Plant Pathology Commons^™

Livestock Policy: Progressive Globalization Currently Focused On Environmental Issue, Food Quality And Safety In The Past And New Human-Animal Relationship In The Future, Jean François Tourrand, Pierre Valarié, Mohamed Taher Srairi, Fernando Coronato, Adama Faye, Mona Abd-El-Zaker Oman, Peggy Strankmann, Hermes Morales, Luming Ding, Liz Wedderburn, Paulo D. Waquil, Laura G. Duarte

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Facing critics regarding the environmental impacts of livestock activities during the past decades, the MOUVE project and the LIFLOD network have developed a specific research to better understand the consequences of livestock policy at both the local and global scales.

In 2006, the FAO book “Livestock Long Shadow” (Steinfeld et al., 2006) drew attention on the environmental impacts of the livestock activities. Facing the incredible awareness, the FAO team tried to mitigate the critics by highlighting the positive functions of livestock (Steinfeld et al., 2010; Gerber et al., 2010; Gerber et al., 2013). Some …

Pasture Establishment And Sustainability In Arid Region Of Rajasthan, India: Prospects And Constraints, Surendra Singh Shekhawat, S. M. Kumawat, S. L. Godara

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rajasthan is the largest state of India and covers nearly 10.4 per cent (342.65 lakh ha) of total geographical area of the country. About 65 per cent of its population is dependent on agriculture. According to livestock census-2007, Rajasthan ranks at the third place (56.663 million) in the country for total livestock population after Uttar Pradesh (60.272 million) and Andhra Pradesh (60.175 million). The large livestock population of the state shows importance of fodder in the state. Western part of Rajasthan state covers the area of the state towards western side of Aravali range of hills, which divides the state …

A Research On Community-Based Livestock Of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ze Bai, Gang Liu, Qunying Zheng, Hongxuan Zhang, Ligang Dao, Xiaoyi Wang, Xiaode Zhang, Zhi Lu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau locates in Southwestern China, covering the whole area of Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Southern part of Gansu Province, Northwestern part of Sichuan Province and Northwestern part of Yunnan Province, with an area of around 139.08 million hectares of natural grassland, accounting for 39% of the total area of natural grassland in China. It is also the largest natural ecozones in China and one of the least disturbed regions by human activities, with its air, water sources, soil, grassland, wildlife in their pristine state.

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the native home for Tibetan people. Grassland animal husbandry is the …

Working With Farmers: The Key To Adoption Of Improved Fodder Technologies, Satyapriya, P. Singh, H. V. Singh, P. Sharma

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The lack of a close working relationship between agricultural research organizations, different extension organizations and with different categories of farmers is one of the most difficult institutional problems of agricultural technological implementation in India. Agricultural research and extension organizations generally fight over the same limited government resources and they try to increase the flow of resources coming to their respective institutions to solve day-today management problems, rather than ensuring that their respective organizations contribute to the broader goal of getting improved agricultural technology to all major categories of farmers. In addition, the researchers and extension workers of many research and …

Mediating Socio-Political Barriers To Water Quality Improvement In Surface Water On Grazed Wildlands, Tipton D. Hudson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Acute and growing social and legal conflict over regulation of non-point source pollution in Washington State has hampered proactive efforts to improve water quality in streams dominated by grazed watersheds. Livestock farmers caught in the conflict over water quality experience legal risk, reduced quality of life, and financial risk. Nonpoint source pollution is “pollution that is not released through pipes but rather originates from multiple sources over a relatively large area”. This diffuse pollution is notoriously difficult to regulate. Because causality is often not definable, coercing behavior is problematic, and most efforts to address nonpoint source (NPS) pollution rely on …

The Potential And Limitations Of Grasslands For Livestock Production In West Shoa Zone Of Oromia Region, Ethiopia, Abule Ebro, Azage Tegegne, Adisu Abera, Endale Yadessa, Zewdie Adane, Berhanu Gebremedhin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ethiopia holds the largest livestock population in Africa estimated at about 54 million heads of cattle, 25.5 million sheep, 24.06 million goats, 0.92 million camels, 4.5 million donkeys, 1.7 million horses, 0.33 million mules, 54 million chicken and 4.9 million beehives (CSA, 2012). Despite the huge livestock population, the productivity of livestock in general is low and compared to its huge resource its contribution to the national economy is below expected. Among the major problems affecting livestock production and productivity in Ethiopia, feed shortage in terms of quantity and quality is the leading problem (Alan et al., 2012). The …

The Compensation To Herders For Exploitation Of Minerals In China's Grasslands: Lack Of Security, Wenjun Li, Jian Zhang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Inner Mongolia is rich in mineral resources. Though a number of economic benefits were reaped from mineral exploitation, the exploitation occupied and destroyed large amounts of grasslands (Meji et al., 2009), which led to conflicts between herders and mining companies (Hilson et al., 2002). The compensation to herders who lost grasslands is the primary cause of conflicts. We have observed that the compensation herders received was awarded without a clear standard which caused much confusion. This paper is focused on the compensation herders received, the factors influencing the amount of compensation and the reason why the compensation to …

Utilizing Grassland Resources For Sub-Arctic Agriculture: Sustainable Muskox Farming In Alaska, Laura Starr, Joshua Greenberg, Mingchu Zhang, Steven Seefeldt, Janice Rowell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment broadly classifies Alaska as a Polar Ecosystem, characterized as being frozen most of the year and underlain by permafrost. Despite this bleak portrayal, some of the largest herds of grazing ungulates are indigenous to Alaska - and thriving. This is both a testament to the resilience of grazing systems in general as well as a statement to the suitability of grazing systems specifically for Alaska. In a state economy dominated by nonrenewable resource extraction, agricultural production has remained largely undeveloped (Fried 2013). However, today there is increasing interest in local agricultural production with the goal …

Grasspea: A Potential Fodder And Feed Resources, Ashutosh Sarker, Pooja Sah, Vijay Kumar Yadav, M. M. Das

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a an important legume crop grown in India, Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, Nepal, and Pakistan for human food, animal feed and soil health improvement. In India, grasspea is grown in about 521,100 ha, mainly in Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Orissa, Assam, West Bengal, and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Grasspea cultivation is low-cost and easy. Inherently grasspea possesses resistance to drought, excess moisture, salinity, diseases, and insect pests. As grasspea has an ambivalent reputation due to ODAP content in its plant parts, efforts are on to develop low or ODAP-free grasspea varieties with high biomass for dual …

Production And Resource Use Of Winter Feed Crops In New Zealand, John De Ruiter, E. Chakwizira, S. Maley

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the South Island of New Zealand (NZ), dairy cow numbers have increased from 1.4 to 2.1 million since 2005 (Statistics, New Zealand, 2014). This has led to a strong demand for winter feed crops in place of pasture, and also for supplementing pasture during lactation. Yields of 19–35 t DM/ha are reported for fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in NZ (Chakwizira et al., 2014) compared with 14–25 t DM/ha for forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.) (Chakwizira et al., 2009) and 18–25 t DM/ha for maize (Zea mays L.). Fodder beet has only recently been …

Animal Production In A Subtropical Region Of Mexico: Rangeland´S Productive Characteristics, Benito Albarrán-Portillo, C. M. Arriaga-Jordan, Isela G. Salas Reyes, Fernando Vicente Mainar, Adela Martinez Fernandez, Francisca Aviles Nova, Rolando Rojo Rubio

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dual-purpose cattle farms (DP) in México and in particular in the south west of the State of México are low input, based on tropical pastures under extensive management combined with fodder trees and shrubs that contributes to forage production during the dry season, where grasses are scarce. Farms land extension ranged from 30 to 300 hectares. The stoking rate is low with less than a cow per ha. There is only a perimetral fence, there is no pasture´s subdivision. Cows browse freely within the rangeland 24 h/d all year round. Cattle are predominantly Brow Swiss with small proportion of zebu …

Performance Of Improved Forage Species Under Dry Temperate Conditions Of North Western Himalayas, Naveen Kumar, B. R. Sood, Sunil Kumar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The dry temperate region of Himalayas is characterized by low precipitation, low temperature and high snowfall. In this region generally, all the areas excluding the intensively cultivated one are used as pasture and grasslands. The area is characterized by sloppy desert mountains with crop growing season of 5-6 months (April to September). In the region due to continuous heavy grazing and lack of management indigenous grass species presently represent the third or fourth stage of degradation. In north western Himalayas livestock plays a significant role in sustaining the livelihood of people, but in the region all forage resources are hardly …

Productive Longevity Of Fodder Galega-Grass Swards, Aleksandrs Adamovics, Olga Adamovica, Iveta Gutmane

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover, alfalfa and white clover are traditional forage crops in Latvia. In Latvian agricultural practice, fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is grown for a relatively short period. Recently introduced into Latvia, it is rousing evergrowing interest due to its persistency and high yielding ability. Experiments on fodder galega show that this longlived legume survives in pure stands for 25 and more years and provides annual DM yields from 9.56 to 11.0 t ha^-1 (Adamovics and Auzins, 2006; Slepetys, 2000; Slepetys and Adomovics, 2011). Pure fodder galega stands, compared to other legumes, are not thinning out during harvest …

Acacia Cochliacantha Control In Buffel Grass Pastures At Alamos, Sonora, Mexico, Fernando Ibarra Martin, Martha Martin Rivera, Fernando Ibarra-Flores, Salomón M. Moreno, Francisco Denogean Ballesteros, Rodolfo Garza Ortega, Rafael Retes Lopez, Alfredo Aguilar Valdez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Chirahui (Acacia cochliacantha) is an aggressive tall-shrub which invades buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) in the short jungle area of Southern Sonora, Mexico. As brush invasion takes over the pastures buffelgrass forage production declines and spiny brush species interferes with cattle grazing (Martin et al., 1995). Manual brush control practices are common in the area but are normally ineffective because plants re-sprout back and reinvade pastures. Tordon 101 herbicide (64.0 g a.i./l Picloram + 240.0 g a.i/l 2,4-D) has been widely used for brush control in northern Mexico but it is expensive and is planned to go …

Fodder Yield And Quality Of Egyptian Clover (Trifolium Alexandrinum L.), Annual Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum Lam.), And Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Monocultures As Affected By Organic And Mineral Fertilization, Heba Sabry Attia Salama

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is the most important forage legume crop in Egypt. Despite the fact that its yield and protein content are high, it is characterized by low dry matter content especially in the 1st cut, in addition to its limited energy supply, attributed to the low carbohydrate content. Therefore, there is a pressing need to introduce some promising winter annual forage grasses, like barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and investigate their performance under the Egyptian agricultural conditions. This would enhance the Egyptian animal production systems by providing a high-quality feed …

Diversifying Agricultural Practices To Meet Fodder Requirements In The Nw Himalayas Through Improved Land Use Systems, Anurag Raizada, Suresh Kumar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

True grasslands formed as climatic climaxes in India are confined to the alpine regions (> 3000 m s l) in the Eastern and Western Himalayas and have been studied for their productivity (Joshi et al.,1988., Ram et al., 1989) and vegetation diversity (Raizada et al., 1998). Other grasslands as they exist are stable sub-climax formations formed as a result of forest degradation and the occurrence of secondary succession in almost all over the Himalayan region. The livelihoods of mountain dwellers is mainly dependent on traditional agriculture and livestock rearing. Animal husbandry is an inseparable component of hill …

Dairy Intensification And Grassland Access For Livestock: A Comparative Study Of India And Bangladesh, Braja Swain, Dhiraj Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dairying is the next-best alternative for rural livelihood after crop in South Asia, where more than fifty percent of population depends on it. The milk production is concentrated in the rain-fed and irrigated crop-livestock systems of India, which contributes more than 90 percent of milk production in South Asia. Despite this vast expansion of milk production in India–dairying is characterized by a predominance of small-scale dairy producers who cultivates or have no land and reliance only on indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes, where grazing plays an important role for feed. However, dependency on indigenous cattle and grazing changes based …

Significance Of Grasses In Establishment Of Ecological Restoration In Mined Out Degraded Land In Jharia Coalfield, Dhanbad, D. C. Jha, Rajkumar, Harish Pal, Mamta Rani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This paper reviews the experience of ecological restoration adopted by Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a Miniratna Company, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, Government of India, Public Sector Undertaking to restore the mined out degraded land in Jharia Coalfield (JCF). JCF is one of the oldest coalfield of India and was mined in an unscientific manner for more than 100 years by the erstwhile private entrepreneurs until it was nationalised in 1972-73, due to which the coalfield was subjected to severe land degradation, mine fires and subsidence. The total degraded land in the JCF in 1986 was 6,294 hectares. …

Rangelands Management: A Foresight In Afghanistan, Yashpal Singh Saharawat, Abdul Rahman Manan, Hyatullah Esmati

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Afghanistan, a land locked country with arid and semi-arid climatic conditions and the average amount of rainfall is 250 mm per year, heavily depends on the rangelands for livestock feed. Permanent pasture cover around 46% of the total land area i.e. 30 million ha rangeland exist in the country (Thomson et al. 2003), whereas forestry covers around 3% of total area i.e. around 1.9 million ha. Based on seasons, the rangelands of Afghanistan divided into three categories; the winter (16 million ha); the spring and autumn (16 million ha) and summer (22.5 million) pastures. Rangeland degradation is quite severe …

Analysis Of Livelihood Structure Of Pastoralists In Banni Grassland In Kachchh District Of Gujarat In India, B. L. Manjunatha, M. Shamasudheen, R. K. Bhatt, Devi Dayal, Pratibha Tewari

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Banni grassland in Kachchh district of Gujarat in India is situated at 69⁰24’ E longitude to 23⁰42’ N latitude axis and spread in about 3847 sq km area. Banni region is a vast salt affected plain and experiences arid climate with average rainfall of 317mm received by southwest monsoon spread between June to September with high coefficient of Variation of 65%. Banni grassland is home to migratory pastoralists, generally called maldharies, for more than 500 years. Banni area comprises of 48 hamlets/villages organized into 19 Panchayats with a population of approximately 40,000 people. Maldharies are landless …