History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons^™

A Methodological Framework For The Archaeology Of Conflicts In The Southern Levant, And The Battle Of Hattin (July 3–4, 1187), Rafael Y. Lewis

'Atiqot

This article presents a research framework for the Archaeology of Conflicts/Battlefield Archaeology. This work was motivated by the methodological challenge posed by the very attempt to study material evidence of events of short duration in the landscape. Such events occurred outside the boundaries of conventional archaeological sites, in the landscape, which is generally subject to more frequent changes. The theoretical model is presented through an examination of the Battle of Hattin, a decisive event that took place on July 3–4, 1187, within the days of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291). This theoretical construct can be applied to the study …

The Old Sword And The Sea: A Medieval European Sword Off The Coast Of Newe-Yam, Joppe Gosker, Jacob Sharvit, Izhak Hershko, Dan Braitman, Yotam Asscher

'Atiqot

This article examines a sword discovered on the seabed near Newe-Yam, providing an analysis of its physical characteristics. The location of the discovery and the submarine iron corrosion processes are described. The sword, covered in a biogenic crust, was studied using non- and minimally invasive techniques, and compared with contemporary swords. A European origin and an approximate date in the twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE are proposed. The study also discusses the role of swords in Medieval European society, their association with authority and chivalry, and the romantic perceptions concerning Crusader swords.

Power And Control In Crusader Acre (‘Akko): The Fortifications Of The Genoese Quarter, Edna J. Stern, Eliezer Stern, Fabrizio Benente

'Atiqot

An impressive fortification system on the northern border of the Genoese Quarter at Crusader-period Acre was discovered, comprising a defensive wall built of bossed ashlars and incorporating arrow slits, a fortified gate leading to the quarter through a vaulted passageway and a projecting tower with two levels of arrow slits. The gate and parts of the passageway were blocked, apparently during the Crusader period, as a consequence of the Saint Sabas War. This war broke out following a dispute between Venice and Genoa over ownership of a monastery located on the border between their quarters, near the port, which was …

The Principia Of The Sixth Legion At Legio/Caparcotani: Ground Penetrating Radar And Excavations In A Legionary Base, Yotam Tepper, Matthew J. Adams, Eileen Ernenwein

'Atiqot

The legionary base at Legio (Legion II Trajana and Legion VI Ferrata) is the first full-scale legionary base of the Principate excavated in the Eastern Empire. The 2015–2019 excavation seasons of the Jezreel Valley Regional Project focused on the headquarters compound, the principia. While many components of the compound are typical of those of permanent legionary bases throughout the Empire, several unique features of the principia at Legio offer new research avenues concerning the function of these buildings within the Roman army administrative system and community life. This paper summarizes the results of the 2015–2019 seasons of excavation and remote …

Were There Jewish Gladiators? A Re-Evaluation Of The Available Archaeological And Textual Evidence, Haggai Olshanetsky

'Atiqot

The participation of Jews in the arena, especially as gladiators, has received relatively little attention. The few articles written on this matter suggest that Jews were both spectators and participants. The present paper relates to all previously suggested indications for the existence of Jewish gladiators and also introduces new ones. Although the possibility that Jewish gladiators were active in the first–fourth centuries CE cannot be ruled out entirely, the evidence remains inconclusive, suggesting that their number was very limited at best. It is also suggested that if Jews had participated in the games, they possibly preferred to fight beasts rather …

Evidence Of The Roman Attack On The Third Wall Of Jerusalem At The End Of The Second Temple Period, Kfir Arbiv

'Atiqot

Remains of a first-century CE wall segment and a tower base uncovered in the Russian Compound, Jerusalem, shed light on the course of the Third Wall in the west of the city and the fierce battle that took place there in the First Jewish Revolt. A concentration of ballista stones and other weapons at the site support the evidence furnished by Josephus in Jewish War, describing the battle at the Third Wall and the siege imposed by Titus on Jerusalem in 70 CE. The archaeological evidence and the historical sources enable a reconstruction of the battle between the Roman army …

The Fortifications Of Tel Burna: A Reappraisal After Twelve Seasons Of Excavations (2010–2022), Aharon Tavger, Chris Mckinny, Deborah Cassuto, Jane Gaastra, Steven Ortiz, Itzhaq Shai

'Atiqot

Tel Burna’s prominent summit, encompassed by a 70 × 70 m casemate fortification, has attracted attention since at least the nineteenth century CE. An analysis of the archaeological data collected during ongoing excavations at the tell indicates that these fortifications were built in the late tenth or early ninth century BCE. The fortification of this Judahite stronghold, located on the border with Philistia, remained in use for the next 200 years. Recently, evidence has come to light of a massive undertaking to reinforce and strengthen the western side of the casemate wall in the late eighth century BCE. The authors …

Weapons, Warrior Burials And Agency In The Intermediate Bronze Age Southern Levant: Some Theoretical Observations, Naama Walzer, Yitzhak Paz

'Atiqot

The Intermediate Bronze Age (c. 2500–2000 BCE) is known for its abundance of formal cemeteries and various other types of burial sites. These comprise a substantial number of internments that contain metal artifacts, identified as weaponry and associated with warfare, and typically defined ‘warrior burials.’ In this paper, we discuss some theoretical issues concerning the identification and role of the so-called weapons, the ideology of warriors and warriorhood, and the mutual agency of objects and society during the Intermediate Bronze Age. Reference is made to examples and research in Europe, where similar patterns have been extensively studied. Through this examination, …

Hematite Mace-Heads: A Specialized Craft Unique To The Late Chalcolithic Period, Michael Sebbane

'Atiqot

The mace was one of the most important and commonly used weapons for striking and smashing in hand-to-hand combat in the battlefields of the ancient Near East, from the tenth to the second half of the third millennia BCE. Outside the battlefield, the mace served ceremonial and ritual functions, which persisted long after its use as a weapon ceased. Hematite mace-heads are unique in the Late Chalcolithic culture that flourished in the region of Israel and Transjordan from the second half of the fifth to the first half of the fourth millennia BCE. They seem to be one of the …

Up In Arms: Slingstone Assemblages From The Late Prehistoric Sites Of ‘En Ẓippori And ‘En Esur, Gil Haklay, Hendrik Bron, Dina Shalem, Ianir Milevski, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

This paper presents the slingstone assemblages recovered from two large-scale excavations at the Late Pottery Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic (c. 5800–4500 cal BCE) sites of ‘En Ẓippori and ‘En Esur. Based on contextual, morphometric and other archaeological data, we suggest that during this time, the slings and slingstones were used as weapons. The high number of slingstones found within the settlements, and the traits of systematic production they reflect (formalization, standardization and time-consuming manufacturing), point to an organized production of weapons, interpreted as an escalation in the preparations for war, alluding to the possible existence of local power centers in the region.

Front Matter & Editorial, The Editorial Board

'Atiqot

Table of contents and Editorial

Examining State Development In West Africa, Through Senegal And Nigeria, Kasandra L. Housley

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This paper studies the relationship between the state and armed conflict in West Africa with an emphasis placed on the value, influence, and role of social institutions on the long-term stability of the West African state. The countries of the Republic of Senegal and Nigeria represent the primary focus of the paper. Comparisons are made of the history of each country/state and experience with socio-political conflict in an effort to explain the penultimate place of social as opposed to legalistic or political influences responsible for the long term survival of the independent state in West Africa. The central question explored …

Aesthetic Wit(H)Nessing In Times Of Trouble: Propositions For Working Affirmatively With Difference Within Matrixial Pedagogical Practice., Nike Romano

Artizein: Arts and Teaching Journal

This article explores how Bracha Ettinger’s notion of matrixial aesthetic wit(h)nessing fosters opportunities for dealing with memory and trauma in classroom encounters during times of trouble. Drawing on my experience of teaching a history of art and design curriculum at a University of Technology in South Africa, the intention is to highlight the crucial role that Ettingerian Matrixial Theory (EMT) plays in building trust in troubled educational spaces. Concerned with the ethical implications of surfacing and transforming traumas, the inquiry begins with a discussion on how South Africa (SA), and SA Higher Education (HE) in particular, are saturated with traumatic …

Reflecting Faith In The Heartland: A Study Of The Architecture Of Mainline Protestant Christian Churches In Kalamazoo County, Mi., Ian Russel

Honors Theses

The Midwest is a region with fuzzy borders and an equally confusing place in the American imagination. Is it the last refuge of a more wholesome, innocent America filled with white picket fences or a drab, suffocating post-industrial landscape? Despite largely dominating how the region is depicted in popular culture, neither of these representations is entirely accurate. One possible step towards developing a more accurate understanding of the Midwest is examining the churches that dot its towns and cities. Many of these churches belong to mainline Protestant Christian denominations such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A), …

Winter Solstice Phenomenon At Newgrange: Research Report 2024, Frank Prendergast

Articles

This report, commissioned by the National Monuments Service presents a comprehensive analysis of the high-resolution photographic and video recordings of the solar illumination inside the burial chamber at Newgrange passage tomb, located within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne – Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne.

Présence Et Identité Des Collectionneurs Dans Les Biennales (1948-1965), Sophie Dolto, Anthony Chenevard

Artl@s Bulletin

Using exhibition catalogue data from the Artl@s database, this article seeks to define the typology of collectors/owners of works presented at nine international biennials, while quantifying their presence synchronously and transversally, in order to question the homogeneity of the cohort.

En s’appuyant sur les données de catalogues d’exposition issues de la base Artl@s, cet article cherche à définir la typologie des collectionneurs/propriétaires des oeuvres présentées dans neuf biennales internationales, tout en quantifiant leur présence de façon synchronique et transversale, afin d’interroger l’homogénéité de la cohorte observée.

The Computational Eye. Deconstructing Style In Digital Art History, Paul Guhennec, Ellen Charlesworth

Artl@s Bulletin

With the aim of grounding digital methods in the art historic tradition, this paper uses the discussions around style as a springboard to ask how digital art history can extend beyond providing quantitative confirmation of known trends to enrich our current understanding of visual cultures. Drawing from the examples throughout this issue, we explore how an analysis of computational ways of seeing—or the ‘computational eye’—can expose the underlying preoccupations and priorities of our own research.

Afin de mieux ancrer les méthodes numériques dans la tradition de l’histoire de l’art, cet article se sert des discussions récentes autour du concept de …

Style, Nonetheless. Eight Good Reasons To Reject The Notion Of Style; Three Reasons To Use It Nonetheless, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel

Artl@s Bulletin

This article examines why art historians have distanced themselves from the concept of “style” since the 1960s. It draws on the critiques of Meyer Schapiro and Ernst Gombrich, which were often cited and reinterpreted by post-constructivist and decolonial historiographies since the 1990s. It identifies eight key factors: variability of definitions, normative applications, tendency towards formalism, evolutionary implications, oversimplification, historical ties to racist assumptions, hierarchical effects, and modern Western biases. However, the article argues for distinguishing the cognitive relevance of “style” from its problematic uses, exploring its potential application within a socio-historical framework.

Cet article explore les raisons pour lesquelles les …

How Many Annunciations Are There? Using European Prints To Digitally Explore The Iconographic Style Of Eighteenth-Century Portuguese Azulejos, Rosário S. Carvalho

Artl@s Bulletin

The combination of a computational approach with the expertise of art historians in studying the similarities and differences between European prints and eighteenth-century Portuguese azulejos has led to the emergence of an “iconographic style,” which introduced two major modes of depicting the Annunciation during the period under analysis. The article aims to assess the impact of the circulation of European prints on Portuguese tile coverings to better understand how the images were circulated and to determine their influence in terms of form, style, decoration, iconography and working process on the definition and execution of different iconographic programmes.

En combinant approche …

A Legacy Of Discord: Controversial Meanings In American Mudéjar Style (20th–21st Centuries), Francisco Mamani Fuentes

Artl@s Bulletin

This paper offers an American perspective on the term Mudéjar, examining debates in the study of American colonial art and architecture from the 20th century to the present day. It delves into the debates surrounding its stylistic classification and the resulting ambiguities associated with linking all geometric forms to Islamic aesthetics. The paper concludes that the current application of the term in architectural studies has overlooked criticisms from visual culture studies, which tend to ignore the constructive and design-specific aspects where Mudéjar might hold greater stylistic legitimacy.

Este artículo presenta una perspectiva americana sobre el término Mudéjar, examinando …

No Need Of Styles: Building Up Architectural Historiography, Carmen Popescu

Artl@s Bulletin

If styles lost impetus within the methodology of art historiography, in the (parallel) field of architecture, they were firmly rejected one century ago. One might consider that this more radical positioning (particularly in terms of epistemological tools) constituted the very reason for the undeclared but yet consumed divorce between the two disciplines. Attempting to define its specificity but also the autonomy of the discipline, architectural historiography followed a path less directly preoccupied with aesthetics and closer to functionality and technicity. My paper analyses how architectural historiography built up its idiosyncrasy.

Si les styles en tant que catégorie ont perdu de …

Copy, Style, And Art Historians Scrutiny: A Journey From Aby Warburg Back To C.F. Rumohr, Marco Jalla

Artl@s Bulletin

This article examines J. A. Ramboux’s watercolor copies after Italian Renaissance artworks and their critical reception by art historians. Initially valued for documenting original masterpieces, Ramboux’s copies later drew criticism for stylistic deviations. The analysis reveals the subjective nature of stylistic interpretation and its varying significance in art history, from Rumohr to Warburg. By questioning the criteria for assessing fidelity and authenticity in copy paintings, the article encourages readers to rethink traditional stylistic evaluations and to consider how evolving perspectives shape our understanding of style in art replication.

Cet article examine les copies à l’aquarelle de J. A. Ramboux d’oeuvres …

Manufacturing National Boundaries? The Notion Of Style Between Identity Constructions And Spatial Approaches, Michela Passini

Artl@s Bulletin

Art historians have long been preoccupied by art’s geographical inscription. But it was during the interwar period that research on the geography of art really took off and was recognized as a field of study in its own right. This is evidenced by the organization of an international congress of art history (Stockholm, September 1933) specifically devoted to art geography.

What was the field covered in 1933 by artistic geography? How did it define its objects? And how an art history marked at the time by an extremely present methodological nationalism did shape geographical approaches?

Depuis les débuts de la …

The Inner Form Of Style: On Heinrich Wölfflin’S “Tactical” Formalism, Rémi Mermet

Artl@s Bulletin

In this article, I examine the enduring relevance of Heinrich Wölfflin’s approach to style, in light of the renewed interest in it among “postformalist” art historians. By delving into the theoretical foundations of the Principles of Art History, I explore Wölfflin’s Goethean interpretation of Kantian epistemology, revealing a conception of style characterized by its dynamic and symbolic “inner form” rather than mere static formalism. This analysis not only highlights affinities with Max Weber’s thought but also uncovers a previously overlooked connection to Wilhelm von Humboldt, offering valuable insights for current discussions on style.

Dans cet article, j’étudie la pertinence …

Style Revisited, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel, Catherine Dossin, Nicola Carboni

Artl@s Bulletin

The resurgence of the concept of 'style' within the realm of artificial intelligence, particularly in the fields of image classification and style transfer, reignites age-old discussions in art history. Despite the success of algorithmic methods, this revival has been met with significant criticism from art historians. A thorough exploration of the history of the concept of style, its evolution, inherent ambiguities, and diverse applications underscores the challenges art history faces in integrating new computational approaches that aim to describe and analyze styles. This is the central theme of this issue of the Artl@s Bulletin, for which we invited a diverse …

Body As Instrument: Crafting A Spatial Representational Language For The Dancer's Body, Avery Boland

Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses

This project explored the intersection of dance and architecture using choreography, photography, and architectural principles through the development and application of a graphic notation system. Focused on the works of modern dance pioneer Martha Graham and photographer Barbara Morgan, the study tested the representation of the body in space through the use of Graham's choreography as captured by Morgan.

The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the representational language in capturing the spatial dynamics of the human body in Martha Graham's choreography through the notation of “frame” and “plane”. Through a comparative analysis of the selected dances, the …

Trevor Paglen: Visible Through The Invisible, Kailey Agoo

Global Contemporary Artist Analysis Archive

Trevor Paglen is a practicing artist, geographer, and photographer. Paglen investigates our relationship with the evergrowing advancements in technology and surveillance. By examining the “invisible through the visible” with multidisciplinary practices and image-making, Trevor Paglen explores the fragments of Artificial Intelligence and mass surveillance to understand the underlying forces of the systems we live in.

Jenna Gribbon: Queer Identity And The History Of The Nude, Taylor Sampson

Global Contemporary Artist Analysis Archive

Jenna Gribbon(b. 1978, Knoxville, TN) is an artist working primarily within the medium of painting. Her paintings challenge the sanctity of the private, while melding a queer and feminist critique of art history's representation of the nude figure.

73 | ‘Akko Iii: The 1991–1998 Excavations: The Late Periods Part 2: The Knights’ Hotel Site, The Messika Plot And Miscellaneous Studies, Danny Syon, Ayelet Tatcher

IAA Reports—Monograph Series of the Israel Antiquities Authority

Akko III: The Late Periods comprises two parts (IAA Reports 72 and 73), the third and fourth volumes in a series publishing the results of four excavations that took place within and just outside of the Old City of ‘Akko between 1991 and 1998. These two volumes present the archaeological finds from the Early Islamic to Ottoman periods, concentrating on the architecture and small finds from the Crusader period.

The present volume (Part 2; IAA Reports 73) presents the excavations in the Knights’ Hotel Site, which yielded a wealth of small items of daily use, including glass finds, lead ampullae, …

The Private Libraries Of Charleston, 1780-1860, Winter Hein

All Theses

The scope of this thesis examines the private libraries inventoried in Charleston, South Carolina. The thesis answers the question about the prevalence of private book collections and rooms called the “Library” between 1780 and 1860, as seen in probate inventories. Additionally, this thesis explores the character of the private collections during this study period in a case study manner. This includes the size of the collections, location (urban vs. rural), where collections are stored, and in which rooms they are found. Of the 4,476 Charleston County probate inventories between 1780 and 1860 available through FamilySearch online, a total of 903 …