Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

The Growth Of Ethanol In Brazil: Sugarcane, Corn, And A Few Other Things, Fabio Mattos

Cornhusker Economics

Although we can expect more ethanol produced from corn in the coming years, it is unclear whether it will keep expanding at the same pace as in recent years or how much it will contribute to total ethanol production.

One point to keep an eye on is the typical dynamics of markets. If supply and demand conditions and price movements make corn-ethanol more profitable, ethanol plants in Brazil will keep increasing their production. If it makes more economic sense to produce corn-ethanol (as it happened recently), they will use more corn to produce ethanol.

Supply and demand conditions for ethanol, …

Data Requirements For Whole-Farm Economic Analysis Of Grazing Alternatives, R O. Burton Jr

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to better communications among the agronomists, animal scientists, and agricultural economists on interdisciplinary teams, that wish to provide useful information to forage producers. This is accomplished by discussing major issues and data requirements for whole-farm economic analysis.

Native Grasslands Of Yugoslavia As A Potential For "Biologically High Quality Food" Production - To Be Preserved And Used For The Benefit Of All, Djordjevic-Milosevic Suzana, Negovanovic Dragan, Zakonovic Miodrag

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Natural grasslands are the base of the livestock production in the hilly-mountainous regions of Yugoslavia. Poor economic power of the owners of these areas brought about a complete dying out of agricultural production in these regions in the last few years. In the same time, the lack of financial resources made it impossible for the farmers to use the fertilisers, protective and other chemical agents which result in a high degree of environmental preservation. Due to current economic policy at this time the population has moved out and there is no industrialisation. The revival of agriculture on the hilly-mountainous regions …

Some Economics Problems Of Range Resource Analysis In Free And Open Access Environment, E Tedonkeng Pamo

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Economic analysis has been the traditional means by which the costs and benefits of rangeland conservation and sustained development have been identified. Conventional analysis has proved inadequate for dealing with the following realities : (1) open access in circumstances of poorly defined common-resource ownership tends to encourage over exploitation; (2) many costs of rangeland degradation involve externalities that will occur in the future; (3) the values of preservation and sustained management are substantial and can be translated into financial assistance; and (4) benefits from rangeland are not often appreciated because of lack of knowledge from rangeland. Recent approaches to economic …

Studies On The Distribution And Formation Of The Meadows In China, Feng Guojun, Zhang Xiujun, Zhu Libuo, Wei Shaocheng, Zhang Yongliang

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The lowland meadows are distributed on the Northeast Plains in the temperate zone in China, and its area became less and less with an increase of longitude. There are some regularities for the distribution of montane meadows, sub-montane meadows and cold-alpinal meadows. And the distribution and formation for meadows are independent upon the zonal climate and their environmental soil moisture.

Sward Structure Under Continuous And Rotation Grazing, V Pavlu, J Velich

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Sward structure under continuous (CG) and rotational (RG) grazing system was studied at an experimental pasture in the Jizerské hory mountains. Herbage mass and vertical distribution was assessed by cutting ten quadrats (0.1 x 0.5 m) and separated into grass, white clover, dandelion, other forbs and dead material. The proportions of grasses was higher at RG (on average 51% of the pasture mass) than at CG (41%). In the years with normal amount and distribution of precipitation the proportion of white clover was higher at CG (17%) than at RG (9%). The lack of summer precipitation damaged more significantly the …

Beef Cattle Production On Renovated Grass Pastures In Savannas Of Brazil, V.P B. Euclides, M.C M. Macedo, M P. Oliveira

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

A 3-year grazing trial was conducted, to study animal production on degraded grass pastures, renovated by two levels of fertilization. All paddocks were divided into halves: one received 1.5 t/ha of dolomitic limestone, 400 kg/ha of a fertilizer formula 0-16-18 and 50 kg/ha of microelements (FL1); and the other 3.0 t/ha , 800 kg/ha and 50 kg/ ha of the same fertilizers (FL2). Productivity on FL2 pastures was greater than that on FL1 pastures, averaging 565 and 395 kg of liveweight gain (LWG)/ha/year, respectively. For all grasses the productivity in both fertilizer treatments decreased linearly from the first to the …

Pasture Attributes And Live-Weight Gain Of Lambs Grazing With Different Supplementation Levels, P A. Martinez-Hernandez, M Meza-Nieto, J Perez-Perez, R Barcena, J G. Herrera

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The purpose of this study was to determine pasture attributes, liveweight gain and stocking rate from a mixed pasture grazed by lambs recieving different supplementation levels. There were four treatments: in two, lambs grazed at 4 or 8% herbage allowance, no supplement; in the other two, lambs grazed at 4% herbage allowance plus a concentrate to cover 25 and 30 or 50 and 60% of estimated daily needs of metabolizable energy and crude protein. Pasture was of perennial and annual ryegrass, orchard grass and red clover. Pre and postgrazing forage mass, crude protein and dead material were not different (P …

Characteristics Of Grass Species In Pasture For High Producing Cows In Northern Japan, K Sudo, K Ochiai, T Ikeda

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The prupose of this research was to investigate characteristics of grass species under different conditions appropriate to the intensive grazing system for high producing cows (8000 kg for a 305-day lactation) in northern Japan. Meadow fescue (Festuca elatior L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perene L.) white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pastures were established and divided into two plots by difference of regulated plant height (meadow fescue and timothy) or of stocking intensity (perennial ryegrass). Each plot was 60m2 and was grazed when plant height reached 20cm or 30cm. Meadow fescue and perennial …

Natural Dialectics: Māori & Sioux Ecosophy Encounters The Rule Of Law, Robert T.F. Downes

The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development

In the age of intensifying anthropogenic climate change, an ecosophical shift is required in the epistemological and ontological comprehension of the interrelations between the human and non-human worlds. This shift is essential for refining existing social scientific approaches to investigating and adjudicating questions of environmental governance, environmental justice, environmental sovereignty, in addition to advancing democratic counters to the effects of ecological degradation and environmental catastrophe that move beyond rigid political-economic constraints. This essay constitutes a novel engagement with discourses of radical democracy and radical ecology that applies the philosophical method of dialectical naturalism to an ecosophical interpretation of the human-nature …

S-Preclones And The Galois Connection SPol–SInv, Part I, Peter Jipsen, Erkko Lehtonen, Reinhard Pöschel

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We consider S-operations f : Aⁿ → A in which each argument is assigned a signum s ∈ S representing a “property” such as being order- preserving or order-reversing with respect to a fixed partial order on A. The set S of such properties is assumed to have a monoid structure reflecting the behaviour of these properties under the composition of S-operations (e.g., order-reversing composed with order-reversing is order- preserving). The collection of all S-operations with prescribed properties for their signed arguments is not a clone (since it is not closed under arbitrary identification of arguments), …

Preliminary Analysis Of Per-And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfas) In Surface Waters Of The West Plains Region Of Spokane County, Jerusha Hampson

2024 Symposium

Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) have become a national issue as regulatory limits for these toxins have just recently been put into the Clean Water Act. The West Plains has been significantly impacted by PFAS contamination due to the decades-long use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for firefighting training at both Fairchild Airforce Base and the Spokane International Airport. Though research is still underway, it is known that PFAS contamination in West Plains groundwater is significant and widespread. This study focuses on West Plains surface waters, as there is currently less information about how these water bodies are impacted by PFAS. …

Live-Weight Gain Of Steers Grazing African Star Grass Four Herbage Allowances, J Perez-Perez, J O. Hernandez-Velez, J G. Herrera-Haro, R Barcena-Gama

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective was to determine weight changes of steers grazing African star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) at four herbage allowances (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 kg of dry matter/100 kg of live weight day-1). A rotational grazing system with 10 grazing days and 30 days rest was followed. A Split Plot Design with four replications was used. Response variables were: daily gain per steer (DGS) and per hectare (DGH), dry matter forage yield (FY), % of utilization (% U) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMIVD). DGS and DGH were not different (P >0.05) among allowances and grazing periods. …

Strategic Use Of Brachiaria Decumbens Pasture To Beef Heifers During Dry Season, E G. Cardoso, N F. Seiffert, J Marques Da Silva, V.P. B. Euclides, J M. Vieira

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The main objective of this study was to evaluate a Brachiaria decumbens pasture, instead of a common rangeland, for zebu beef heifers during the dry season of the year as a means of anticipating the first calving age from four to three years of age, and so improve the production rate of the herd. Daily liveweight gains (DLWG) were analyzed for the effects of year and three stocking rates during the dry season (SR1=1.5; SR2=2.0 and SR3=2.5 head/ha). The main effect on heifers DLWG was the year (P<0.01), but SR was also important (P<0.05), mainly during the last half of the dry season when pastures are under severe constraints such as soil moisture deficit and low temperatures. The lowest SR presented the highest DLWG (0.204a, 0.174ab and 0.145b kg/head, respectively for SR1, SR2 and SR3), during the dry season. If climatic conditions are not exceptionally bad, heifer first calving occurs at 37 months of age when reared on B. decumbens.

Quality Grassland For Dairy Production In North-West Spain, A Gonzalez-Rodriguez

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

An experiment with two groups of 15 Friesian cows grazing independent areas, with no N and 240 kg N ha-1, was run during two years to see the levels of milk production based on a grass/white clover pasture, maintaining high levels of herbage quality. N application decrease clover content from 55% to 42%. The total DM response to N was low. Herbage utilization was maintained similar in both treatments. Moderate levels of milk production can be reached, more than 4000 litres cow-1 and 9000 litres ha-1, with low use of concentrates, only 400 kg cow-1. Crude protein levels were high …

Buffer Grazing For A Twelve Month Cow-Calf Production System, W B. Bryan, E C. Prigge, D J. Flaherty, G E. D'Souza

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Set stocking is a widely used grazing management for beef cow-calf production on Appalachian hill land pastures of the USA. A replicated study was conducted to compare a conventional (set stocking) and buffer grazing management. For the buffer system, grazing area was restricted in the spring and hay was harvested from the ungrazed area. In summer, a portion of this area (buffer) was grazed and a second cutting of hay removed from the remaining area. For the conventional treatment a fixed area was set stocked and hay was harvested on an area designated for hay only. Land areas and fertilizer …

Sward Height On The Performance Of Cow-Calf Units And Yearling Steers Grazing Cool Season Pasture, E C. Prigge, W B. Bryan, E L. Nestor

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Performance and grazing time of cow-calf units and yearling steers were determined over four years on naturalized cool season pastures maintained at a sward height of 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, or 10-12 cm. Daily gains of cows and steers responded quadratically (P<0.05) to increasing sward heights, with gains maximized at 8-10 cm. Milk production of the cows and gain of the calves were not affected (P>0.10) by sward height. Grazing days (cow-calf unit/hectare) decreased linearly (P<0.01) with increasing sward height. The proportion of the day spent grazing for cows and steers decreased in a linear manner (P<0.05) as pasture height increased. Cows spent less time grazing than steers (P<0.05) at all but the low pasture height.

Intensive Rotational Grazing Systems For Dairying In A Subtropical Environment: Animal, Plant, And Soil Responses, J H. Fike, C R. Staples, L E. Sollenberger, D A. Graetz

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Forage species, stocking rate, and supplementation rate effects upon performance of lactating dairy cows were studied. Forage mass and nutritive value and nutrient concentration in shallow groundwater also were measured. Cows (n = 44) grazed bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) or rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata), stocked at 4.9 or 7.4 cows ha-1, and 2.5 or 4.9 cows ha-1, respectively. Pelleted concentrate:whole cottonseed (80:20) was offered twice daily post milking at 1 kg per 2 or 3 kg of daily milk production. Cows grazing rhizoma peanut produced more (P = .076) milk per day but had greater (P = …

High Moisture Corn Supplementation Of Different Dry Matter Content To Cows Grazing Temperate Pasture, D H. Rearte, H Alvarez, F Santini

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of this study was to evaluate grazing dairy cows performance supplemented with high moisture corn of different dry matter content. Cows grazed fresh forage oat day and night and received 5 kg DM high moisture corn daily. Treatments 1 and 2 were high moisture corn of 30% and 18% moisture content respectively. Twenty Holstein cows were used for milk production and composition studies and six rumen fistulated cows were used for rumen digestion studies. Milk production and composition and body weight gain were not affected by the dry matter content of the supplemented high moisture corn. Related to …

Intake Of High Producing Holstein Cows Grazing Pasture Or Fed A Total Mixed Ration, E S. Kolver, L D. Muller

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The ability of a pasture diet to support a high dry matter intake without supplementary feed was determined using 16 high producing Holstein cows. Cows (n=8) were adapted to an all-pasture diet by incrementally reducing the amount of total mixed ration (TMR) fed over four weeks. A control group of cows (n=8) remained in confinement and were fed a TMR. Performance of grazing cows differed significantly (P < 0.001) from TMR fed cows by intake (19.0 vs. 23.4 kg DM/d), milk production (29.6 vs. 44.1 kg/d), milk protein content (2.61 vs. 2.80%), liveweight (562.1 vs. 597.3 kg), and condition score (2.02 vs. 2.50). Results indicate that intake of good quality pasture is higher than previously estimated for high producing Holstein cows in the USA, but that milk production is 15 kg/d less than when cows are fed a TMR.