Botany Commons^™

Molecular Phylogeny And Phylogeography Reveal Recent Divergence In The Iberis Simplex Dc. (Brassicaceae) Species Complex, Emre Çi̇lden, Bariş Özüdoğru

Turkish Journal of Botany

According to the current taxonomic delimitation, the Mediterranean genus Iberis comprises about 30 species. Among them, the taxonomy and species delimitation of Iberis simplex and its morphologically close relatives (I. attica, I. carica, I. gypsicola, I. halophila, and I. spruneri), described here as the I. simplex species complex, are controversial and several different names are used for the members of this complex. Past phylogenetic studies did not include the members of this complex and here we present the first comprehensive phylogenetic and phylogeographic study based on nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL-F regions to …

Detection And Confirmation Of Diagnostic Microsatellite Loci In Populus Nigra And Populus Deltoides To Identify Their Hybrids (P. × Canadensis), Asi̇ye Uluğ

Turkish Journal of Botany

Poplar cultivation has economic, social, ecological, and environmental importance in Turkey. Even though, Populus × canadensis hybrids play an important role for the commercial poplar cultivation with good growth performance and adaptability, hybrid clones introduced the different region of Turkey have started to replace the native stands of Populus nigra gradually. To continue sustainable cultivation of poplar and to conserve the native stands of P. nigra at the same time, genetic identification, and registration of the Populus cultivars from different origins are essential in breeding programs. Genetic identification and characterization of a natural population of P. nigra growing along the …

Marrubium Zeydanlii (Lamiaceae), A New Species From Turkey, Zeki̇ Aytaç, Bahar Kaptaner İğci̇, Tuğba Ertuğrul, Nur Münevver Pinar, Deni̇z Aygören Uluer, Bariş Özüdoğru

Turkish Journal of Botany

Marrubium zeydanlii (Lamiaceae) is described as a new species from Turkey. It is similar to M. depauperatum and M. sivasense; however, it is distinguished from M. depauperatum by having lanate hairs on the stem, oblanceolate dentate leaves, 4?6-flowered verticillasters. It is also distinguished from M. sivasense by having lanate hairs on the stem, oblanceolate leaves, and shorter petals. The pollen grains are radially symmetrical and isopolar, the shape is oblate-spheroidal with the polar axes 16.7-20 µm and the equatorial axes 17.6-19.3 µm. trnL-F region was used to identify the phylogenetic position of the newly described species. The results …

Getting To The Root Cause: The Genetic Underpinnings Of Root System Architecture And Rhizodeposition In Sorghum, Farren Smith

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Plants are some of the most diverse organisms on earth, consisting of more than 350,000 different species. To understand the underlying processes that contributed to plant diversification, it is fundamental to identify the genetic and genomic components that facilitated various adaptations over evolutionary history. Most studies to date have focused on the underlying controls of above-ground traits such as grain and vegetation; however, little is known about the “hidden half” of plants. Root systems comprise half of the total plant structure and provide vital functions such as anchorage, resource acquisition, and storage of energy reserves. The execution of these key …

The Impacts Of Maple Syrup Production On The Herbaceous Layer In Appalachian Hardwood Forests, Logan Scott Ferguson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Vegetation data were collected from eight maple syrup farms (sugarbushes) and eight undeveloped maple-dominated sites to examine potential differences in understory plant communities due to disturbance effects. Understory plants were identified to the species level and percent cover of aboveground leaf-area for each species was estimated within 600 total quadrats. Overstory data and environmental data were collected to help determine if they had any effect on herbaceous-layer plant communities. Species richness, Shannon diversity, and Pielou’s evenness were calculated, with the analysis showing no significant differences between the site types. The absolute cover of plant functional groups was also compared between …

Assessment Of Genetic Variation Of Natural Populations Of Wild Cherry (Prunus Avium L.)Via Ssr Markers, Burcu Uzan Eken, Emrah Kirdök, Ercan Veli̇oğlu, Yelda Özden Çi̇ftçi̇

Turkish Journal of Botany

Wild cherry (Prunus avium L, syn. Cerasus avium L. Moench.) is a widely spread forest tree that has ecological and economical importance. However, the genetic diversity of this species is threatened for many reasons. Therefore, a breeding and conservation program should be established in order to minimise the loss of genetic diversity. In this study, we aimed to understand the genetic structure of 440 individual wild cherries sampled from 22 different populations in Turkey using 10 SSR molecular markers. With the molecular variance analysis, we found that the genetic diversity within the population is approximately 88.5% and the genetic diversity …

Mining And Analysis Of Chloroplast Simple Sequence Repeats (Ssrs) From Eight Species Of Aquilaria, Muhammad Syahmi Hishamuddin, Ahmad Syazwan Samsuddin, Rozi Mohamed

Turkish Journal of Botany

Aquilaria is a tropical forest tree, producer of the famed and expensive agarwood. Aggressive collection of agarwood put strain on the natural stands of Aquilaria species, sparking efforts to domesticate the tree and cultivate agarwood in plantations. However, tree domestication progress is hampered by the scarcity of genomic resources that is crucial for breeding programs. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences from eight Aquilaria species were analyzed in silico. For identification of the simple sequence repeats (SSRs), MISA PERL script which had a repeat length of 12 for mononucleotides (mono-), 6 for dinucleotides (di-), 4 for trinucleotides …

Karyomorphology, Ploidy Analysis, And Flow Cytometric Genome Size Estimation Of Medicago Monantha Populations, Homa Zarabizadeh, Ghasem Karimzadeh, Sajad Rashidi Monfared, Saeed Tarkesh Esfahani

Turkish Journal of Botany

Karayomorphological analysis and monoploid genome size (2Cx DNA) of 12 Iranian Medicago monantha populations are reported. Flow cytometric analysis were conducted on freshly collected seeds, using Solanum lycopersicum cv. Stupicke (2C DNA = 1.96 pg), as the internal reference standard. All populations were diploid with variable degrees of mixoploidy and two different chromosome numbers within each population. Totally, six chromosome numbers of 22, 28, 30, 32, 36, and 40 were identified. Twotyped chromosomes ("m", "sm") with a mean length of 1.65 µm (0.98-2.99 ?m) formed seven different karyotype formulas. Karyotypes were mostly symmetrical, implying the evolutionary effect of natural and …

Phenotypic Strategies For Jasione L. Or The Challenge That Taxonomy Face To Recent Floristic Responses Along Western Eurasia, João Rocha, Paulo Almeida, Rubén Ramírez-Rodríguez, Fátima Sales, Francisco Amich, Antonio Crespi

Turkish Journal of Botany

Jasione L. (Campanulaceae) is regarded as one of the recent floristic responses in western Eurasia. The characterization of the morpho-environmental fluctuating asymmetries (FA) to describe the phenotypic responses for Jasione L. is here exposed. Continuity is pointed out to describe these morpho-environmental responses, as a redundancy effect (RE), in accordance with the significant similarity involved. In this case, 327 individuals and 14 species were investigated (J. sphaerochephala Brullo, Marcenò & Pavone and J. idaea Stoj. synonymized as J. montana L. var. montana and J. supina Sieber ex Spreng. subsp. pontica (Boiss.) Damboldt). J. montana L. and J. heldreichii Boiss. & …

The Development Of A Photographic Atlas Of Plant Adaptations For Pollination, Bethany Van Dusseldorp

Honors Program Theses

Plants have biotic, abiotic, or both biotic and abiotic adaptations for pollination, depending on how they are structured and the attraction between the plant and pollinator. The main focus for this project was biotic adaptations for pollination, and how various plants are specifically structured for the insect, bird, or mammal to pick up the pollen and carry it to the next plant. Documentation, using image/focus stacking and macro photography, was done of the structures of various plants from the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) Botanical Center to support the reason for why plants are structured the way they are. While …

ความผันแปรตามฤดูกาลของการย่อยสลายรากฝอยของแสมขาว Avicennia Alba ในป่าชายเลนปากแม่น้ำ จังหวัดตราด, นดา ยีมัสซา

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาการย่อยสลายของรากสำคัญต่อการประมาณปริมาณคาร์บอนที่ส่งต่อและกักเก็บในระบบนิเวศป่าชายเลน ในขณะที่กระบวนการย่อยสลายในป่าชายเลนภายใต้สภาพภูมิอากาศแบบมรสุมเขตร้อนได้รับผลกระทบจากปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อมที่ผันแปรตามฤดูกาล การศึกษาครั้งนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาการย่อยสลายรากฝอย (เส้นผ่านศูนย์กลาง < 2 มม.) ของแสมขาว (Avicennia alba Blume) ด้วยวิธีถุงย่อยสลาย ในฤดูแล้งและฤดูฝน (12 สัปดาห์) และเปรียบเทียบกับอัตราการย่อยสลายในรอบปี (52 สัปดาห์) รวมถึงศึกษาอิทธิพลของปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยที่ผันแปรตามฤดูกาล ในเขตพันธุ์ไม้แสม บริเวณป่าชายเลนปากแม่น้ำตราด จังหวัดตราด ผลการศึกษาพบว่า อัตราการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยของแสมขาวในฤดูแล้งมีค่าน้อยกว่าฤดูฝน (0.003 และ 0.005 ต่อวัน ตามลำดับ) เป็นผลจากปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อมที่ผันแปรตามฤดูกาลอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ โดยปริมาณน้ำฝนที่ต่ำในฤดูแล้งส่งผลให้ความเค็มในดินสูง รวมถึงในฤดูแล้งพื้นที่ศึกษาถูกน้ำท่วมเป็นระยะเวลานานกว่าฤดูฝน ที่อาจไปยับยั้งกิจกรรมของจุลชีพในดินที่มีบทบาทในการย่อยสลาย นอกจากนี้ปัจจัยทางชีวภาพเกี่ยวกับลักษณะของรากฝอยทั้งองค์ประกอบทางเคมีตั้งต้น (ไนโตรเจน) และลักษณะทางกายวิภาคศาสตร์ที่แตกต่างกันในฤดูแล้งและฤดูฝน ล้วนส่งผลต่อการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยของแสมขาวด้วย ส่วนอัตราการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยของแสมขาวในรอบปีมีค่าเท่ากับ 0.001 ต่อวัน ซึ่งน้อยกว่าอัตราการย่อยสลายในฤดูแล้งและฤดูฝน เนื่องจากมีรากใหม่เจริญเข้าไปในถุงย่อยสลายหลังจากเวลาผ่านไป 12 สัปดาห์และไม่สามารถแยกจากซากรากตั้งต้นได้ การคำนวณอัตราการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยจากการทดลองที่ใช้ระยะเวลานานจึงมีค่าต่ำกว่าที่เกิดขึ้นจริง ดังนั้นจึงเสนอว่าการศึกษาการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยในช่วงระยะเวลาที่เหมาะสม (12 สัปดาห์) แยกตามฤดูกาล จะสะท้อนอัตราการย่อยสลายที่เกิดขึ้นจริงและสามารถเชื่อมโยงความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการย่อยสลายของรากที่ผันแปรตามฤดูกาลกับการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยที่เกิดขึ้นในป่าชายเลนได้ ซึ่งจะนำไปสู่การประมาณอัตราการย่อยสลายของรากฝอยที่แม่นยำเพื่อการประมาณปริมาณคาร์บอนที่ส่งต่อและกักเก็บในองค์ประกอบต่าง ๆ ของระบบนิเวศป่าชายเลนต่อไป

Distribution Of Toxicity Of Plant Species In The Plant Family Sapindaceae (Sub-Family Hippocastanoideae), Vishvam Mehta

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Projects

Maple leaf toxicosis is a lethal condition in which wilted leaves from the plant genus Acer are ingested by equines, leading to hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. In prior studies, the toxicity of various Acer species was quantified, revealing a wide array of responses in terms of hemolysis and methemoglobin production. The object of this study, therefore, is to determine the toxicity of Acer’s closest relatives within the family Sapindaceae, specifically the four additional genera in the subfamily Hippocastanoideae. The information gained from this study will be used to understand the evolution of the toxins responsible for hemolysis and methemoglobin production. …

It Takes A Muscle: Wholes, Holes, And Other Voids, Saar Shemesh

Theses and Dissertations

IT TAKES A MUSCLE¹

In the BELLY of the BEAST, the HUMAN

in the deep end of a SWIMMING POOL

in a GRAVE, looking up/out from within

at the base of a CRATER, ABYSS, PIT

the room as a CRADLE, INCUBATOR

architecture as MOTHER MOULD.²

____________________________

¹ Title is borrowed and abbreviated: Spectral Display, “It Takes A Muscle To Fall In Love,” 1982.

² For what American-English delineates as ‘mold,’ British-English uses ‘mould’ and is more specific in its technicality. The former doesn’t distinguish in spelling between mold (fungus) and mold (mould). I’m not particularly a fan of …

Stomatal Conductance And Reed Canary Grass Suppression Traits Of Native Michigan Trees, David E. Martinez, Dave Warners

Student Papers and Reports

Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), a prominent invasive understory species, threatens native Michigan biodiversity statewide. A notable affected area includes a stretch of agricultural land along Schooley Drain in Caledonia, MI, located in the headwaters of the Plaster Creek watershed. Our study pursues the following questions: “Do native trees provide enough shade to reduce the growth of Reed canary grass?” and “Which native trees best transpire water from a floodplain?”: To answer these questions, we continued the evaluation of seven different species of native Michigan trees to investigate which species best inhibits the growth of reed canary grass …

The Emma Cole Project: Reevaluating The Flora Of Grand Rapids, William Hofmann, Hayden Janssen, Martin Vanderschoot, Garrett Crow, Dave Warners

Student Papers and Reports

In 1901, botanist and teacher Emma Cole published an account of all the vascular plants in the Grand Rapids area, which is the most comprehensive documentation of the flora in the area today. The vicinity of Grand Rapids has been developed significantly since then, and with it the surrounding natural spaces have also been greatly altered. Over the past 7 years, Calvin University’s Emma Cole Project has been inventorying the flora of greater Grand Rapids and comparing modern plant life with the flora during Cole’s time 120 years ago. This project strives to both verify species’ presence around Grand Rapids …

Review Of The Duck Factory: A History Of Waterfowl In North Dakota, By Mike Jacobs And Erik Fritzell, Douglas Johnson

The Prairie Naturalist

It was by geological accident that North Dakota became the heart of duck production in the continental United States. When the Wisconsin glaciation retreated some 11,000 years ago, it left an uneven layer of glacial till over much of North Dakota and nearby states and provinces, an area termed the Prairie Pothole Region. Large blocks of ice in the glacial till eventually melted and formed depressions that became wetlands, or prairie potholes. These were embedded in a matrix of soil that, with millennia of growth by deep-rooted prairie plants, became rich topsoil. The wetlands, surrounded by luxuriant grassland, were ideal …

Review Of Loon Lessons: Uncommon Encounters With The Great Northern Diver, By James D. Paruk, Kristin Bianchini

The Prairie Naturalist

Gavia immer Brunnich (Common Loon) is a bird that has captivated bird watchers, wildlife enthusiasts, campers, cottagers, and others interested in the natural world for centuries. The loon also features prominently in Native American mythology. For many, the loon symbolizes the wildness of the north, and it is often used as a sentinel of lake health. Indeed, the Common Loon has inspired a wealth of literature, both scientific and popular, describing this species’ ecology, behavior, and fitness in the face of environmental changes. To this literature, Loon Lessons: Uncommon Encounters with the Great Northern Diver adds a complete and accurate …

Botanical Assessments Of High-Quality Southern Shrub-Carr And Hardwood Swamp Wetlands In The Undeveloped Lowell Regional Greenspace, Kent County, Michigan, Garrett Crow, Dave Warners, Haley R. Weesies, Jonathon D. Walt, Zachary Hartwig, Carolyn H. Koehn

Faculty and Professional Research

The 2019–2023 Masterplan for Kent County Parks includes the future development of acquired properties that have been designated as the Lowell Regional Greenspace (528 acres), occupying nearly the entirety of Section 22 of Lowell Charter Township in Kent County, Michigan. Four wetlands located in the same drainage basin along Karen Creek in the Lowell Regional Greenspace were inventoried for floristic quality assessments during the summers of 2016, 2018, 2019, and 2021. One of the wetlands was forested and determined to be a southern hardwood swamp community type. The other three wetlands are best classified as shrub-carr communities. In the southern …

Understanding Morphological Responses Of Typha (Cattail) Species To Nutrient Pollution, Anna Marie Shapiro

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

In the Midwestern United States, Typha x glauca is a hybrid of the native Typha latifolia and the non-native Typha angustifolia. Typha x glauca is considered invasive, and it is dominating Typha latifolia when they co-occur. Wetlands in the Midwest face nutrient pollution, due to fertilization used within the agricultural industry. Wetlands are nutrient sinks, which store the increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients are known to increase Typha growth. Within this thesis, it was hypothesized that an increase of nitrogen in the wetland may increase the width of Typha leaves, making it difficult to distinguish the …

Diversity And Evolution Of Inflorescences In Cuscuta, Morgan Glofcheskie

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Cuscuta (dodder) includes ca. 200 species of plant obligate stem parasites with both ecological and economical significance. Inflorescences have been historically used in Cuscuta for species descriptions and identification keys, but no comprehensive study exists to date. The main objective of this study was to survey the diversity of inflorescences, and to understand their evolution and possible form-function relationships. The inflorescence architecture of 132 Cuscuta taxa was analyzed using herbarium specimens, and eight species were grown to study their inflorescence development. Inflorescence traits were mapped into a genus phylogeny obtained from a combined analysis of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F …