Does Addition Of The Snare Protein Snap-25 To Syntaxin 1a Enhance Fusion Rates Of Modified Synaptic Vesicles In A System Containing The Minimum Vesicle Fusion Machinery?,
2013
Brigham Young University
Does Addition Of The Snare Protein Snap-25 To Syntaxin 1a Enhance Fusion Rates Of Modified Synaptic Vesicles In A System Containing The Minimum Vesicle Fusion Machinery?, Jeremy Curtis, Dr. Dixon Woodbury
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The original intent of my project was to compare the fusion rates of synaptic vesicles to a syntaxin artificial membrane with and without SNAP-25. Recent research has shown that modified synaptic vesicles may fuse to a syntaxin-only bilayer . Prior to this, the major dogma of the SNARE-induced hypothesis of vesicle fusion has included SNAP-25 as a necessary component.
Untitled,
2013
Brigham Young University
Untitled, Legg Barzee
Journal of Undergraduate Research
We have previously shown that treatment of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells with a serum-achievable concentration of a biologically relevant form of selenium (Se) dramatically reduces binding of the transcription factor NF-kappaB to its DNA response element, and reduces by half the transcription rates and steady state mRNA levels for anti-apoptotic and other NF-kappaB regulated genes. However, the activation of NF-kappaB is a multistep process (See Figure 1). It is possible that Se could affect various steps in that process ultimately resulting in a decreased binding to DNA. The purpose of this work was to identify those steps in the …
Molecular Dynamics Of Nystatin Dimers,
2013
Brigham Young University
Molecular Dynamics Of Nystatin Dimers, Brian Knudson, Dr. Dixon J. Woodbury
Journal of Undergraduate Research
As the original goal of the project was to investigate the channel-forming mechanism of Nystatin, I began the project as outlined in the proposal.
Utilizing Guanidinium Cations To Reveal The Structural And Energetic Consequences Of Covalently Linking Malonyl Gramicidin Monomers,
2013
Brigham Young University
Utilizing Guanidinium Cations To Reveal The Structural And Energetic Consequences Of Covalently Linking Malonyl Gramicidin Monomers, James E. Ricks, David Busath
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The existence of multicellular organisms is dependent on the concerted activities of scores of individual cells. These vital communication links are supplied by hosts of receptors, hormones, and trans-membrane channels. One of these key links is the gramicidin ion channel, a helical peptide which when dimerized forms an uncharged channel spanning its host membrane.1
Chondrocyte Apoptosis As A Biomarker In Animal Models Of Osteoarthritis,
2013
Brigham Young University
Chondrocyte Apoptosis As A Biomarker In Animal Models Of Osteoarthritis, Luke M. Gessel, Dr. Robert E. Seegmiller
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Apoptosis, or “programmed cell death”, is one process used by cells to terminate their existence. The phenomenon of an increase of apoptotic cell death in cases of osteoarthritis (OA) has recently become a much disputed topic among laboratories dedicated to the advancement of OA research . The standard progression of OA, based on our current knowledge, shows an increase in cellularity, or cell density, of the cartilage cells known as chondrocytes, followed by a subsequent decrease in this chondrocyte cellularity and a breakdown of the cartilage. Apoptosis would provide a mechanism through which this rapid decrease in cellularity may occur, …
The Effects Of Galantamine On The Kinetics Of Heteromeric Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors,
2013
Brigham Young University
The Effects Of Galantamine On The Kinetics Of Heteromeric Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Sean Georgi, Dr. Sterling Sudweeks
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Modern medicine has dramatically increased the lifespan of individuals in industrialized societies, leading to large populations of elderly adults. With this lengthened lifespan, however, has come an increased incidence in age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. The causes of these diseases are enigmatic and complex, making them difficult to cure or prevent. Rather, current treatments try to delay or slow the progression of such diseases. One such treatment for Alzheimer’s disease involves the drug galantamine, derived from a natural compound in daffodil bulbs. Studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms through which galantamine alleviates Alzheimer’s disease symptoms, and this project’s …
Determining Secretory Phospholipase A2 Binding Properties Through The Fluorescent Probe Nystatin,
2013
Brigham Young University
Determining Secretory Phospholipase A2 Binding Properties Through The Fluorescent Probe Nystatin, Rachel Williams Bailey, Dr. John Bell
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nystatin is a fluorescent molecule that has recently been characterized as a probe of phospholipid properties in artificial membranes. The hypothesis purported by my research group was that nystatin binds preferentially to the boundary between ordered and disordered phases of phospholipids in both artificial and biological membranes. My project was to test this hypothesis in biological membranes. By further characterizing nystatin as a probe, our group would have another tool with which to understand the binding properties of the enzyme secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Secretory PLA2 adsorbs to the surface of cells and hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to release free fatty …
Interim Report Mutations In The Wnt/Pcp Signaling Pathway And Neural Tube Closure Defects,
2013
Brigham Young University
Interim Report Mutations In The Wnt/Pcp Signaling Pathway And Neural Tube Closure Defects, Nathan Hawley, Dr. Jeff Barrow
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Thus far in our study of the Wnt/PCP Signaling Pathway we have collected some intriguing data.
Affects Of Ergosterol On Nystatin Binding To Artificial Cell Membranes,
2013
Brigham Young University
Affects Of Ergosterol On Nystatin Binding To Artificial Cell Membranes, Quinn Bahm, Dr. John Bell
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The phospholipids that make up the cell membrane change in order and liquidity with temperature and sterol concentration. This change in phase can be recognized by using a fluorescent probe called nystatin. Nystatin is currently used pharmaceutically as a fungicide; it forms channels in membranes with ergosterol allowing water and ions to rush inside and rupture the fungal cell. Nystatin is assumed to bind to the membrane differently in the presence of cholesterol, as is the case with humans than in the presence of ergosterol, thus allowing the drug to destroy fungal cells while accumulating harmlessly on the surface of …
Protein Kinase C Dependent Inhibition Of Kir3.2 (Girk2) Channel Activity And Its Molecular Determinants,
2013
Virginia Commonwealth University
Protein Kinase C Dependent Inhibition Of Kir3.2 (Girk2) Channel Activity And Its Molecular Determinants, Scott Adney
Theses and Dissertations
Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels are critically important for regulating resting membrane potential in excitable cells, a job underscored by the severe pathophysiology associated with channel dysfunction. While all Kir channels require the activating lipid PIP2, many of these channels have diverse modulatory factors that couple to PIP2-dependent gating. Channels in the Kir3 (GIRK) family, in particular, have several co-activating elements, including G-protein betagamma subunits, ethanol, and sodium. During stimulation of Gq-coupled receptors, downstream activation of Protein Kinase C can phosphorylate and inhibit Kir3 channels, yet the mechanism of inhibition and phosphorylation sites are incompletely understood. We took a combined …
Lipids And Vesicular Fusion (The Doorway To My Future),
2013
Brigham Young University
Lipids And Vesicular Fusion (The Doorway To My Future), Brady Atwood, Dr. Dixon J. Woodbury
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Exocytosis is the process by which a cell excretes intracellular substances into an extracellular space. Cells perform this by storing these substances in lipid membrane enclosed spheres called vesicles. These vesicles are brought to the inside surface of the cellular membrane where they are docked and primed for release upon the appropriate signal. When the signal occurs the vesicles fuse to the membrane releasing the stored material into the space around the cell. This is especially relevant in neuroscience as this is the process by which neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft which then go on to stimulate/inhibit another …
The Role Of Phob In The Phosphate Signaling Pathway,
2013
Brigham Young University
The Role Of Phob In The Phosphate Signaling Pathway, Eliza H. Norcross, Dr. William R. Mccleary
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Every living cell requires a means of sensing its environment and responding appropriately. Even a single cell needs to coordinate its functions to survive. One way cells process environmental stimuli is through signal transduction pathways. Types of signaling used in bacteria include two component systems. “Two component” refers to the two parts of the system, a histidine kinase and a response regulator. The bacterium E. coli uses a two component system called the phosphate signaling pathway to sense and respond to varying levels of phosphate in the environment.
Cytokine Regulation Of Adrenal Secretion Of Dehydroepiandrosterone (Dhea),
2013
Brigham Young University
Cytokine Regulation Of Adrenal Secretion Of Dehydroepiandrosterone (Dhea), Edward C. Miner, Dr. Allan M. Judd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into the blood stream. The regulation of aldosterone and cortisol release by the adrenal gland is well studied. In contrast, little is known about the regulation of DHEA secretion. Since low plasma levels of DHEA are associated with the aging process, rheumatoid arthritis, and disease progression in HIV-infected individuals, it is medically significant to determine the mechanism of DHEA release from the adrenal gland.
The Adrenal Cortex Cell Line H295r Releases Interleukin-6,
2013
Brigham Young University
The Adrenal Cortex Cell Line H295r Releases Interleukin-6, Timothy E. Lindsay, Dr. Allan M. Judd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Up to this point, the study of adrenal glands has utilized mostly rat and bovine models. However, in the research of human physiology, human models are preferable to animal models. But human adrenal glands are difficult to obtain, and when they are obtained, experiments often have limited sample sizes. In addition, human adrenal glands available for research are often functionally altered by disease. Also, donors with healthy adrenal glands may be administered multiple pharmacological agents which modify adrenal functions. These obstacles show how a model that provides an unlimited quantity of tissue with consistent secretion patterns would take precedent over …
The Effects Of Neurotensin On The Rat Distal Colon,
2013
Virginia Commonwealth University
The Effects Of Neurotensin On The Rat Distal Colon, Rick Chainani
Theses and Dissertations
The enteric nervous system controls the gut through the release of specific neurotransmitter and neuromodulators at specific sites such as mucosal secretory cell or smooth muscle cell. In the present study, we have examined the response to one of these neurohumoral agents, Neurotensin, in the rat distal colon. Neurotensin is a paracrine and endocrine modulator of the digestive tract. Even though these effects have been seen in colonic preparations, there are very few functional studies of the effects of Neurotensin in the rat colon, especially the distal colon. In the current study we propose the following hypothesis that Neurotensin will …
Winter Activity Of Bats In Cache, Juab And Utah Counties, Utah,
2013
Brigham Young University
Winter Activity Of Bats In Cache, Juab And Utah Counties, Utah, Benjamin T. Jones, Dr. Duke S. Rogers
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Historically, studies of bat activity have been conducted during spring, summer and fall when migratory bats are most abundant and non-migratory bats are most active. Due to the high energy expenditure required to maintain body temperatures sufficient for flight (Fenton, 1992) and the low availability of aerial insects, (Whitaker and Rissler, 1992) activity levels decline markedly with the onset of winter and the corresponding fall in temperatures. Non-migratory bats conserve energy by hibernating through the winter. However, in previous winter surveys conducted in Southern Utah, five of sixteen species know to occur in that area were netted. (Hasenyager, 1980) Bats …
Phylogenetic Analyses Of The Geographic Origin Of Stlv-I And Htlv-I With Extensive Sequence Sampling: Evidence For An African Origin With Subsequent Separate Viral Evolution In Asia And Africa,
2013
Brigham Young University
Phylogenetic Analyses Of The Geographic Origin Of Stlv-I And Htlv-I With Extensive Sequence Sampling: Evidence For An African Origin With Subsequent Separate Viral Evolution In Asia And Africa, Chris R. Kelsey, Dr. Keith A. Crandall
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus believed to be the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-I -associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-I is a member of a related group of retroviruses, known collectively as primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses (PTLV) which also include human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) and the simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I). In an attempt to better understand phylogenetic relationships among geographically diverse strains of PTLV-I, and in the process gain more insight into the geographic origin of STLV-I and HTLV-I, a comprehensive study involving multiple …
Pediatric Study To Determine The Extent Of Parasympathetic Reinnervation To The Human Heart Post Transplant,
2013
Brigham Young University
Pediatric Study To Determine The Extent Of Parasympathetic Reinnervation To The Human Heart Post Transplant, Aaron W. Jones, R. Paul Evans
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Until recently, it had been assumed that following cardiac transplantation, nerve impulses to the heart were permanently disconnected. Within the past few years, multiple studies prompted by patient complaints, observations, and simple curiosity have proven the surprising fact that the accelerator (or sympathetic) nerves to the heart almost always regrow.1 Furthermore, in a large segment of the recipient population, the same is found for the sensory nerves which relay pain and oxygen supply status of the heart to the brain.2 These discoveries have led scientists worldwide on the search for evidence of the regrowth of the decelerator (or parasympathetic) nerves …
Identifying Sheep Parentage By Polymorphic Genetic Markers In Suffolk Sheep,
2013
Brigham Young University
Identifying Sheep Parentage By Polymorphic Genetic Markers In Suffolk Sheep, Jennifer A. Jerman, Robert L. Park
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Polymorphic genetic markers aid in parentage testing among individuals of the same breed. Suffolk sheep randomly mate and the need for accurate, reliable, and rapid testing for resolution of such mating is mandatory for the animals’ record and further genetic production. Therefore, it is necessary to identify such matings of individuals.
Computational Optogenetics: Empirically-Derived Voltage- And Light-Sensitive Channelrhodopsin-2 Model,
2013
SUNY Stony Brook
Computational Optogenetics: Empirically-Derived Voltage- And Light-Sensitive Channelrhodopsin-2 Model, John C. Williams, Jianjin Xu, Zhongju Lu, Aleksandra Klimas, Xuxin Chen, Christina M. Ambrosi, Ira S. Cohen, Emilia Entcheva
Department of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications
Channelrhodospin-2 (ChR2), a light-sensitive ion channel, and its variants have emerged as new excitatory optogenetic tools not only in neuroscience, but also in other areas, including cardiac electrophysiology. An accurate quantitative model of ChR2 is necessary for in silicoprediction of the response to optical stimulation in realistic tissue/organ settings. Such a model can guide the rational design of new ion channel functionality tailored to different cell types/tissues. Focusing on one of the most widely used ChR2 mutants (H134R) with enhanced current, we collected a comprehensive experimental data set of the response of this ion channel to different irradiances and voltages, …
