Physiology Commons^™

Are There Differences In Fitness Between Recruits From Larger (Hosting) And Smaller (Participating) Law Enforcement Agencies?, Erika Hernandez, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla, Robert G. Lockie

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 885-901, 2021. Law enforcement agencies often conduct academy training classes that include recruits hired by both the larger hosting agency (HA), and by smaller participating agencies (PA). HAs that need to fill more positions may have recruits with a wide range of fitness levels. Smaller agencies may be more selective in their hiring as they do not have as many available positions. This study compared HA and PA recruit fitness prior to academy. Retrospective analysis was conducted on 11 academy classes, incorporating 742 HA recruits (602 males, 140 females) and 99 PA recruits (82 …

A Community-Based Boxing Program Is Associated With Improved Balance In Individuals With Parkinson’S Disease, Abbie Moore, Enoch Yee, Brad W. Willis, Evan L. Prost, Aaron D. Gray, J. Bryan Mann

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 876-884, 2021. In alignment with efforts to mitigate the negative health consequences of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the purpose of this investigation was to examine if participation in a community-based boxing program (CBP) was associated with improvements in balance and fall risk reduction among individuals with PD. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, de-identified data from 12 individuals with PD participating in a CBP was examined. Participants included those with a Hoehn and Yahr stage between 1 and 3, averaging 2.8 ± 0.8 CBP sessions per week for 6.1 ± 0.8 months between testing. Baseline and …

Hip Flexion Angles During Supine Range Of Motion And Bodyweight Squats, Angeli J. Mata, Hidetaka Hayashi, Phillip A. Moreno, Robert I. Dudley, Eric A. Sorenson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(1): 912-918, 2021. During the lowering phase of a squat, it has been observed that a posterior pelvic tilt (PPT) may occur when squatting to full depth. Research suggests that defaulting to compensatory movement strategies, such as PPT, during the squat may correlate with risk of lower extremity and trunk pathology. The purpose of this study was to examine hip flexion (HF) angles at the point when PPT occurs among three conditions: standard squats, heel raise squats, and supine passive HF; analyzing the differences in depth between standard and heel raise squats; and calculating differences …

The Effects Of Fasting Or Ketogenic Diet On Endurance Exercise Performance And Metabolism In Female Mice, Lola Holcomb, Caitlin O'Neill, Elizabeth Dewitt, Stephen C. Kolwicz Jr.

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

The promotion of ketone body (KB) metabolism via ketosis has been suggested as a strategy to increase exercise performance. However, studies in humans and animals have yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of ketosis, achieved via fasting or a short-term ketogenic diet (KD), on endurance exercise performance in female mice. After 8 h of fasting, serum KB significantly increased and serum glucose significantly decreased in fasted compared to fed mice. When subjected to an endurance exercise capacity (EEC) test on a motorized treadmill, both fed and fasted mice showed similar EEC performance. …

Racial And Ethnic Minority Groups Are Under-Represented And Under-Reported In Guideline-Informing Heart Failure Clinical Trials, Gerardo Gamino

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Heart failure (HF) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States that may disproportionately affect certain racial/ethnic groups. Compared with White individuals, HF may affect Black individuals at a younger age with less favorable prognosis, and this excess risk may be partially explained by differences in HF risk factor burden. It is crucial for guideline informing HF clinical trials to adequately reflect the racial/ethnic diversity in the population. We assessed the extent of reporting and representation of race/ethnicity in HF clinical trials referenced in the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure and the …

Training On A Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill With Body Weight Support Does Not Improve Aerobic Capacity, David K. Lee, Natalie Maltz, James Becker, Joshua A. Cotter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(7): 829-839, 2021. This study examined the physiological changes resulting from training on a lower body positive pressure treadmill (LBPPT) at three different levels of body weight support (BWS). Thirty-three healthy college aged students (22.3 ± 3.1 years) completed the study. Participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT) to exhaustion and were placed into one of three experimental groups corresponding to 100%, 75%, and 50% of their normal BW. Participants trained at their experimental BW levels for eight-weeks. Training speed was monitored by heart rate (HR) and speed was adjusted to elicit approximately 60% of …

The Impact Of Aquatic Based Plyometric Training On Jump Performance: A Critical Review, Pryse M. Mullenax, Quincy Johnson, Michael A. Trevino, Douglas B. Smith, Bert H. Jacobson, J. Jay Dawes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 815-828, 2021. There is evidence to suggest that aquatic plyometric training (APT) may be an effective and safer alternative to traditional land-based plyometric training (LPT) when training to increase jump performance. The aim of this review was to critically examine the current literature regarding the effects of APT vs. LPT on jump performance in athletic populations. Key terms were employed in five separate databases to complete the current review. Available articles were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine which studies were deemed eligible for review. Outcome measure in these studies included those …

Resistance Training As Therapeutic Management In Women With Pcos: What Is The Evidence?, Pamela J. Wright, Cynthia F. Corbett, Bernardine M. Pinto, Robin M. Dawson, Michael Wirth

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 840-854, 2021. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common chronic endocrinopathy and the leading cause of infertility in women, has significant clinical consequences, including cardiovascular, endocrinological, oncological, and psychological co-morbidities. Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of PCOS recommend exercise and physical activity as first-line treatment to combat chronic disease risk. However, details about what type of exercise are not provided. Given the known beneficial effects of resistance training on the management of other chronic diseases, the purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the scientific evidence about the …

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Β-Cardiac Myosin Mutation (P710r) Leads To Hypercontractility By Disrupting Super Relaxed State, Alison Schroer Vander Roest, Chao Liu, Makenna M. Morck, Kristina Bezold Kooiker, Gwanghyun Jung, Dan Song, Aminah Dawood, Arnav Jhingran, Gaspard Pardon, Sara Ranjbarvaziri, Giovanni Fajardo, Mingming Zhao, Kenneth S. Campbell, Beth L. Pruitt, James A. Spudich, Kathleen M. Ruppel, Daniel Bernstein

Physiology Faculty Publications

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited form of heart disease, associated with over 1,000 mutations, many in β-cardiac myosin (MYH7). Molecular studies of myosin with different HCM mutations have revealed a diversity of effects on ATPase and load-sensitive rate of detachment from actin. It has been difficult to predict how such diverse molecular effects combine to influence forces at the cellular level and further influence cellular phenotypes. This study focused on the P710R mutation that dramatically decreased in vitro motility velocity and actin-activated ATPase, in contrast to other MYH7 mutations. Optical trap measurements of single myosin molecules revealed …

Mobility Improvements After A High-Cadence Dynamic Cycling Intervention In An Individual With Motor Neuron Disease: A Case Study, Kristin Noll, Bryan T. Dowdell, Angela L. Ridgel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 791-801, 2021. Previous exercise studies in individuals with motor neuron disease have shown some positive benefits but the stress of regular exercise could result in overuse weakness in this population. The purpose of this case study is to determine the efficacy, and tolerability of a high-cadence dynamic cycling intervention in an individual with motor neuron disease. A 67-year-old male with significant lower extremity weakness and a diagnosis of idiopathic motor neuron disease completed six 30-minute sessions of high cadence dynamic cycling over a two-week period using a custom-built motorized ergometer with the motor speed …

Head Trauma Not Associated With Long Term Effects On Autonomic Function, Carley A. Shannon, Kimberli L. Pike, Sydney R. Dejonge, Paul R. Nagelkirk, Andrew T. Del Pozzi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 779-790, 2021. Contact-sports can elicit concussions, which impacts autonomic function, as well as elicit repetitive head trauma, where autonomic function has not yet been assessed. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in autonomic function exist among three groups (CTRL: healthy non-contact-sport participant, RHT: repetitive head trauma contact-sport participant, CONC: previous concussion). Forty participants (16 men and 24 women), aged 18-37 (22 ± 3), participated in the study. Participants were grouped based on their sport and concussion history (CTRL, RHT, and CONC). Body composition was measured via air displacement plethysmography. Prior …

The Influence Of A Total Body Resistance Training Program On Autonomic Modulation And Strength Variables In Young Adults, Cody Altherr, Kayla M. Soave, Paul R. Nagelkirk, Andrew T. Del Pozzi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 802-814, 2021. The purpose of this study was to examine autonomic modulation using multiple quantitative measures before and after a resistance training (RT) intervention. Seventeen young adults (age 18-35 years) were tested for body composition, muscular strength, and autonomic activity. The RT protocol targeted total-body large muscle groups, which were performed three days a week for eight-weeks. Autonomic assessments included respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), static handgrip exercise, Valsalva maneuver, heart rate variability (HRV), and tilt-table testing. The main finding was that tilt-table duration increased by 68 seconds (p = 0.05) after RT. Upper …

Synphilin-1 And Its Effects On Pathogenesis Of Parkinson’S Disease, Mirghani Mohamed

Honors Scholar Theses

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative and movement disorder primarily caused by the degradation of dopaminergic neurons. Known markers of neurodegeneration in PD are Lewy Bodies, which are fibrillar aggregates that are found in the brains of PD patients. Lewy Bodies can accumulate from specific mutations in the SNCA gene that codes for alpha-synuclein, a protein enriched in presynaptic neurons. A mutated SNCA gene can cause conformational aggregates of alpha-synuclein to form toxic species mediating neuronal death. Research into alpha-synuclein has led to the discovery of a binding partner known as synphilin-1 that is also found in protein aggregates …

Evaluating The Effects Of Match-Induced Fatigue On Landing Ability; The Case Of The Basketball Game, Nikolaos I. Liveris, Charis Tsarbou, Panagiotis D. Tsimeas, George Papageorgiou, Sofia A. Xergia, Athanasios Tsiokanos

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 768-778, 2021. This paper examines the effect of match–induced fatigue on lower limb biomechanics, in the case of a basketball game. For this purpose, sixteen male basketball athletes, ages 18 to 22, performed a jump-landing task prior and post a recreational basketball game. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) was used to examine the biomechanics of landing. The Vertical jump (VJ) and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale pre- and post-game were employed to assess the level of fatigue induced by the basketball game. In order to compare pre and post measurements, …

Effect Of Stand-Up Paddle Boarding On Hydration Status In Recreational And Competitive Individuals, Robyn Mcarthur, Jasmine Duque-Anne, James Furness, Kevin Kemp-Smith, Vini Simas, Mike Climstein

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 756-767, 2021. Stand up paddle (SUP) boarding is a popular water-based aquatic sport and recreational activity that continues to grow in popularity, however, little is known about its effect upon hydration status in recreational and elite level participants. The aim of this study was to examine the hydration status in SUP by investigating fluid loss through measurement of nude body mass. Thirty participants successfully completed the study. Hydration status was assessed by measurements of nude body mass taken pre and post SUP session. Intensity of the session was monitored throughout each session using a …

Acute Effect Of Different Duration Of Foam Rolling Protocols On Muscle Thickness, Pain Pressure Threshold, And Volume Load On Multiple Sets Of Knee Extension, Felipe Alves Brigatto, Enrico Gori Soares, Tiago Volpi Braz, Júlio Benvenutti Bueno De Camargo, Charlini Simoni Hartz, Danilo Rodrigues Batista, Luan Oenning Col, Paulo Henrique Marchetti, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, Charles Ricardo Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 742-755, 2021. Previous studies investigated the effects of foam rolling (FR) on measurements of strength and power. However, the acute effect of FR on muscle thickness (MT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) after multiple sets of resistance exercise remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of one and three minutes of quadriceps FR on muscle thickness (vastus lateralis [VL] and rectus femoris [RF]), pain threshold (VL and RF), and total load lifted (TLL) on multiple sets of knee extension. Nine resistance-trained men (age: 24.8 ± 5.2 …

Flash Radiotherapy: Skin Pigmentation As A Non-Invasive Indicator For Radiation-Induced Damage, Brady Mccallister

ENGS 88 Honors Thesis (AB Students)

FLASH ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most rapidly growing subfields of radiation oncology today due to its potential to increase the limits of the therapeutic ratio. The FLASH effect, which includes heightened normal tissue sparing paired with iso-effective tumor cell killing, has been literature documented, in a limited manner, in rodent models, a few large animals, and one clinical patients.

A porcine-based experiment was conducted to test the effects of FLASH RT on normal tissue compared to conventional (CONV) RT. A clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) was reversibly converted to be capable of FLASH RT. A female …

Temperature Regulation Of Plant Hormone Signaling During Stress And Development, Christian Castroverde, Damaris Dina

Biology Faculty Publications

Global climate change has broad-ranging impacts on the natural environment and human civilization. Increasing average temperatures along with more frequent heat waves collectively have negative effects on cultivated crops in agricultural sectors and wild species in natural ecosystems. These aberrantly hot temperatures, together with cold stress, represent major abiotic stresses to plants. Molecular and physiological responses to high and low temperatures are intricately linked to the regulation of important plant hormones. In this review, we shall highlight our current understanding of how changing temperatures regulate plant hormone pathways during immunity, stress responses and development. This article will present an overview …

Novel Facet Of An Old Dietary Molecule? Direct Influence Of Caffeine On Glucose And Biogenic Amine Handling By Human Adipocytes, Wiem Haj Ahmed, Nathalie Boulet, Anaïs Briot, Barry J. Ryan, Gemma K. Kinsella, Jeffrey O’Sullivan, Francisco Les, Josep Mercader-Barceló, Gary T. Henehan, Christian Carpéné

Articles

Caffeine is a plant alkaloid present in food and beverages consumed worldwide. It has high lipid solubility with recognized actions in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues, notably the adipose depots. However, the literature is scant regarding caffeine’s influence on adipocyte functions other than lipolysis, such as glucose incorporation into lipids (lipogenesis) and amine oxidation. The objective of this study was to explore the direct effects of caffeine and of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) on these adipocyte functions. Glucose transport into fat cells freshly isolated from mice, rats, or humans was monitored by determining [3H]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake, while the incorporation …

Habitat Heterogeneity Affects The Thermal Ecology Of The Federally Endangered Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard, Nicole Gaudenti

Master's Theses

Global climate change is already contributing to the extirpation of numerous species worldwide, and sensitive species will continue to face challenges associated with rising temperatures throughout this century and beyond. It is especially important to evaluate the thermal ecology of endangered ectotherm species now so that mitigation measures can be taken as early as possible. A recent study of the thermal ecology of the federally endangered Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia sila) suggested that they face major activity restrictions due to thermal constraints in their desert habitat, but that large shade-providing shrubs act as thermal buffers to allow them …