Plant Pathology Commons^™

The Importance Of Campos Ecosystem As A World Food Producer And As A Provider Of Ecosystem Services, Walter Ayala, D. Bendersky, J. Paruelo, P. Rovira

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Campos ecosystem represent one of the largest grassland areas on the world, with great biodiversity in plants and animals. It contributes to improve world food security, based on ruminant livestock production, providing animal protein to feed more than 160.000.000 people. The research agenda for Campos ecosystem demands attention on the productivity and increasing variability phenomena, overgrazing, biodiversity standards and water contamination among other factors. It provides services including genetic resources, carbon storage, control of soil erosion, nutrient recycling, water production with low nutrient concentration and pest control. Overall, there is available technology to improve long-term livestock productivity and preserve …

The Hunt For The “Holy Grail”: Condensed Tannins In Perennial Forage Legumes, John R. Caradus, Christine R. Voisey, G. R. Cousin, D. R. Woodfield, A. Blanc, M. B. Roldan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A recent advance using molecular biology has identified a transcription factor or master switch that can ‘turn on’ the condensed tannin pathway present in white clover, and with the appropriate promoters allows biologically significant levels of condensed tannin expression in leaf tissue. In vitro tests have demonstrated that the condensed tannins produced in white clover leaves can bind protein at a pH 6.5, as found in the rumen, and then release them at pH 2.5, the pH in the abomasum, before entering the small intestine for amino acid absorption. Additional tests have demonstrated that these condensed tannins can reduce methane …

Understanding The Effects Of A Tannin Extract On Forage Protein Digestion In The Rumen And Abomasum Using A Dynamic Artificial Digestive System Coupled To A Digestomic Approach, T. Sayd, C. Chambon, A. Torrent, S. Blinet, L. Theron, V. Niderkorn

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Improving the use efficiency of dietary protein in ruminants is a major challenge to decrease feed supplementation and significantly decrease nitrogen (N) losses to the environment. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of tannins on protein digestion in the rumen and in conditions simulating the abomasum, using a dynamic in vitro digestive system coupled to a digestomic approach. Three ruminally-cannulated sheep fed with alfalfa hay were infused daily with a solution of tannins, while three other sheep were infused with water (control). Standardized ruminal fluid was introduced into the digester, which simulated the transit of digesta …

Identifying Forage Quality Eastern Gamagrass [Tripsacum Dactyloides (L.) L.] Genotypes From A Wild Regional Collection, D. M. Hollowell, Jesse Ira Morrison, B. S. Baldwin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Eastern gamagrass is a perennial warm-season grass native to North America and endemic to the eastern United States. The species is highly valuable as both a forage and hay crop. In 2012, 171 wild-type eastern gamagrass accessions were collected from the southeast, mid-Atlantic and Atlantic coast regions. Each accession was relocated to Starkville, MS (33.423585, -88.792394) and established in a long-term nursery. Accessions were analyzed for ploidy level and during 2013-2014 were further evaluated for desirable forage characteristics including: cold tolerance, delayed maturity, rust resistance, and digestibility. Fourteen elite individuals were identified from the original collection and were propagated for …

Irrigation Management Strategies For Fodder Beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) Crops, Edith N. Khaembah, John M. De Ruiter, E. Chakwizira, S. Maley, M. J. George

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The production of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in New Zealand is concentrated in the South Island, and often requires irrigation to achieve high yields. Development of efficient irrigation management strategies requires information on the effect of timing and rate of irrigation on crop growth. A field study was conducted on a moderately deep soil at Chertsey, Canterbury, New Zealand, to evaluate crop growth responses to five irrigation managements: Rain-fed (control), weekly replacement of full evapotranspiration (FullET-weekly), and 50% of evapotranspiration replaced weekly (HalfET-weekly), fortnightly (HalfET-2weekly) or 3-weekly (HalfET-3weekly). Irrigation to replace ET was adjusted to account for rainfall …

Maintain Forage Yields In Long- And Short-Term Grasslands In Norway, I. Sturite, T. Maeland, M. Höglind

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Various reasons have been invoked explaining the low renovation activity in Norwegian grassland farming: swards are often located in marginal areas, ploughing and reseeding gives low or no yield in the renovation year, and it may be unprofitable to establish a new sward. The establishment of new leys can also prove difficult in seasons with unfavourable weather conditions. Thus, farmers prefer long-term or permanent swards as opposed to ploughed and reseeded swards. The hypotheses of this study is that under equal management conditions, permanent and temporary swards (leys) that are reseeded frequently are equally productive. We present results from an …

Sowing Rate Effects On Biomass Production Of A Forage Oat In The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, C. T. Liu, H. B. Zhang, J. Q. Deng, Yuying Shen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Oat (Avena sativa L.) has been a quality forage for the livestock husbandry in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. But farmers tend to use high sowing rates to avoid forage production risks, which does not always give the optimum yield. An field experiment was carried out to explore the response of dry matter production of forage oat Jiayan No.2 to sowing rates in three locations of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Tianzhu county (TZ), Haiyan county (HB) and Hongyuan county (HY).The five sowing rates were set as 30 , 60 , 90 , 150 and 240 kg·ha^-1. Sowing rates had a …

Regeneration Of Old Ungrazed Old Man Saltbush (Atriplex Nummularia) Stands In South-West Australia, S. J. Bennett, S. G. Low, D. Collins, V. Crouch

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Many old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) stands were sown in the grainbelt of Western Australia for soil regeneration and salinity management up to 25 years ago, but have not been effectively grazed subsequently, such that the main feed available for sheep is above grazing height. The aim of the study was therefore to see if it was possible to return the old man saltbush stands to a productive grazing stand.

Two sites were chosen that had been sown up to 25 years previously in Goomalling and Corrigin, in the south-west of Western Australia. The sites were split into …

Shelf Life Potential And Microbial Load Of Varying Mixtures Of Grass-Legume Pellets: A Dry Season Feed, O. A. Aderinola, S. T. Oyewole, D. O. Okunlola

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of storage duration (0, 6 and 12 weeks), storage medium (plastic container, polythene bag and jute sack) and varying mixture of grass-legume (60% Panicum maximum (6Pm); 30% Panicum maximum + 30% Lablab purpureus (3Pm3Lp); 40% Panicum maximum + 20% Lablab purpureus (4Pm2Lp); 40% Panicum maximum + 20% Stylosanthes hamata (4Pm2Sh) and 30% Panicum maximum + 30% Stylosanthes hamata (3Pm3Sh)) on shelf life and microbial load of grass-legume pellets were examined in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria (Latitude 8⁰N, Longitude 4⁰E) using a 3 x 3 x 5 factorial arrangement using completely randomized design …

Grass-Legume Mixtures For Diversified And Profitable Forage Production, M. A. Islam, D. Ashilenje

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass-legume mixtures can improve forage yields, nutritive value, and net economic benefits. A replicated experiment was conducted from 2013-2017 at the University of Wyoming Sheridan Research and Extension Center to determine forage yield, nutritive value, and gross margin for meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) mixtures and monocultures. Treatments included 50-50% and 70-30% mixtures of meadow bromegrass with each legume and 50-25-25% mixture of meadow bromegrass with two legumes and 50-16.7-16.7-16.7% mixture of meadow bromegrass, alfalfa, sainfoin, and birdsfoot trefoil. Grass monocultures received …

"Estimation Of The Primary Net Production Above Ground Through Remote Sensing In A Pastoral System Of The Colombian Altillanura.", R. A. Díaz, M. Álvarez, O. Pérez, J. Bernal, M. Arango

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The primary net production above ground (ANPP) represents the main forage resource that supports the bovine production systems and its valuation is essential to help in the decision making on the management of the pastures. The ANPP has been estimated by periodic biomass courtesy, but with the use of the remote sensor integrated into the efficiency model formulated by Monteih (1972), it has been possible to estimate this biophysical parameter more efficiently at different scales and at low cost. The objective of this study was to estimate the PPNA based on a model of efficiency in the use of light …

Closing Feed Gaps By Winter Forage Production In Limpopo: What Is The Potential?, S. A. Lamega, M. Komainda, M. P. Hoffmann, J. J. Odhiambo, K. K. Ayisi, Johannes Isselstein

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In southern Africa, livestock productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems is constrained by forage supply towards the end of the dry period. Opportunities to improve forage availability to close the temporal feed gap counteracting negative effects on production as well as on environment need to be explored. A promising option might be the planting of cover crops (CC) during the winter period. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in the Limpopo province (South Africa) during the autumn-winter period of 2019 at two sites (Syferkuil, Thohoyandu) with contrasting climatic conditions and soil type. We selected multi-functional C3 species – winter rye ( …

The Morphological, Crude Protein And In-Vitro Dry Matter Degradability Characterisation Of Nine Native Grass Species For Veld Restoration In Semi-Arid Environment, N. H. Msiza, K. E. Ravhuhali, H. K. Mokoboki, Sydney Mavengahama

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture production is dependent on results from favourable conditions that allow for stimulation of tillers and absence thereof does not promote the development of tillers. The study sought to investigate the comparative characterisation of the morphology, crude protein and in-vitro dry matter degradability (DMD) of nine native grass species (Anthephora pubescens, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Dactylis glomerata, Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis curvula, Festuca arundinacea, Panicum maximum & Themeda triandra), subjected under controlled conditions. Plants were assessed for germination percentage, chlorophyll, number of leaves and tillers, crude protein and in-vitro dry matter degradability (DMD). Data on these parameters was analysed …

Uses And Knowledge Of Plant Species By Mongolian Herders In The Gobi Desert And Identification Of Species Of Interest For Planting, A. Barnes, Simon Taugourdeau, S. Bazan, V. Rayot, Ts. Enkhjargal

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Central Asia, many projects propose to establish single-species saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Meyer) Bunge) plantations. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among herders in Ulaanbadrakh, in the Dornogobi province, and herders in Gurvansaikhan, in the Dundgobi province in the Gobi Desert (Mongolia). The aim of this survey is to verify the interest of saxaul for the local populations, and to identify other woody species of interest for planting. Herders were questioned about the use of plant species from the Gobi grazing lands: livestock feed, human food, and then about plant species non-eaten by livestock and those that could …

The Cropgro Perennial Forage Model Simulates Productivity And Re-Growth Of Tropical Perennial Grasses, K. J. Boote, D. N. L. Pequeno, P. D. Alderman, S. J. Rymph, M. A. S. Lara

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This paper introduces the CROPGRO Perennial Forage model (CROPGRO-PFM) and describes its ability to simulate regrowth dynamics and herbage production of Brachiaria and Panicum as affected by harvest management and weather. The model simulates regrowth, herbage harvests, percent leaf, and herbage protein of perennial forage grasses and legumes over multiple seasons. It can regrow from zero LAI (after harvest) based on use of carbohydrate and N reserves in storage tissues; however, the amount of residual stubble and residual leaf area index (LAI) are also important for rapid regrowth and productivity. The model is publically available for download from DSSAT.NET.

Formononetin Of Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.) As Affected By Water Availability, Fernando Ortega-Klose, Rafael López-Olivari, Muriel Melo, Andrés Quiroz, L. Bardehle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover is a valuable legume in the world. Among the biotic factors limiting persistence of the species in Chile is the root borer Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham). Our previous studies have shown a negative effect of formononetin content of the plant on the root borer fitness The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship between water availability and formononetin concentration. Two independent growth chamber experiments were established at Carillanca Research Center, INIA-Chile in order to study the effect of water availability on formononetin concentration in the aerial and root parts of the plants. In experiment I, three levels …

Isolation And Identification Of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains And Their Effects On The Fermentation Quality Of Elephant Grass (Cenchrus Purpureus) Silage, Azizza Mala, Babo Fadlalla, Zhihao Dong, Junfeng Li, Tao Shao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study aims to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria and examine their effects on the fermentation quality of elephant grass silage. The isolated strains were identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA analysis. Three strains namely Pediococcus acidilactic (AZZ5), Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. Plantarum (AZZ4), Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. Argentoratensis (AZZ6) were isolated from elephant grass silage. Isolation of the microbes was done by serial dilution method. Three LAB and one commercial bacteria Lactobacillus Plantarum, Ecosyl MTD/1(CB)) were used as additives to fresh material of elephant grass. To follow the fermentation quality during ensiling, …

Nutritive Composition And In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility Of The Most Browsed Forage Species By Lactating Camels, Lucy W. Ikanya, J. G. Maina, C. K. Gachuiri, W. O. Owino, José C. B. Dubeux Jr.

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Camels are both grazers and browsers of a broad spectrum of forages. The objective of this study was to identify and to determine the chemical composition of the most preferred forage species by lactating Somali camels in Laikipia County, Kenya. Lactating Somali camels and their calves were observed during the wet and dry seasons while browsing for a period of two weeks. The forage species were ranked based on the bite count. The most browsed forages identified through observation were sampled for identification by the local and scientific names and laboratory analysis. They were analyzed for proximate composition, detergent fiber …

Forage Yield And Nutritive Quality Of Haulm From Dual-Purpose Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L Walp) Cultivars For Dry Season Feeding In Nigeria, N. J. Anyanwu, Olufemi S. Onifade, Jimoh A. Olanite, V. I. O. Olowe, B. O. Boukar, I. I. Ekpe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The availability of high quality forage especially during the dry season remains a major challenge to ruminant livestock production in Nigeria and many parts of West Africa. Due to the prevailing mismatch between livestock population and supply of feed resources in the arid and semi arid Nigeria, the humid forest zone represents a potential source for crop residues, especially during the dry season due to longer rainfall duration and suitable climate. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and nutritive quality of haulm from selected dual purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars in the humid rain forest …

Influence Of Seeding Rate On Growth Performance And Yield Of Early Maturing Sorghum, Ismail S. Selemani, O. B. Ngonyani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Heavy grazing pressure in Tanzanian semi-arid rangelands coupled with climate change and variability has resulted into severe decline in forage production and changes in vegetation composition. To increase forage biomass production in the face of climate change and variability, climate resilient fodder crops such as early maturing sorghum have been recommended in arid and semi-arid regions. However, paucity of information on the best agronomic practices especially the optimal seeding rate and row spacing fostered the need to carry out research on growth performance and yield of early maturing sorghum. The experiment was conducted at Magadu Dairy Farm to assess the …