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Bruno Latour's Constructivism And Its Implications For The New Agency Of Sociology, Robertus Robet, U. Abdul Rozak R

Masyarakat: Jurnal Sosiologi

Abstract

Latour removes the boundaries between natural sciences and humanities. Science for Latour is cultural practise, at the same time in every cultural practice, nature and objects are also actively involved. In that sense, Latour's constructivism encourages the emergence of non-human actors as drivers of the societal changes. By that, he provoked sociology to expand its subject matter. The Social in sociology must be seen as an association involving human and non-human actors.

Key words: Constructivism, Expansion of agency, actant, actor network theory.

Konstruktivisme Bruno Latour Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Ide Keagenan Sosiologi, Robertus Robet, U Abdul Rozak R

Masyarakat: Jurnal Sosiologi

Abstract

Latour removes the boundaries between natural sciences and humanities. Science for Latour is cultural practise, at the same time in every cultural practice, nature and objects are also actively involved. With that, Latour's constructivism encourages the emergence of non-human actors as drivers of the societal changes. With that he provoked sociology to expand its subject matter. The Social in sociology must be seen as an association involving human and non-human actors.

Struktur Sosial Dalam Kamp Calais “Jungle” Di Prancis, Dyanisa Ramadhani Salsabila, Airin Miranda

Multikultura

Kamp pengungsian imigran di Calais dibuka pada tahun 1999 dan kemudian ditutup secara resmi pada tahun 2002. Para imigran tetap datang dan membangun kamp secara ilegal setelah penutupan resmi kamp ini Kamp ini diberikan julukan kamp Calais “Jungle” pada tahun 2009 setelah kamp terus menerus berkembang karena jumlah imigran yang terus bertambah. Pada tahun 2014, jumlah imigran yang mengungsi di kamp ini mencapai 6.000 jiwa. Suatu komunitas sosial terbentuk dari berbagai etnis yang ada. Komunitas ini bekerjasama dan membuat sistemnya sendiri dalam menjalankan kehidupan mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dari Creswell (2009) dengan korpus komunitas kamp imigran Calais “Jungle” …

Lingkungan Pengendapan Perahu Kuno Di Situs Punjulharjo, Rembang, Jawa Tengah: Sebuah Pendekatan Geoarkeologi, Andri Purnomo, Carlo Donadio, Agni Mochtar, Chiara Zazzaro

Multikultura

Studi geoarkeologi adalah pendekatan interdisiplin dalam penelitian arkeologi yang memungkinkan kita memahami bagaimana proses alam dapat mempengaruhi sebuah situs arkeologi dan bagaimana pula kita dapat merekonstruksi konteks lingkungan kuno dari sebuah situs arkeologi. Pendekatan ini sangat efektif dalam bidang arkeologi maritim, mengingat wilayah pesisir terus mengalami perubahan lingkungan baik karena faktor alam maupun antropis. Kepulauan Indonesia merupakan wilayah yang menarik untuk menerapkan pendekatan geoarkeologi dalam arkeologi maritim mengingat banyaknya sisa-sisa perahu yang ditemukan di daratan dan perubahan geomorfologi berkelanjutan terkait aliran air yang terjadi selama Kala Holosen. Artikel ini menyajikan hasil penerapan pendekatan tersebut di atas pada kasus perahu Punjulharjo …

Pola Kalimat Transitif Pada Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia (Bisindo): Sebuah Studi Variasi Bahasa, Silva Tenrisara Pertiwi Isma

Multikultura

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pola kalimat transitif pada dua ragam bahasa isyarat di Jakarta dan Yogyakarta. Terdapat 228 kalimat transitif sederhana yang diperoleh dari hasil elistitasi terhadap 10 pengguna bahasa isyarat Indonesia yang berasal dari kedua wilayah tersebut. Hasil analisis terhadap pola kalimat transitif reversibel (subjek dan objek dapat dipertukarkan) dan nonreversible (subjek dan objek tidak dapat dipertukarkan) menunjukkan bahwa bahasa isyarat ragam Jakarta cenderung berpola SPO untuk kalimat reversibel, sementara pola SOP cenderung digunakan di bahasa isyarat ragam Yogyakarta. Untuk kalimat nonreversibel, bahasa isyarat ragam Jakarta memiliki pola urutan kata yang lebih fleksibel, sementara bahasa isyarat ragam Yogyakarta …

Globalisasi Musik Populer Korea (K-Pop) Dalam Konteks Industri Budaya, Zaini Zaini

Multikultura

Musik populer Korea yang dikenal dengan K-pop mengalami perkembangan yang sangat dinamis hingga berhasil menyebar secara global dalam waktu yang sangat cepat sejak jenis musik populer ini mulai dikenal pada tahun 1990-an. Penelitian ini membahas globalisasi K-pop dengan berbagai dinamikanya yang berdampak dengan peningkatan pecinta K-pop di masyarakat global. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif bersumber dari berbagai data terkait perkembangan musik populer Korea. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan musik populer Korea (K-pop) ke dalam masyarakat global karena adanya dukungan dari berbagai pelaku dalam industri K-pop, baik pemerintah selaku pembuat kebijakan, pelaku industri musik, pengusaha dalam industri …

Prinsip Hormat Dan Tanggap Ing Sasmita Dalam Cerkak Mungkur Kabeh, Brillian Amrizaard, Darmoko Darmoko

Multikultura

Menghormati dan menghargai orang tua adalah sebuah sikap berbakti dari anak dan juga tanda bahwa seseorang memahami tata krama. Penelitian mengenai prinsip hormat dan tanggap ing sasmita ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan yang obyektif. Teori yang menjadi landasan berpikir adalah teori Hermeneutik dari Paul Ricoeur yang telah dirumuskan kembali oleh Eugenius Sumaryono (1999) sebagai salah satu cara menginterpretasikan sesuatu. Hasil dari penelitian, ada beberapa poin yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan sikap yang baik dengan menjunjung prinsip hormat dan juga terdapat sikap tanggap ing sasmita sebagai dasar untuk bersikap atau memperlakukan orang tua dengan konotasi positif. Tindakan yang diambil …

Kritik Heidegger Terhadap Esensi Teknologi Modern Sebagai Titik Tolak Pengembangan Etika Baru, Antonius Puspo Kuntjoro

Multikultura

Perkembangan yang tejadi di era digital ini memerlukan adanya pendekatan baru dalam etika karena keterbatasan etika tradisional, seperti deontologi dan utilitarianisme serta etika keutamaan, dalam menghadapi isu-isu kontemporer. Kritik filsuf Martin Heidegger terhadap esensi teknologi modern berpotensi menjadi titik awal pengembangan etika baru guna merespons persoalan-persoalan kontemporer terkait lingkungan, hegemoni teknologi, dan implikasi bisnis. Menurut Heidegger esensi teknologi modern adalah menampakkan segala sesuatu sebagai suku cadang yang siap digunakan atau dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan subjek. Esensi teknologi modern ini menimbulkan bahaya karena bersifat eksploitatif yang berujung krisis ekologis dan alienasi sosial. Menanggapi masalah-masalah kontemporer, etika Heideggerian dapat dikembangkan berdasarkan pemahaman tentang …

Tindak Tutur Menghina Dalam Film Animasi Al-Riḥlah, Fanny Haristianti, Wiwin Triwinarti

Multikultura

Kesantunan berbahasa adalah aspek penting dalam kehidupan sosial. Namun, tindak tutur yang mengancam muka mitra tutur tidak dapat dihindari pada situasi tertentu, salah satunya tindak tutur menghina yang penuh konflik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi tindak tutur menghina yang dituturkan tokoh film animasi al-Riḥlah dengan menggunakan teori strategi Face-Threatening Acts (FTA) oleh Brown dan Levinson 1987. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu 1) teknik simak bebas libat cakap; 2) transkripsi; dan 3) catat. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis padan ekstralingual dan disajikan melalui metode informal. Penelitian ini …

Avoiding Anthropomoralism, Julian Friedland

Between the Species

The Montreal Declaration on Animal Exploitation, which has been endorsed by hundreds of influential academic ethicists, calls for establishing a vegan economy by banning what it refers to as all unnecessary animal suffering, including fishing. It does so by appeal to the moral principle of equal consideration of comparable interests. I argue that this principle is misapplied by discounting morally relevant cognitive capacities of self-conscious and volitional personhood as distinguished from merely sentient non-personhood. I describe it as a kind of anthropomorphizing moralism which I call anthropomoralism, defined as the tendency to project morally relevant characteristics of personhood onto merely …

The Vices Of Virtues: Making Room For Moral Testimony In The Life Of The Virtuous Person, Maria Waggoner

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation sheds light on new and unacknowledged difficulties that we face in striving to be (more) virtuous. By making use of empirical literature from moral, affective, and perceptual learning, I explore the potential cognitive and psychological relationships between having a virtue in one context and the tendency to exhibit vices in another. I do this by showing how morally good behavioral habits can also lead to morally inappropriate actions, when a virtuous moral perceptual system can give rise to moral illusions, and when our basic evaluative affective responses differ in their degree of sensitivity, leading to having some virtues …

Love, Ladies, And Lucretius, Stacey Kaliabakos

Parnassus: Classical Journal

No abstract provided.

A Defense Of Explanationism Against Recent Objections, Tomas Bogardus, Will Perrin

All Faculty Open Access Publications

In the recent literature on the nature of knowledge, a rivalry has emerged between modalism and explanationism. According to modalism, knowledge requires that our beliefs track the truth across some appropriate set of possible worlds. Modalists tend to focus on two modal conditions: sensitivity and safety. According to explanationism, knowledge requires only that beliefs bear the right sort of explanatory relation to the truth. In slogan form: knowledge is believing something because it's true. In this paper, we aim to vindicate explanationism from some recent objections offered by Gualtiero Piccinini, Dario Mortini, and Kenneth Boyce and Andrew Moon. Together, these …

A World Of Difference: The Fundamental Opposition Between Transhumanist “Welfarism” And Disability Advocacy, Susan B. Levin

Philosophy: Faculty Publications

From the standpoint of disability advocacy, further exploration of the concept of well-being stands to be availing. The notion that “welfarism” about disability, which Julian Savulescu and Guy Kahane debuted, qualifies as helpful is encouraged by their claim that welfarism shares important commitments with that advocacy. As becomes clear when they apply their welfarist frame to procreative decisions, endorsing welfarism would, in fact, sharply undermine it. Savulescu and Kahane's Principle of Procreative Beneficence—which reflects transhumanism, or advocacy of radical bioenhancement—morally requires parents to choose the child who will, in all probability, have “the best life.” Assuming the emergence of potent …

Review Of Dan C. Shahar’S Why It's Ok To Eat Meat And Per Bauhn’S Animal Suffering, Human Rights, And The Virtue Of Justice, Josh Milburn

Between the Species

It’s tricky to find decent defences of meat-eating of the kind practiced by most westerners. I was thus intrigued to pick up two short books defending meat-eating. Dan Shahar’s Why It’s Ok to Eat Meat (2022) is in Routledge’s series of short books called Why It's OK: The Ethics and Aesthetics of How We Live. Per Bauhn’s Animal Suffering, Human Rights, and the Virtue of Justice (2023) is from Palgrave Pivot, which publishes books falling somewhere between journal articles and monographs. Shahar’s book is worth reading: it’s well-written, raising interesting questions, and offering a coherent defence of meat. Bauhn’s book …

Multiple Ways To Implement And Infer Sentience, Nicolas Rouleau, Michael Levin

Animal Sentience

Segundo-Ortin & Calvo’s (S&C’s) thorough review of “plant neurobiology” presents evidence supporting the possibility of plant sentience. They make a compelling case that plants anticipate, assess risk, cooperate, mimic, and pursue goals, as do their animal counterparts. S&C point out that there is a double standard: behavioural patterns associated with subjective experiences in humans are considered valid for inferring cognition in non-human animals but not in diverse other systems including plants. We argue that cognitive functions, including sentience, can potentially be achieved by very different systems and their disparate substrates. We offer some context from the basal cognition literature and …

Book Review On Methods, Methodologies, And Perspectives In The Humanities And Social Sciences: With Particular Reference To Islamic Studies - A Critical Rationalist Interpretation (By Ali Paya), Nevad Kahteran

Comparative Philosophy

No abstract provided.

Book Review On Creating A Shared Morality: The Feasibility Of Ethical Constructivism (By Heather Salazar), Karin Brown

Comparative Philosophy

No abstract provided.

Causality, Agency, And Moral Responsibility In Nikaya Buddhism, Soo Lam Wong

Comparative Philosophy

In this paper, I aim to examine the relationship between the Buddhist notions of causality and agency, the questions of whether the Buddhist notion of causality affirms causal determinism and whether the Buddhist notion of agency affirms libertarian free will, the implications of the Buddhist notions of causality and agency for moral responsibility, and the implications of the Buddhist rejection of the metaphysical self for agency and moral responsibility. My claim is that although the question of whether the early Buddhist notions of causality and agency affirm causal determinism and libertarian free will respectively remains open, they are compatible with …

Zhuang Zi And The “Greatest Joyousness”: Wang Fuzhi’S Approach, John R. Williams

Comparative Philosophy

The present article presents Wang Fuzhi 王夫之 (1619-1692 C.E.)’s reading of the eighteenth chapter of the Zhuang-Zi 莊子 (ZZ) by looking at his entry from Zhuang-Zi-Tong 莊子通 and other key glosses from Zhuang-Zi-Jie 莊子解. The philosophical upshot, I aim to show, is that Wang takes ZZ as presenting the consummation of “the greatest joyousness” (zhi-le 至樂) as requiring getting rid of joyousness as one’s desideratum. Using Derek Parfit’s work as a point of reference, I aim to show that this is not paradoxical or even inconsistent or even (directly or indirectly) self-defeating but is instead an interesting instance of …

Daoist Freedom, Psychological Hygiene, And Social Criticism, Yun Tang

Comparative Philosophy

The article explores the inner logic and defining features of Daoist freedom. It argues that Daoist freedom can be meaningfully understood as psychological hygiene, and it suggests that Daoist xuan-jie (懸解) can be rendered possible only if one can rid oneself of intensional suffering—an idea ultimately inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche. This comparative approach enables the article contribute to the received way of understanding Daoist freedom by stressing its dialectics: by being at ease with one’s social and political environment, Daoist freedom demands social criticism, calling for room for people to be able to act spontaneously so that …

The Dangers Of Re-Colonization: Possible Boundaries Between Latin American Philosophy And Indigenous Philosophy From Latin America, Jorge Sanchez-Perez

Comparative Philosophy

The field of Latin American philosophy has established itself as a relevant subfield of philosophical inquiry. However, there might be good reasons to consider that our focus on the subfield could have distracted us from considering another subfield that, although it might share some geographical proximity, does not share the same historical basic elements. In this paper, I argue for a possible and meaningful conceptual difference between Latin American Philosophy and Indigenous philosophy produced in Latin America. First, I raise what I call Mariátegui’s Solidarity Challenge to show that there might be some neglectful treatment of the philosophical views of …

No Place Like Home? A Dialogical Journey With Shlomo Biderman, Daniel Raveh

Comparative Philosophy

This paper aims to think or rethink the concept of home as the contemporary avatar of the age-old question of self-identity. In dialogue with Shlomo Biderman, a comparative philosopher without borders who feels at home both in Jewish and Indian sources, the author assembles a philosophical jigsaw-puzzle made of different materials from different thinking traditions in attempt to reveal a new picture of home (and self) compatible with the changing world of immigration, relocation, dislocation and displacement, a world of emigrants, refugees and exiles, in which we live. The puzzle pieces include Plato’s cave, Isaiah Berlin’s “inner citadel”, Shmuel Yosef …

Desc(Art) Or The 21st Century Cartesian Meditator, Andreea Mihali

Comparative Philosophy

In this paper I argue that the continued relevance of Descartes' philosophy for present-day concerns can be demonstrated by bringing to bear on his Meditations state-of-the-art developments in Informal logic and Argumentation theory, specifically Leo Groarke’s approach to multimodal arguments. I show that the meditative exercises that Descartes viewed as preconditions of establishing the metaphysical tenets of his system can be recast in present-day form using technological tools and media that we are familiar with. We will see that, due to the different historical and cultural contexts, the 21st century Cartesian meditating process can be: 1) technology-enhanced (a customizable, multimodal …

Analyzing Nietzsche And Darwin In Search Of Origin Of Morality: The Evolving Perspective, Anirban Ghosh, Malabika Chakrabarti

Comparative Philosophy

It is generally believed that the greatest asset of human being is the moral values and according to theist such values have been infused in human by the creator. By accepting such view we simply get rid of any effort of searching the origin of morality or ethics and also transfer the responsibility of being ethical on the almighty. But when atheist denied God, the liability of being moral comes to human and also the significant question arose why we should be moral. Probably more important is the hunt for the origin of our morality. In this article we have …

Dualism And Psychosemantics: Holography And Pansematism In Early Buddhist Philosophy, Federico Divino

Comparative Philosophy

In the Indian philosophical debate, the relationship between the structure of knowledge and external reality has been a persistent issue. This debate has been particularly prominent in Buddhism, as evidenced by the earliest Buddhist attestations in the Pāli canon, where reality is described as a perceptual defection. The world (loka) is perceived through cognition (citta), and the theme of designation (paññatti) is central to the analysis of the Abhidhamma. Buddhism can be viewed as navigating between nominalism and cognitive normativism, as it deconstructs language, which is seen as an obfuscating element that separates the subject from the world. In this …

Plant Sentience: Not Now, Maybe Later?, Helen Tiffin

Animal Sentience

Segundo-Ortin’s target article provides compelling evidence for physiological and behavioral complexity in plants, bringing us closer to a recognition of some kind of plant cognition – but it does not as yet offer firm grounds for inferring sentience (feeling) in plants, The recent history of the scientific demonstration and recognition of animalsentience in invertebrates, for example, does not entirely rule out the possibility that further research might provide support for plant sentience. Should this ever turn out to be the case, the ethical problems raised are not insurmountable, and would not threaten the now proven case for animal sentience

Platonism, De Re, And (Philosophy Of) Mathematical Practice, Marco Panza

MPP Published Research

The chapter advances a reformulation of the classical problem of the nature of mathematical objects (if any), here called “Plato’s problem,” in line with the program of a philosophy of mathematical practice. It then provides a sketch of a platonist solution, following the same perspective. This solution disregards as nonsensical the question of the existence of abstract, and specifically mathematical, objects, by rather focusing on the modalities of our access to them: objects (in general, both concrete and abstract) are regarded as individual contents that we have (or can have) a de re epistemic access to. The question of the …

Crazier Hypotheses: Panpsychism, José E. Burgos, Giselle M. Castañeda

Animal Sentience

Abstract: Segundo-Ortin & Calvo (S&C) invite readers to consider seriously the hypothesis that plants have phenomenal consciousness or sentience. Their case is based on behavioral evidence to support their hypothesis. While the hypothesis seems crazy to many, there is a crazier hypothesis – panpsychism – according to which everything is sentient. We discuss panpsychism to raise a number of philosophical questions about S&C’s hypothesis.

A Theistic Critique Of Secular Moral Nonnaturalism, Dale Eugene Kratt

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This dissertation is an exercise in Theistic moral apologetics. It will be developing both a critique of secular nonnaturalist moral theory (moral Platonism) at the level of metaethics, as well as a positive form of the moral argument for the existence of God that follows from this critique. The critique will focus on the work of five prominent metaethical theorists of secular moral non-naturalism: David Enoch, Eric Wielenberg, Russ Shafer-Landau, Michael Huemer, and Christopher Kulp. Each of these thinkers will be critically examined. Following this critique, the positive moral argument for the existence of God will be developed, combining a …