Botany Commons^™

Inhibitory Effects Of Propiconazole On Rice Root Development And Abilities Of Brassinosteroid And Auxin In Alleviating Its Effects, Watcharapong Wimonchaijit

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Propiconazole is commonly used as a fungicide to minimize crop loss caused by various fungal diseases in many crop plants, including rice. Propiconazole has the potentials to deteriorate the environmental problems due to its chemical properties that it is highly persistent in soil after application, suggesting that the constant use of propiconazole could be problematic. Hence, the evaluation of its effects on plant growth and development is necessary for the assessment of future use of propiconazole. Here, we demonstrated that propiconazole had inhibitory effects on plant growth. Treatments of propiconazole resulted in shoot dwarfism, abnormal leaf morphology, reduced plant biomass, …

Epiphytic Microbiota Of Kai Cladophora Sp. From Nan River, Nan Province, Thailand, Karnjana Ruen-Pham

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Cladophora is a cosmopolitan green algal genus in northern Thailand, commonly known as Kai or Sa Rai Kai, which the local people use for culinary and medicinal purposes. In nature, Cladophora acts as an ecological engineer in the ecosystem by creating, modifying, and maintaining the habitat by providing oxygen and microhabitats for several organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, namely epiphytic microbiota. These epiphytic microbiota living on the algal host's surface might exhibit crucial roles in the ecosystem. However, most understandings of the Cladophora microbiota were from the USA. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the Cladophora microbiota collected from Nan …

Lepidopteran Granivory Reduces Seed Counts In A Rare Species Of Riparian Scour Prairies, Cheyenne Moore, Angela J. Mcdonnell, Scott Schuette, Christopher T. Martine

Faculty Journal Articles

In Pennsylvania Baptisia australis var. australis is found along only four waterways: the Allegheny River, Youghiogheny River, Clarion River, and Red Bank Creek. Because of its limited distribution and small number of extant populations, the species is considered state-threatened in Pennsylvania. In addition, the riparian prairie habitat that Pennsylvania Baptisia australis var. australis is restricted to is also in decline and considered vulnerable. Because of these conservation concerns, insights into the natural history of the taxon in the state is valuable and will inform conservation efforts. Field surveys and fruit collections along the Allegheny River and herbarium collections were used …

Elucidation Of Multi-Origin Inula Helenium L. For Antimicrobial Activity And Heavy Metal Profiling As An Exemplar For The Use And Regulation Of Plants As Antibiotics., Ciara Ruth Kenny

Theses

An impending post-antibiotic era looms, thus new sources of therapeutic chemical entities are crucial to sustain effective antimicrobial chemotherapy worldwide. Plant natural products are a source of accessible, structurally diverse compounds that provide therapeutic potential. The pharmacological applications of plants in medicine can be guided by the attestation of traditional use or the application of this knowledge to uncover new leads in the drug discovery process. The range of modified in vitro methods commonly used to investigate preclinical antimicrobial efficacy of plant-derived natural products, and the associated limitations and challenges in the provision of new antimicrobial drugs from plants is …

Household Smoke-Exposure Risks Associated With Cooking Fuels And Cooking Places In Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Demographic And Health Survey Data, Mazbahul G. Ahamad, Fahian Tanin, Nawaraji Shrestha

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Household smoke-exposure risk (SER) can be defined through the assessment of cooking fuels (smoke and no smoke-producing) and cooking places (indoor and outdoor) related information, which represent different levels of household air pollution. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and geographical variations in smoke-exposure risks (SERs) associated with indoor and outdoor cooking practices and use of smoke-producing and non-smoke-producing cooking fuels in Tanzania. We further investigated the social and spatial features associated with household SERs. We defined an indicator variable, the household SER, using country-level, cross-sectional data on cooking fuels and cooking places obtained from the 2015–2016 Tanzania Demographic …

Officially Confirmed Covid-19 And Unreported Covid-19–Like Illness Death Counts: An Assessment Of Reporting Discrepancy In Bangladesh, Mazbahul G. Ahamad, Fahian Tanin, Byomkesh Talukder, Monir Ahmed

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Reporting discrepancies between officially confirmed COVID-19 death counts and unreported COVID- 19–like illness (CLI) death counts have been evident across the world, including Bangladesh. Publicly available data were used to explore the differences between confirmed COVID-19 death counts and deaths with possible COVID-19 symptoms between March 2, 2020 and August 22, 2020. Unreported CLI death counts totaled more than half of the confirmed COVID-19 death counts during the study period. However, the reporting authority did not consider CLI deaths, which might produce incomplete and unreliable COVID-19 data and respective mortality rates. All deaths with possible COVID-19 symptoms need to be …

Nitrogen Response Functions Targeted To Technology Extrapolation Domains In Ethiopia Using Ceres-Maize, Feyera Merga Liben, Charles S. Wortmann, Haishun Yang, Tsegaue Tadesse, Z. P. Stewart, D. Wegary, W. Mupangwa

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

The profitability of fertilizer-N use can be optimized using N response functions specific to climate-based technology extrapolation domains (TED). Crop growth simulation can complement field research for targeting of response functions. The objective of this study was to target maize (Zea mays L.) N response functions to seven TED in Ethiopia through CERES-Maize simulation of continuous maize over 30 yr. The complete factorial set of treatments included seven levels of N in 25 kg ha⁻¹ increments under no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. The CERES-Maize simulated experiments were done for two or three sites per TED. Nitrogen …

Wild Emmer Introgression Alters Root-To-Shoot Growth Dynamics In Durum Wheat In Response To Water Stress, Harel Bacher, Feiyu Zhu, Tian Gao, Kan Liu, Balpreet Dhatt, Tala Awada, Chi Zhang, Assaf Distelfeld, Hongfeng Yu, Zvi Peleg, Harkamal Walia

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Water deficit during the early vegetative growth stages of wheat (Triticum) can limit shoot growth and ultimately impact grain productivity. Introducing diversity in wheat cultivars to enhance the range of phenotypic responses to water limitations during vegetative growth can provide potential avenues for mitigating subsequent yield losses. We tested this hypothesis in an elite durum wheat background by introducing a series of introgressions from a wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) wheat. Wild emmer populations harbor rich phenotypic diversity for drought-adaptive traits. To determine the effect of these introgressions on vegetative growth under water-limited conditions, we used image-based phenotyping to …

Loss Of Comt Activity Reduces Lateral Root Formation And Alters The Response To Water Limitation In Sorghum Brown Midrib (Bmr) 12 Mutant, Manny Saluja, Feiyu Zhu, Hongfeng Yu, Harkamal Walia, Scott E. Sattler

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Lignin is a key target for modifying lignocellulosic biomass for efficient biofuel production. Brown midrib 12 (bmr12) encodes the sorghum caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and is one of the key enzymes in monolignol biosynthesis. Loss of function mutations in COMT reduces syringyl (S) lignin subunits and improves biofuel conversion rate. Although lignin plays an important role in maintaining cell wall integrity of xylem vessels, physiological and molecular consequences due to loss of COMT on root growth and adaptation to water deficit remain unexplored.

We addressed this gap by evaluating the root morphology, anatomy and transcriptome of bmr12 mutant. The mutant …

Does Biochar Improve All Soil Ecosystem Services?, Humberto Blanco-Canqui

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Biochar is considered to sequester C and deliver other soil ecosystem services, but an overview that synthesizes the current knowledge of biochar implications on all essential soil ecosystem services is difficult to find in the ample biochar literature. Most previous research and review articles on this topic focused on a single ecosystem service and did not integrate all essential soil ecosystem services. This overview paper (1) synthesizes the impacts of biochar on water and wind erosion, C sequestration, soil water, nutrient leaching, soil fertility, crop yields, and other soil ecosystem services based on published literature and (2) highlights remaining research …

Intervention Of Climate-Smart Practices In Wheat Under Rice-Wheat Cropping System In Nepal, Janma Jaya Gairhe, Mandeep Adhikari, Deepak Ghimire, Arun Khatri-Chhetri, Dinesh Panday

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Besides a proper agronomic management followed by Nepalese farmers, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has been severely affected by changing climate. There are many interventions, including climate-smart practices, to cope with this situation and possibly enhance crop and soil productivity. Field experiments were set up in a randomized complete block design with six treatments (TRT) with four replications in three locations (LOC) during wheat-growing seasons in Nepal from 2014 to 2016. Treatments included (i) Controlled Practice (CP), (ii) Improved Low (IL), (iii) Improved High (IH), (iv) Climate Smart Agriculture Low (CSAL), (v) Climate Smart Agriculture Medium (CSAM), and (vi) …

Effect Of Foliar Micronutrients (B, Mn, Fe, Zn) On Maize Grain Yield, Micronutrient Recovery, Uptake, And Partitioning, Zachary P. Stewart, Ellen T. Paparozzi, Charles S. Wortmann, Prakash Kumar Jha, Charles A. Shapiro

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Timing of micronutrient demand and acquisition by maize (Zea Mays L.) is nutrient spe‐ cific and associated with key vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The objective of this study was to determine the fate of foliar‐applied B, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Fe/Zn together, evaluate the effect of foliar micronutrients applied at multiple rates and growth stages on maize grain yield, and deter‐ mine their apparent nutrient recovery efficiency (ANR). Five Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at five locations across Nebraska. Total dry matter was collected at 5–6 stages, and separated into leaves, stalk, …

Genomic Resources In Plant Breeding For Sustainable Agriculture, Mahendar Thudi, Rajeev K. Varshney, James C. Schnable

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Climate change during the last 40 years has had a serious impact on agriculture and threatens global food and nutritional security. From over half a million plant species, cereals and legumes are the most important for food and nutritional security. Although systematic plant breeding has a relatively short history, con- ventional breeding coupled with advances in technology and crop management strategies has increased crop yields by 56 % globally between 1965− 85, referred to as the Green Revolution. Nevertheless, increased demand for food, feed, fiber, and fuel necessitates the need to break existing yield barriers in many crop plants. In …

Responses Of Soil Surface Greenhouse Gas Emissions To Nitrogen And Sulfur Fertilizer Rates To Brassica Carinata Grown As A Bio-Jet Fuel, Dwarika Bhattarai, Gandura O. Abagandura, Thandiwe Nleya, Sandeep Kumar

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun), a non-food oilseed crop and an alternative bio-jet fuel feedstock, has received attention for its potential as a low-input option for production in the semi-arid region of the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Research addressing the impacts of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on soils and greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, N2O, and CH4) emissions from carinata production are limited. Thus, objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different rates of N and S fertilizers applied to carinata on soil properties and GHG emissions. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 …

Soil Erosion Modelling: A Global Review And Statistical Analysis, Pasquale Borrelli, Panos Panagos, Dinesh Panday, 64 More Co-Authors

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

To gain a better understanding of the global application of soil erosion prediction models, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature on soil-erosion modelling published between 1994 and 2017.We aimed to identify (i) the processes and models most frequently addressed in the literature, (ii) the regions within which models are primarily applied, (iii) the regions which remain unaddressed and why, and (iv) how frequently studies are conducted to validate/evaluate model outcomes relative to measured data. To perform this task, we combined the collective knowledge of 67 soil-erosion scientists from 25 countries. The resulting database, named ‘Global Applications of Soil Erosion …

Potential Amendments For Improving Productivity Of Low Carbon Semiarid Soil, Bijesh Maharjan, Dinesh Panday, Humberto Blanco-Canqui, Maysoon M. Mikha

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Applying soil amendments with high C content can potentially improve soil properties and increase crop yields. The objective of this 3-yr field study was to evaluate the effects of organic amendments on soil organic C (SOC), chemical properties, crop nutrient uptake, and crop yields in a low C sandy loam soil near Scottsbluff, NE. The field was planted to dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2017, maize (Zea mays L.) in 2018, and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in 2019. Char at 22.3, 44.6, 66.9, 89.2, and 133.8 Mg ha^–1; biochar at 5.6 and 11.2 …

Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Housen Chu, Timothy Arkebauer, Dave P. Billesbach, Hideki Kobayashi, Thomas J. Kolbe, Gregory Starr, Andrew Suyker, 63 Other Coauthors

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Large datasets of greenhouse gas and energy surface-atmosphere fluxes measured with the eddy-covariance technique (e.g., FLUXNET2015, AmeriFlux BASE) are widely used to benchmark models and remote-sensing products. This study addresses one of the major challenges facing model-data integration: To what spatial extent do flux measurements taken at individual eddy-covariance sites reflect model- or satellite-based grid cells? We evaluate flux footprints—the temporally dynamic source areas that contribute to measured fluxes—and the representativeness of these footprints for target areas (e.g., within 250–3000 m radii around flux towers) that are often used in flux-data synthesis and modeling studies. We examine the land-cover composition …

Improving Publicly Available Corn Nitrogen Rate Recommendation Tools With Soil And Weather Measurements, Curtis J. Ransom, Newell R. Kitchen, John E. Sawyer, James J. Camberato, Paul R. Carter, Richard Ferguson, Fabián G. Fernández, David W. Franzen, Carrie A.M. Laboski, D. Brenton Myers, Emerson D. Nafziger, John F. Shanahan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Improving corn (Zea mays L.) N fertilizer rate recommendation tools is necessary for improving farmers’ profits and minimizing N pollution. Research has repeatedly shown that weather and soil factors influence available N and crop N need. Adjusting available corn N recommendation tools with soil and weather measurements could improve farmers’ ability to manage N. The aim of this research was to improve publicly available N recommendation tools with site-specific soil and weather measurements. Information from49 site-years ofNresponse trials in theU.S. Midwest was used to evaluate 21 rate recommendation tools for a single (at-planting) and split (at-planting + sidedress) N …

Adaptation And Forage Productivity Of Cool-Season Grasses In The Central Usa, Kenneth P. Vogel, Robert B. Mitchell

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Cool-season grass species (18) and cultivars (85) were evaluated for use in seeded grasslands in the tallgrass prairie and shortgrass steppe ecoregions of the central United States at the test locations of Ithaca and Sidney, NE, respectively. Both native and introduced grasses were evaluated in sward trails. Significant differences existed among species and cultivars for all traits evaluated except for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) among cultivars within species at Sidney. The grasses that had the best establishment, persistence, and forage yields in the Ithaca trial were introduced wheatgrass (Thinopyrum) and bromegrass (Bromus) species. At …

Guidelines For The Use And Interpretation Of Assays For Monitoring Autophagy (4th Edition), Daniel Klionsky, Rodrigo Franco, Guangchao Sun, Richard Wilson, More Than 2000 Coauthors

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to …