were found in the excavations at Ashqelon, Afridar: an infant buried in a holemouth jar within the settlement, and a single adult in secondary burial outside the dwelling area. These burial practices are associated with the early phase of EB I (EB IA) and as such, they attest to a cultural continuity between the Chalcolithic period and mid-EB I.

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Molluscs From The Early Bronze Age I Site At Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 107–110), Inbar Ktalav Jan 2025

Molluscs From The Early Bronze Age I Site At Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 107–110), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

A total of 49 malacological remains were recovered from Ashqelon, Afridar, comprising mainly local Mediterranean seashells, as well as Chambardia rubens from the Nile region. The exchange of Chambardia rubens might point to maritime trade contacts between Canaan and Egypt in early EB I.

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The Flint Assemblage From Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 91–105), Alla Yaroshevich Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblage From Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 91–105), Alla Yaroshevich

'Atiqot

This report presents an assemblage of 227 flint items recovered from Ashqelon, Afridar. Four distinctive industries were observed: Canaanean blades, tabular scrapers, ad hoc tools and bladelet-based tools. The distinctive bladelet-based industry is typical of the late Chalcolithic period, however, at Ashqelon, it seems to represent an early phase of EB I, as suggested by other finds at the site.

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An Early Bronze Age I Site At Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 45–89), Amir Golani, Nir Shimshon Paran Jan 2025

An Early Bronze Age I Site At Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 45–89), Amir Golani, Nir Shimshon Paran

'Atiqot

Excavation within the Early Bronze Age I Site at Ashqelon exposed two EB I occupation strata (III–II). The Stratum III remains consist of disjointed fragments of mud-brick architecture and several pits. The main architectural features in Stratum II include a large architectural complex, probably part of an enclosure, and several pits. The ceramic assemblage of both Strata III and II is associated with the early stages of EB I (EB IA). The intra-site infant burial discovered in the excavation conforms well with other infant burials previously documented at EB I Ashqelon. The ceramic, flint, groundstone, malacological and faunal remains indicate …

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The Early Bronze Age Ib Burials In The Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I Cemetery In The Palmaḥim Quarry (Pp. 1–43), Yitzhak Paz, Orit Segal, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

The Early Bronze Age Ib Burials In The Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I Cemetery In The Palmaḥim Quarry (Pp. 1–43), Yitzhak Paz, Orit Segal, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

This report focuses on the Early Bronze Age IB burial caves excavated on the northern hill in the Palmaḥim Quarry site. Pottery assemblages were retrieved from six burial caves; the petrographic study of the vessels indicates trade between the central hill country and the coastal plain. The Palmaḥim Quarry site represents a well-known phenomenon in the coastal plain, where Chalcolithic-period caves were reused for burial, employing organized mortuary practices and exhibiting an increasing investment in mortuary paraphernalia.

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Geomorphology And Sedimentology Of Gane Ṭal (Pp. 297–306), Oren Ackermann Jan 2025

Geomorphology And Sedimentology Of Gane Ṭal (Pp. 297–306), Oren Ackermann

'Atiqot

The Gane Ṭal site is located in the southeastern part of the Israeli coastal plain and comprises two major soil groups: red sandy (ḥusmas) or non-calcareous (ḥamra) soils; and brown grumusols (vertisols). The occurrence of two soil types in a sequence is evidence of changes in environmental conditions. This study aimed at examining the sedimentological environment of the site before and during the period of ancient occupation, to assess the possibility that environmental conditions changed during that time span.

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The Mollusks From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 293–296), Inbar Ktalav Jan 2025

The Mollusks From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 293–296), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

The malacological remains excavated at Gane Ṭal include Mediterranean shells and land snails dating from the Early Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk periods. Most of the shells had plaster inside their valves, indicating that they were used in construction material. Two shells might have served as ornaments or amulets.

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Four Inscribed Bronze Rings From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 289–292), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss Jan 2025

Four Inscribed Bronze Rings From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 289–292), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss

'Atiqot

Four bronze rings were retrieved from the excavation at Gane Ṭal: one bears an Arabic religious phrase, two are decorated with simple geometric patterns and one is poorly preserved. The small size of the four rings indicates that they belonged to adolescent or young-adult females. The rings appear to be mold-made and of local manufacture.

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The Metal Finds From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 285–288), Kate Raphael Jan 2025

The Metal Finds From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 285–288), Kate Raphael

'Atiqot

The metal finds from Gane Ṭal include objects made of iron and copper alloys, including a bracelet, agricultural tools, a dagger, a pot handle, cosmetic or small surgery tools, nails, a bronze tack, a bronze clasp, bronze rings and musket balls. It seems that a metal workshop for the production and repair of tools existed within the Byzantine-period farmstead.

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The Glass Vessels From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 257–272), Brigitte Ouahnouna Jan 2025

The Glass Vessels From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 257–272), Brigitte Ouahnouna

'Atiqot

A large quantity of glass vessels, as well as glass production debris, was retrieved from Gane Ṭal. The glass repertoire exhibits a wide range of types, including bowls, a single beaker, a wineglass, bottles, cosmetic vessels and bowl-shaped oil lamps—all well-known types of the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods (fourth–fifth centuries CE). The glass-production debris found at the site includes the remains of furnace floors and a large number of raw-glass chunks, probably indicating the manufacture of raw glass.

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The Coins From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 273–284), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

The Coins From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 273–284), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

The excavation at Gane Ṭal yielded coins dating from the Early–Late Roman, Byzantine, and Ayyūbid and Mamluk periods. Most of the coins date from the Byzantine period, from the fourth–fifth and the sixth–seventh centuries CE. Noteworthy is the fact that most of the sixth–seventh-century coins date to the period before 541/2 CE, the time of the Justinianic plague. It is possible that the decline of the settlement was related to this plague; however, it might have also been the outcome of other historical circumstances.

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The Stone Implements From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 243–256), Naomi Sidi Jan 2025

The Stone Implements From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 243–256), Naomi Sidi

'Atiqot

The stone-object assemblage from Gane Ṭal consists mainly of household implements, such as grinding bowls, grinding stones, millstones and pierced stones. These were made of locally available beachrock or limestone, or basalt. Three objects were made of exotic materials: two marble tiles and a granite object. Such household items are common finds in excavations throughout Israel.

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Pottery Assemblages From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 211–242), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Pottery Assemblages From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 211–242), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The ceramic finds from the excavation at Gane Ṭal date from the Roman (first century BCE–first century CE), Byzantine and Mamluk periods. The large Byzantine-period assemblage, associated with industrial activity at the site, mainly comprises storage vessels, which were produced on-site or nearby. The rich assemblage from the Mamluk period presents a variety of vessel types and decoration styles, including locally produced handmade wares, characteristic of contemporary rural sites.

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An Agricultural Settlement And Cemetery From The Roman, Byzantine And Mamluk Periods At Gane Ṭal (Pp. 145–210), Yoav Arbel, Uzi ‘Ad Jan 2025

An Agricultural Settlement And Cemetery From The Roman, Byzantine And Mamluk Periods At Gane Ṭal (Pp. 145–210), Yoav Arbel, Uzi ‘Ad

'Atiqot

Excavations at Gane Ṭal uncovered sporadic pre-Roman remains; large, plastered pits dating to the Early Roman period (first–early second centuries CE); a rural settlement and cemetery from the Late Roman and Byzantine periods; and meager architectural remains from the Mamluk period. Two settlement phases were related to the Byzantine period: an earlier occupation, probably a farmstead, comprising a large assemblage of simple grinding stones, clay ovens and a domestic ceramic assemblage; and a later occupation, including a manor house and an adjacent, multi-compartment storage facility. The source of wealth at the site was probably the production of wine, as attested …

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Zooarchaeological Remains From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 143–144), Moshe Sade Jan 2025

Zooarchaeological Remains From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 143–144), Moshe Sade

'Atiqot

A very small assemblage of zooarchaeological remains was recovered from the excavation of the Middle Bronze Age II settlement at el-Munṭar el-Abyad. The identifiable faunal material comprised mainly domestic mammal bones of sheep/goat, cattle and pig. No taphonomic data, such as butchery or burning marks, were apparent.

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The Skeletal Remains From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 139–142), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Skeletal Remains From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 139–142), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The human skeletal remains from el-Munṭar el-Abyad were found within jars, cist tombs and sarcophagi, representing burials from Middle Bronze Age II, and the Persian and Roman periods. The Middle Bronze Age burials included two jar burials of infants and the burials of three adults in pits, all within the dwelling area. The burials from the Persian period included a child, eight adults and three individuals, and the burials from the Roman period included two adults and six individuals of unknown age.

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The Middle Bronze Age Iib Ground Stone Tool Assemblage From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 113–128), Danny Rosenberg, Barak Tzin Jan 2025

The Middle Bronze Age Iib Ground Stone Tool Assemblage From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 113–128), Danny Rosenberg, Barak Tzin

'Atiqot

The ground stone assemblage from el-Munṭar el-Abyad comprises 48 tools and tool fragments, most of which were retrieved from loci assigned to Middle Bronze Age IIB. The small assemblage includes grinding stones, bowls and mortars, pestles and weights—all connected with food processing. Basalt was the main raw material, probably due to its availability in the vicinity of the site. Morphological, metrical and stylistic standardization of the tools possibly point to a local workshop.

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The Flint Assemblage From The Middle Bronze Age Iib Village At El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 129–138), Zinovi Matskevich Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblage From The Middle Bronze Age Iib Village At El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 129–138), Zinovi Matskevich

'Atiqot

The flint assemblage retrieved from el-Munṭar el-Abyad comprises 300 items, mainly dating to Middle Bronze Age II, with few items dating from earlier phases, which are otherwise not represented at the site: the Neolithic (the Yarmukian culture), Chalcolithic and the Early–Intermediate Bronze Ages. The MB II lithic assemblage is characterized by large geometric sickle blades, probably brought to the site as finished implements or blanks.

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El-Munṭar El-Abyad: A Middle Bronze Age Iib Village And A Persian- And Roman-Period Cemetery Near Bet She’An (With A Contribution By Samuel R. Wolff) (Pp. 1–112), Walid Atrash, Amir Golani Jan 2025

El-Munṭar El-Abyad: A Middle Bronze Age Iib Village And A Persian- And Roman-Period Cemetery Near Bet She’An (With A Contribution By Samuel R. Wolff) (Pp. 1–112), Walid Atrash, Amir Golani

'Atiqot

Excavations at el-Munṭar el-Abyad uncovered several buildings of a one-period settlement dating to Middle Bronze Age IIB (mid-seventeenth century BCE), a burial ground dating to the Persian period (fifth century BCE) and several stone sarcophagi from the Roman period (third century CE). The rural character of the MB IIB site is attested by the architectural finds, the ṭabuns, the infant burials below the floors, and the ceramic and ground stone assemblages, as well as by the lack of luxury or prestige items. The MB II rural occupation, located in the immediate region of Tel Bet She’an, seems to have been …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Ayyubid And Mamluk Pottery From A Crusader-Period Subterranean Reservoir At Moẓa (Pp. 193–204), Benjamin J. Dolinka Jan 2025

Ayyubid And Mamluk Pottery From A Crusader-Period Subterranean Reservoir At Moẓa (Pp. 193–204), Benjamin J. Dolinka

'Atiqot

Excavations in the underground Crusader water reservoir at Moẓa yielded a ceramic assemblage dating primarily to the Ayyubid period (1187–1250 CE), as well as some later Mamluk sherds (fourteenth to fifteenth centuries CE). The assemblage includes bowls, cooking pots, frying pans, amphorae, store jars, jugs, a juglet, a flask and lamps. The ceramic assemblage has strong affinities with contemporaneous Crusader and Frankish sites from the rural hinterland of Jerusalem. Other vessels of a later, Late Ottoman or British Mandate date were associated with an intrusive burial.

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A Crusader-Period Subterranean Water Reservoir At Moẓa: Results Of The Salvage Excavation And Cleaning Procedure (With A Contribution By Robert Kool) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, Pp. 165–166), Sivan Mizrahi, Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

A Crusader-Period Subterranean Water Reservoir At Moẓa: Results Of The Salvage Excavation And Cleaning Procedure (With A Contribution By Robert Kool) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, Pp. 165–166), Sivan Mizrahi, Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

The removal of soil from the vaults of the Crusader-period water reservoir at Moẓa revealed the installation’s plan and new data concerning its periods of use. The vaults were filled with gray soil, containing arch stones, pottery, glass, metal finds and animal bones, as well as chunks of lead and two copper coins from the Ayyubid period. This impressive Crusader-period reservoir was part of a larger structure from the same period. The pottery finds recovered from the fills provide evidence of continuous settlement here during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods.

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A Byzantine Settlement On The Northernmost Kurkar Ridge Of Ashqelon, Barne‘A B–C Neighborhood (Pp. 159–192), Ianir Milevski, Gabriela Bijovsky, Debora Sandhaus Israel Antiquities Authority, Alexander Krokhmalnik, Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

A Byzantine Settlement On The Northernmost Kurkar Ridge Of Ashqelon, Barne‘A B–C Neighborhood (Pp. 159–192), Ianir Milevski, Gabriela Bijovsky, Debora Sandhaus Israel Antiquities Authority, Alexander Krokhmalnik, Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The excavation in the neighborhood of Barne‘a B and C, Ashqelon, was conducted in two locations (Areas A and B). A series of small buildings was exposed in Area A and part of a cemetery, in Area B. The pottery assemblage from Area A is rather homogeneous, including many storage jars, as well as cooking and serving vessels. The glass vessels are dated mainly to the Byzantine period. The majority of the coins belong to the sixth century CE, including a small hoard of gold coins. The remains excavated at Barne‘a B–C seem to be part of the northern Byzantine …

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