Indonesia Joint Recapitalization Of 1999,
2021
Yale School of Management
Indonesia Joint Recapitalization Of 1999, Vaasavi Unnava, Ariel Smith
Journal of Financial Crises
The Indonesian government implemented a joint recapitalization program in 1999 to aid some of its private banks struggling with the effects of the Asian Economic Crisis. Nine banks were eligible, and seven ultimately participated. The program was voluntary; in order to participate, bank managers had to pass a test proving that they were competent enough to run their bank and create a three-year plan for the bank’s operations subject to independent assessment. All of the bank participants were able to return to the 4% minimum capital adequacy ratio by the end of the program.
Hungary Recapitalization Scheme,
2021
Yale School of Management
Hungary Recapitalization Scheme, Alec Buchholtz
Journal of Financial Crises
In the midst of the global financial crisis in October 2008, the Magyar Namzeti Bank (MNB), the Hungarian national bank, noticed a selloff of government securities by foreign banks and a large depreciation in the exchange rate of the Hungarian forint (HUF) in FX markets. Hungarian banks experienced liquidity pressure due to margin calls on FX swap contracts, prompting the MNB and Minister of Finance to seek assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Central Bank (ECB) and the World Bank. The IMF and ECB approved the Hungarian government’s (the State) requests in late 2008 to create a €19 …
The Hungarian Bank Recapitalization Program,
2021
Yale University
The Hungarian Bank Recapitalization Program, Junko Oguri
Journal of Financial Crises
Hungary implemented a number of new policies from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, shifting from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Despite the top-down market reforms, Hungary lacked the knowledge to build a fully functional financial system. Eventually, an economic turmoil caused by the collapse of eastern markets and fragility in the financial system led to the banking crisis of 1992–1993, revealing the undercapitalization of the financial system. The government implemented the recapitalization, or “bank consolidation,” as part of a stabilization program. It injected capital into banks in three stages—in December 1993, May 1994, and December …
Hong Kong Contingent Bank Capital Facility (Cbcf),
2021
Yale School of Management
Hong Kong Contingent Bank Capital Facility (Cbcf), David Tam, Steven Kelly
Journal of Financial Crises
On October 14, 2008, Hong Kong’s financial secretary announced the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) would use Hong Kong’s Exchange Fund to provide standby capital to banks if needed. The Contingent Bank Capital Facility (CBCF) was available until the end of 2010 to shore up depositor and investor confidence in the local banking sector and commenced in parallel with a broader set of announced measures including a consumer bank deposit guarantee. Twenty-three locally incorporated “Authorized Institutions” were eligible to access CBCF capital upon request. The provisioning of CBCF capital would be accompanied by enhanced oversight from the HKMA. The Hong …
Greece (2008) – Capital Injections,
2021
Yale University
Greece (2008) – Capital Injections, Manuel León Hoyos
Journal of Financial Crises
In October 2008, in the midst of the Global Financial Crisis (2007–09), the Greek government announced a €28 billion ($36 billion) government package. Greek Law 3723/2008, “Enhancement of Liquidity in the Economy in Response to the Impact of the International Financial Crisis,” was passed and approved under European Union State Aid rules. The Greek law provided for three voluntary programs: recapitalizations (€5 billion), guarantees (€15 billion), and securities (€8 billion). This case study exclusively examines the recapitalization program. In this program, the Greek government acquired convertible preferred shares in banks in order to build and maintain banks’ Tier 1 capital …
France Société De Prise De Participation De L’État (Sppe),
2021
Yale School of Management
France Société De Prise De Participation De L’État (Sppe), Devyn Jeffereis
Journal of Financial Crises
As the Global Financial Crisis deepened, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and ensuing contagion began affecting the French economy and financial system. France experienced declines in major economic indicators such as GDP, household consumption, and investment. In addition, the ensuing credit crunch in financial markets resulted in the seizing up of various lending markets. Due to conservative business practices, a consolidated market structure, and a sound regulatory framework, the French banks were relatively better situated than their European counterparts to weather the crisis. However, the French authorities instituted a precautionary recapitalization scheme in order to “restore …
Finland’S 1992 Capital Injection,
2021
Yale School of Management
Finland’S 1992 Capital Injection, Kaleb B. Nygaard
Journal of Financial Crises
Following a large-scale deregulation of the financial sector during the 1980s and subsequent massive credit expansion, a banking crisis in Finland caused a sharp contraction in the economy in the early 1990s. To prevent the collapse of the banking system, the government offered FIM 8 billion in capital injections. Parliament appropriated the funds in the spring of 1992 and terms were defined in June 1992. The program was open to all banks, in proportion to their size, regardless of their solvency. In the fall of 1992, FIM 7.9 billion was deployed to 56 cooperative banks and 22 savings banks of …
Danish Capital Injections Scheme 2009 (Dk Gfc),
2021
Yale School of Management
Danish Capital Injections Scheme 2009 (Dk Gfc), Priya Sankar
Journal of Financial Crises
Both the international financial system and Denmark were experiencing challenges in 2007 and 2008, and they came to a head in Denmark when Roskilde Bank experienced liquidity pressures in June 2008. As it became clear that Roskilde Bank was insolvent and no private solutions would be found, and as the global financial crisis worsened leading to the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the Danish government decided to take stronger action. To ensure the short-term survival of Roskilde Bank, the national bank issued a non-limited credit facility. After it passed a deposit guarantee scheme in 2008 and established a Financial Stability Company, …
Austria: Finanzmarktstabilitätsgesetz (Finstag),
2021
Yale School of Management
Austria: Finanzmarktstabilitätsgesetz (Finstag), Claire Simon
Journal of Financial Crises
Following the adoption of a joint framework by euro area countries in response to the intensifying financial crisis in October 2008, Austria enacted a package of measures including the Financial Market Stability Act (Finanzmarktstabilitätsgesetz, or FinStaG). In addition to permitting nationalization under certain circumstances, FinStaG allowed the Austrian government to use six specific measures to recapitalize credit institutions operating in Austria and Austrian insurance companies. According to FinStaG, €15 billion ($22 billion) could be used for this purpose, though this amount was later increased. Eight institutions received support through FinStaG, and the government granted capital and liquidity support totaling €21 …
A Lot On My Plate: Family Dishware Serving Up A History Of Global Commercialization,
2021
The University of Akron
A Lot On My Plate: Family Dishware Serving Up A History Of Global Commercialization, Grace Thanasiu
Student Projects from the Archives
The “Hearthside” shaped plate was created by the Homer Laughlin China Company sometime between 1963 and 1973. My family owns such a plate, and ours originally belonged to a set of plates that was “purchased” by my grandmother, Mary Ruhlin, with books and books full of redemption stamps. Redemption stamps were literal stamps that stores distributed to customers, who could later redeem them for cash or merchandise at affiliated redemption centers that partnered with grocery stores and businesses; redemption stamps functioned as a precursor to the modern loyalty card! The need for a reputable pottery company like Homer Laughlin to …
A Literature Review On The Issue Of Comparing And Contrasting The Fed’S Actions In Response To Covid-19 And The Great Recession,
2021
University of Missouri, St. Louis
A Literature Review On The Issue Of Comparing And Contrasting The Fed’S Actions In Response To Covid-19 And The Great Recession, Julian Meyerstrom
Undergraduate Research Symposium
As researchers and economists begin to evaluate and study the effect that the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic has had on the world and its financial institutions, many have focused exclusively on the pandemic and the unique impacts that a global shutdown has had. Economic events of this scale rarely occur, therefore when one does occur it is important to understand what happened and how the economic institutions reacted. The last great economic event to require direct involvement from the FED was the Great Recession in 2008. In most ways these two events are wholly distinct, happening for different reasons and impacting …
Financial Factors And The Propagation Of The Great Depression,
2021
University of Florida
Financial Factors And The Propagation Of The Great Depression, Gustavo S. Cortes, Bryan Taylor, Marc D. Weidenmier
Business Faculty Articles and Research
We investigate the role of forward-looking financial factors in propagating the Great Depression. We find that a new hand-collected bank stock index is better at predicting the onset of the Great Depression than the aggregate stock market or failed bank deposits. The bank stock index explains almost one-third of the fluctuations in industrial production after five years. Analysis disaggregated at each Federal Reserve district shows that bank stocks capture forward-looking information about debt defaults and credit. Our results suggest that future studies of the credit channel during the Great Depression should incorporate bank stocks to better identify the impact of …
Greening The Archive: The Social Climate Of Cotton Manufacturing In The "Samuel Oldknow Papers, 1782-1924",
2021
Columbia University
Greening The Archive: The Social Climate Of Cotton Manufacturing In The "Samuel Oldknow Papers, 1782-1924", Bernadette Myers, Melina Moe
Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies
This article re-examines the records and correspondence of Samuel Oldknow, a late eighteenth century textile manufacturer, within the context of the environmental humanities. Oldknow’s papers, a portion of which are held at Columbia University, are most often used by economic historians to date the beginnings of the factory wage labor system. We highlight, instead, the environmental implications of Oldknow’s cotton enterprise by juxtaposing documents related to the global reach of Oldknow’s empire with evidence of his transformation of the local landscape of northern England. This process of re-scaling captures a sense of what we call the “social climate” of the …
The Cultural Transmission Of Trust Norms: Evidence From A Lab In The Field On A Natural Experiment,
2021
Columbia University
The Cultural Transmission Of Trust Norms: Evidence From A Lab In The Field On A Natural Experiment, Elira Karaja, Jared Rubin
Economics Faculty Articles and Research
We conduct trust games in three villages in a northeastern Romanian commune. From 1775–1919, these villages were arbitrarily assigned to opposite sides of the Austrian and Ottoman/Russian border despite being located seven kilometers apart. This plausibly exogenous border assignment affected local institutions and late-18th century migration in a manner that likely also affected trust. Conditional on trust norms being affected by these centuries-old historical circumstances, our experimental design tests the degree to which such norms are transmitted intergenerationally. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that participants on the Austrian side that also have family roots in the village are indeed …
Conjectures Of English And Uk Economic Surplus, Investment, Tax Revenues And Deficit Amounts From The 13th To The 19th Century,
2021
University of Louisville
Conjectures Of English And Uk Economic Surplus, Investment, Tax Revenues And Deficit Amounts From The 13th To The 19th Century, Thomas E. Lambert
Faculty and Staff Scholarship
This paper attempts to estimate trends in the levels of economic surplus, public and private investment, and national government surpluses and deficits from accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents estimated by different economic historians for England and the UK. The data support historical accounts that income per capita growth begins to increase around the 1600s in Britain perhaps due to the level of capital, tax, and land income achieving an adequate threshold amount. According to some historians, this would also be about the time of capitalism’s ascent as the dominant economic system in England. Even then, dramatic increases in investment …
The Baran Ratio, Investment, And British Economic Growth And Development,
2021
University of Louisville
The Baran Ratio, Investment, And British Economic Growth And Development, Thomas E. Lambert
Faculty and Staff Scholarship
Investment in capital, new technology, and agricultural techniques has not been considered an endeavor worthwhile in a medieval economy because of a lack of strong property rights and no incentive on the part of lords and barons to lend money to or grant rights to peasant farmers. Therefore, the medieval economy and standards of living at that time often have been characterized as non-dynamic and static due to insufficient investment in innovative techniques and technology. Paul Baran’s concept of the economic surplus is applied to investment patterns during the late medieval, mercantile, and early capitalist stages of economic growth in …
Lessons Learned: Neel Kashkari,
2021
Yale University
Lessons Learned: Neel Kashkari, Yasemin Esmen
Journal of Financial Crises
Neel Kashkari was the Interim Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability between October 2008 and May 2009. He oversaw the architecture and administration of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) during this time. This “Lessons Learned” is based on a phone interview with Mr. Kashkari.
Lessons Learned: Phillip Swagel,
2021
Yale University
Lessons Learned: Phillip Swagel, Yasemin Esmen
Journal of Financial Crises
Phillip Swagel was Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the U.S. Treasury between 2006 and 2009. During this time, he advised Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson as his chief economist, served as a member of the TARP Investment Committee, and played an important part in the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. This “Lessons Learned” is based on a phone interview with Mr. Swagel.
Lessons Learned: James Wigand,
2021
Yale University
Lessons Learned: James Wigand, Sandra Ward
Journal of Financial Crises
A finance specialist and longtime Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) executive, James Wigand served as Deputy Director, Franchise and Asset Marketing, at the FDIC from 1997 to 2010, a period encompassing the global financial crisis of 2007-09. Wigand oversaw the resolution of all insured-depository institutions during the crisis, arranging acquisitions of troubled banks or liquidating them. He also acted as liaison between the chairman and board of directors of the FDIC. In 2010, in the aftermath of the crisis, Wigand was named director of the newly created Office of Complex Financial Institutions at the FDIC, an office formed under the …
Lessons Learned: Arthur Murton,
2021
Yale University
Lessons Learned: Arthur Murton, Sandra Ward
Journal of Financial Crises
Arthur Murton joined the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. in 1986 as a financial economist and rose through the ranks to become Director of the Division of Insurance and Research, a post he held from 1995 to 2013 and which he steered through the financial crisis of 2007-09. Murton participated in the important interagency discussions held on Columbus Day weekend in 2008 that led to the establishment of breakthrough programs that proved critical in stabilizing financial markets. This “Lessons Learned” summary is based on an interview with Mr. Murton about his crisis experience.
