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Full-Text Articles in Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration

A Context-Sensitive Approach To The Implementation Of Performance Measurement Systems, Wisdom Eyoh Jan 2023

A Context-Sensitive Approach To The Implementation Of Performance Measurement Systems, Wisdom Eyoh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractPerformance measurement systems (PMS) exist to help public managers assess and improve decision-making related to programs, policies, processes, and personnel. However, challenges in implementing PMS have resulted in underutilization in the public sector. While critical success factors for successful implementation are known, little research exists on how public organizations can successfully implement PMS in individual organizations. This qualitative case study aimed to explore participants' experiences dealing with PMS, using contingency and goal-setting theories to analyze the influence of organizational contexts on PMS design, adoption, and implementation. Data were collected from five staff and top-level management at a large state agency …

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Promotion To Fire Officer: Ems Is An Essential Component Of Promotional Testing, Brenda Kay Farlow Jan 2023

Promotion To Fire Officer: Ems Is An Essential Component Of Promotional Testing, Brenda Kay Farlow

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractFor the past 25 years, the number of fire department responses to structure fires nationally has gone down. Structure fires now reflect less than ten percent of the responses of the fire service. In the same period, emergency medical services (EMS) have become the overwhelming activity of most fire departments. The problem is the promotional process focuses on firefighting knowledge and skills while ignoring the absolute need for EMS competencies, in some capacity, for a supervisory position. The lack of change in the promotional process is related to the organizational culture of the individual fire departments and the collective difficulty …

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First-Generation College Graduates’ Perceptions Of Participating In Required Academic Advising Sessions For Degree Completion, Frances Paige Fowler Jan 2023

First-Generation College Graduates’ Perceptions Of Participating In Required Academic Advising Sessions For Degree Completion, Frances Paige Fowler

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many first-generation students enter college underprepared, leading them to face challenges that include failure to persist to degree completion. Empirical literature informs how academic advising programs help students persist to degree completion; however, a literature gap exists related to how regularly required academic advising programs influence students to persist to degree completion. This basic qualitative study provides insight into the perceptions of first-generation college graduates regarding how their regularly required academic advising sessions helped them to persist to degree completion. The conceptual framework is Tinto’s theory of student retention, which addresses students’ academic and social integration. Eight first-generation college graduates …

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The Effect Of Public Budgeting Decisions And Tuition Costs On Student Graduation Outcomes In Michigan, Travis Charles Hadden Jan 2023

The Effect Of Public Budgeting Decisions And Tuition Costs On Student Graduation Outcomes In Michigan, Travis Charles Hadden

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractTuition costs for U.S. public universities have steadily risen in response to decreased state funding in the aftermath of the 2008 Great Recession. Researchers have studied the relationship between public budgeting and higher education but have not established the direct effects of budgeting decisions on student graduation outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative study was to understand why state funding has not kept up with tuition prices and how that affects student graduation rates. The effect of (a) tuition costs and (b) Michigan state funding for public universities on student outcomes was examined. Punctuated equilibrium theory and policy feedback theory, …

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Far-Right Extremist Influence On American Immigration Policy, Christopher Joseph Heinrich Jan 2023

Far-Right Extremist Influence On American Immigration Policy, Christopher Joseph Heinrich

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is little information on the increase in far-right extremist influence on policymakers’ ideology that affect immigration law. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how far-right extremists influence American policymakers in supporting the perspective that immigrants are replacing White Americans and how that affects non-White and/or non-Christian immigration. The framework for this study was based on policy feedback theory by Mettler and SoRelle. Research questions focused on federal legislation that supports anti-immigration between 2017 and 2021 and far-right extremist ideology. Document analysis was done through purposive sampling to select public records of individuals, groups, and laws. Data …

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African Public Leadership On Technology Readiness And Diffusing The Circular Economy In Sub-Saharan Africa, Evans Jakpa-Johns Jan 2023

African Public Leadership On Technology Readiness And Diffusing The Circular Economy In Sub-Saharan Africa, Evans Jakpa-Johns

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa is not yet ready to embrace the digital and the fourth industrial revolution, and there remains a literature gap about technology readiness and effective technology diffusion to support a circular economy transition in West and East African countries. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study was to describe African public leadership experts' views on how sub-Saharan African leaders can enable technology readiness and the technology diffusion needed for a successful transition to a circular economy. A multiple case study design was used to collect data from a purposeful sample of 14 African public leadership experts. Semistructured interviews, …

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Barriers To The Successful Implementation Of Laws In Saint Lucia, Confia Samantha Jn Paul-Samuel Jan 2023

Barriers To The Successful Implementation Of Laws In Saint Lucia, Confia Samantha Jn Paul-Samuel

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractSaint Lucia experiences barriers to successfully implementing some of its enacted laws. As a developing country, when legislative efforts are hampered, the law enactment process is negatively impacted. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the potential barriers to the successful implementation of laws in Saint Lucia by examining any effective emerging practices to develop new and innovative approaches and methods in addressing the various issues involved. The conceptual framework for this study comprised parliamentary engagement, public participation and policy making in the law enactment process in similar parliamentary jurisdictions. The research questions focused on understanding the potential …

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Space Debris Mitigation: A Unified Policy Framework, Forrest Randall Jones Jan 2023

Space Debris Mitigation: A Unified Policy Framework, Forrest Randall Jones

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Space debris is a growing problem that impacts the ability to maneuver and conduct space missions, creates hazards for people on Earth, and has the potential for severe environmental damage. Clean-up efforts are not viable in the modern era due to a lack of viable, affordable, and safe technology conducive to such lines of effort. This leaves mitigative and preventative policy measures as the most effective way to proffer a solution to the problem. Public policy has largely failed to address space debris mitigation effectively due to the fragmentation of policies standards and a lack of horizontal integration of policies …

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Cross-Sectional Collaboration In Florida's Emergency Management System, Christopher Stephen Kirkland Jan 2023

Cross-Sectional Collaboration In Florida's Emergency Management System, Christopher Stephen Kirkland

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Florida faces a unique set of emergency management hazards prompted by the state’s geography, high volume of tourism, and position as a hub of international trade. The state has developed a highly adaptive emergency management system to deliver humanitarian assistance to Floridians affected by natural and other disasters. Despite the importance of collaboration in delivering humanitarian goods and services to Floridians in times of crisis, little is known as to how collaboration occurs, what impediments exist, and how organizations adapt to the dynamics of natural and other disasters. In this qualitative case study, the integrative framework for collaborative governance was …

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Puerto Rican Retired Teachers’ Perceptions About Their Financial Sufficiency, Rossana López León Jan 2023

Puerto Rican Retired Teachers’ Perceptions About Their Financial Sufficiency, Rossana López León

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In Puerto Rico, the Teachers’ Retirement System, which has a membership of around 36,000 retired public-school teachers, is currently facing major restructuring and budget cuts, as part of a larger restructuring of all government agencies to meet the economic emergency they were facing. The recent retirement system reforms were focused mainly on cutting benefits, such as medications, Christmas and summer bonuses, and the cost-of-living adjustment. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of retired teachers regarding their financial sufficiency, and to identify their attitudes, beliefs, and opinions/feelings in light of their socioeconomic profile. The research question focused …

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Assessing Fire Station Response And Coverage Ability In A Pennsylvania Town, Timothy Moore Jan 2023

Assessing Fire Station Response And Coverage Ability In A Pennsylvania Town, Timothy Moore

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractThere was a gap in fire station response times in a Pennsylvania township. Although there were two fire stations located in the township, one area was contractually serviced by a nearby borough. Stations are staffed by volunteers, which creates problems with coverage and timely responses. The “nine-minute-90%-of-the-time” National Fire Protection Association standard was not always achieved. The purpose of the study was to determine what gaps in fire station response times or coverage existed. A risk-based methodology was used to develop a baseline in standards of coverage. Using a risk methodology with historical data helped in informing issue identification. This …

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Illegal Unreported And Unregulated Fishing And Overfishing Policymaking In A Caribbean Island Country, Anya J. Moses Jan 2023

Illegal Unreported And Unregulated Fishing And Overfishing Policymaking In A Caribbean Island Country, Anya J. Moses

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small island developing states, especially those within the Caribbean community, are faced with the challenges of overfishing and illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing activities. Despite global legal reforms, enforcement continues to be ineffective. In the policymaking process, the perspectives of those critically impacted are rarely taken into consideration The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the issues leading to the lack of inclusion of fisherfolk knowledge in the policymaking process and policies that promote SDG 14. The goal was to explore the importance of fisherfolk involvement in the policymaking process. The research question focused on identifying the …

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Exploring Jury Nullification: Its Political History, Current, And Potential Impact On Policy, David Harold Penny Jan 2023

Exploring Jury Nullification: Its Political History, Current, And Potential Impact On Policy, David Harold Penny

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Jury nullification (JN) is when a jury knows a defendant is legally guilty, but states they are not guilty, believing that their verdict better serves justice in that case. The problem is the violation of the Constitution’s equal protection clause for all citizens, caused by the intentional omission in most judges’ instructions to juries of JN. The purpose of the study was to fill the gap in the literature on jury behavior and address the problem of JN. The study framework is chaos theory as applied by Horowitz to jury behavior. It describes judges and lawmakers mistrust of juries associated …

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Community Advocate Perspectives On Addressing Equity Gaps In Florida’S Gifted Programs, Ashley Phelps Jan 2023

Community Advocate Perspectives On Addressing Equity Gaps In Florida’S Gifted Programs, Ashley Phelps

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem for this study addressed the lack of community advocate perspectives related to efforts being made to improve bureaucratic representation for minority students who were underserved by gifted programs in Florida. The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of community advocates about efforts to improve bureaucratic representation for students underserved by gifted programs in Florida. The study was conceptually framed around Kingsley’s theory of representative bureaucracy. The research questions focused on community advocates’ perceptions related to diversity in Florida’s public school gifted programs and their current efforts to improve representation of minority students in gifted education …

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Secondary Teachers’ And Administrators’ Perceptions Of School Discipline Practices., Amity Camilla Pope Jan 2023

Secondary Teachers’ And Administrators’ Perceptions Of School Discipline Practices., Amity Camilla Pope

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Teachers and administrators in an urban, suburban, and rural school district on the east coast of the United States faced challenges implementing effective discipline policy interventions to manage student misbehavior. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of educators about the challenges of implementing discipline policy interventions and the support needed to increase implementation effectiveness. Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) a three-tiered framework of data, systems, and practices to affect student outcomes was used to guide this study. The research questions were used to elicit educator’s perceptions of the challenges faced and supports needed when …

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The Rome Statute And Its Significance In Combatting Impunity For Rape In Ethiopia, Kassahun Yibeltal Sahilu Jan 2023

The Rome Statute And Its Significance In Combatting Impunity For Rape In Ethiopia, Kassahun Yibeltal Sahilu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The goal of ending impunity for atrocity crimes including rape is globally appreciated and accepted with little reservation; however, the actual relevance to the domestic situation in Ethiopia has not been previously explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the Rome Statute, a treaty on atrocity crimes, in combating impunity for perpetrators of rape in Ethiopia in light of Feminist Theory and Domestic Politics of Theory of Treaty Compliance. The research explored the significance of the treaty considering the actual condition of the country by conducting semi-structured group and personal interviews with two lawyers working …

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The Paradox Of Child Poverty And Welfare, Tirna Purkait Jan 2023

The Paradox Of Child Poverty And Welfare, Tirna Purkait

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

The United States confronts persistent child welfare issues rooted in poverty. The age-old debate vacillates between advocating personal responsibility and bolstering social safety nets. Current welfare programs, aiming to mitigate child poverty, often fall short given the deep nexus of poverty and child maltreatment. This paper probes the intricate ties between child poverty and welfare, emphasizing state legislative variances, inherent system paradoxes, and potential policy enhancements. Exploring historical contexts, existing societal frameworks, and future reforms, this research emphasizes the urgency for all-encompassing solutions. These should tackle poverty’s core while fortifying child welfare, safeguarding the well-being of forthcoming American generations.

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The Negative Impacts Of Border Patrol On The Mental Health Of Migrants, Breyana M. Newton Jan 2023

The Negative Impacts Of Border Patrol On The Mental Health Of Migrants, Breyana M. Newton

Pell Scholars and Senior Theses

The research in this paper is a deep dive into the actions of Border Patrol on migrants and refugees and their effects on the individual. This includes impacts on mental health, child development, resettlement prevention, and racism and discrimination within border patrol itself. To understand all of this and how wide reaching all of this goes there needs to be a reflection on the history and policies of Border Patrol and the Government behind it.
The problem with patrolling our borders is that there are consequences on the U.S. as a nation and unintended consequences on those individuals migrating into …

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Female Lawyers Don’T Need Pity; They Need A Paycheck, Meagan S. Bilodeau Jan 2023

Female Lawyers Don’T Need Pity; They Need A Paycheck, Meagan S. Bilodeau

Pell Scholars and Senior Theses

Whether it's pity or patronization female lawyers have often been criticized. They're visualized on the lower level of the patriarchal hierarchy system in the Hollywood courtroom. However, women that hold emotional intelligence don't need pity. Emotional intelligence encompasses how to set boundaries, stay motivated, hold healthy relationships inside and outside the courtroom, as well as maintain self-regulation. Through analysis of the biographical films Erin Brockovich, On the Basis of Sex, and The Mauritanian this study explores how extensively psychological resilience subfactors are depicted, proving whether or not female lawyers are emotionally prepared to succeed in their noteworthy cases.

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A Precedent For Peace: The Role Of All Children Together In The Integration Of Northern Irish Schools, Sarah J. Kraus Jan 2023

A Precedent For Peace: The Role Of All Children Together In The Integration Of Northern Irish Schools, Sarah J. Kraus

Pell Scholars and Senior Theses

Established in County Down, Northern Ireland in the early 1970s, All Children Together was an organization comprised of both Protestant and Catholic parents who wished to see children from both denominations interact and be educated alongside one another. In 1981, the organization successfully established Lagan College, Northern Ireland’s very first school with a shared curriculum designed to accommodate children from both denominations. This work situates the organization within the greater context of the Troubles and examines the extent to which school integration played a role in Northern Irish community relations during a period of political and social upheaval.

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Exposing Endo: Labor Abuse And Exploitation On Contractual Workers In The Philippines, Olivia M. Fisher Jan 2023

Exposing Endo: Labor Abuse And Exploitation On Contractual Workers In The Philippines, Olivia M. Fisher

Pell Scholars and Senior Theses

Article 281 states that workers must be put on a probationary period for 6 months of employment before receiving benefits. ENDO-contracting is the situation where corporations hire workers on 5 to 6-month contracts to avoid paying their workers benefits. This research will be conducted using qualitative data from past research publications, court cases, and interviewing anti-ENDO advocates. The historical summary will explain the origins of this law and how it has progressed into common labor practice. ENDO- contracting disproportionately affects the low-wage workforce and deprives them of regular employee benefits. The lack of these benefits has created poor working conditions …

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ปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการพัฒนาความเป็นเลิศของนักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพไทย, กฤตณัฐ วายุโชติ Jan 2023

ปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการพัฒนาความเป็นเลิศของนักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพไทย, กฤตณัฐ วายุโชติ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาวิจัยในครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ในการศึกษาเพื่อศึกษาปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการพัฒนานักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพในประเทศไทยให้มีความเป็นเลิศในการแข่งขันระดับทวีป งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้เก็บข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพจากผู้ให้ข้อมูลสำคัญ จำนวน 7 คน ประกอบไปด้วย ผู้ที่ปฏิบัติงานหรือมีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องกับสมาคมกีฬากอล์ฟ (อาทิ สมาคมกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพแห่งประเทศไทย และสมาคมกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพสตรี) จำนวน 5 คน และนักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพ จำนวน 2 คน ผลการวิจัยพบว่าปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการพัฒนาความเป็นเลิศของนักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพไทยนั้น มีอยู่ด้วยกัน 3 ปัจจัยหลัก ได้แก่ 1) ปัจจัยส่วนบุคคลด้านวินัยส่วนบุคคล แรงจูงใจในการเป็นนักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพ และการเพิ่มพูนความรู้เทคนิคการเล่น 2) ปัจจัยด้านผู้ฝึกสอนนักกีฬากอล์ฟในประเด็นมาตรฐานการสอบใบรับรอง และหลักสูตรการสร้างผู้ฝึกสอนนักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพ และ 3) ปัจจัยด้านการสนับสนุนจากผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสียที่เกี่ยวข้อง อันได้แก่ สมาคมกีฬากอล์ฟ ภาครัฐ ภาคเอกชน รวมไปถึงการบูรณาการร่วมกับองค์กรอื่นและปัจจัยด้านการสนับสนุนอื่น ๆ ปัจจัยทั้งสามล้วนมีความเชื่อมโยงกับอุปสรรคของนักกอล์ฟอาชีพที่สำคัญด้านหลักสูตรและการรับรองนักกอล์ฟอาชีพที่มีมาตรฐาน ค่าใช้จ่ายในการเพิ่มพูนทักษะ การซ้อม การเดินทางไปแข่งขันที่สูง และปัญหาการเข้าถึงเครื่องมือและเทคโนโลยีทางวิทยาศาสตร์การกีฬาได้ยาก ทั้งนี้ผู้วิจัยได้อภิปรายผลและเสนอแนะแนวทางในการปิดช่องว่างปัจจัยที่ส่งผลให้นักกีฬากอล์ฟอาชีพไทยมีความเป็นเลิศในระดับทวีปได้ไว้ข้างท้ายของงานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ด้วย

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Pakistan, India And The Indus River Basin, Muquadas Ilyas Jan 2023

Pakistan, India And The Indus River Basin, Muquadas Ilyas

Dissertations and Theses

Water is a fundamental need of all living things. The right to clean water is classified as a human right under United Nations Resolution 64/292.As such it is the responsibility of governments to ensure its citizens are not deprived of this essential resource. In doing so, effective water management is crucial to provide clean water that is accessible to everyone regardless of any challenges such as geographical constraints or political disputes. This thesis explores the water management efforts of Pakistan and India. These countries are facing a water crisis, whereby numerous citizens have died due to dehydration and diseases contracted …

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A Tale Of Two Cities: The Divergence Of Social Housing In Berlin And Vienna, Ben Eibl Jan 2023

A Tale Of Two Cities: The Divergence Of Social Housing In Berlin And Vienna, Ben Eibl

CMC Senior Theses

The industrialization of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Berlin and Vienna led both cities to initiate a social housing program to create affordable housing for the masses moving into the cities. The cities share many characteristics and developed in similar directions at their early stages. Nevertheless, a century later, their social housing systems look far apart. While Vienna’s system continues to thrive and withstand pressures from the international and federal level, Berlin’s citizens showed their resentment towards housing in their city in a radical referendum demanding the expropriation of several real-estate companies. This thesis argues that we …

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Challenges Of Nutrition In Malaysia: Poverty, Land Appropriation, And Indigeneity, Jeanie Kim Jan 2023

Challenges Of Nutrition In Malaysia: Poverty, Land Appropriation, And Indigeneity, Jeanie Kim

CMC Senior Theses

Malnutrition, especially in the form of wasting, stunting, and obesity, is disproportionately harming the Indigenous communities in Malaysia. Under the current legal system, Indigenous people receive little to no recognition and protection. Their land is often appropriated by the oil palm and dam industries, resulting in higher incidences of malnutrition and poverty. In order to improve the nutritional status of Malaysia as a whole, potential policies and programs include food fortification, crop diversification, and social safety nets. For the most marginalized communities, indigeneity and land restitution are analyzed as avenues to improve their livelihood.

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Recommendations For The Operationalization Of A Loss And Damage Fund, Caelyn Smith Jan 2023

Recommendations For The Operationalization Of A Loss And Damage Fund, Caelyn Smith

CMC Senior Theses

This thesis examines the several facets of the operationalization of the abstract and broad proposal of a “Loss and Damage Fund” following the 27th Conference of the Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that took place in November of 2022. It examines the current mechanisms in place for developed nations providing climate finance to developing countries that are on the front lines of fighting a crisis heavily caused by historic reliance on and consumption of fossil fuels by wealthier, better-off nations. It delves into various criteria regarding which counties should share the burden and how much …

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The Stateless Agent: A Multidisciplinary Analysis Of Transboundary Air Pollution In The El Paso-Ciudad Juárez Region Of The U.S.-Mexico Border, Elizabeth Hernandez Jan 2023

The Stateless Agent: A Multidisciplinary Analysis Of Transboundary Air Pollution In The El Paso-Ciudad Juárez Region Of The U.S.-Mexico Border, Elizabeth Hernandez

CMC Senior Theses

The El Paso-Ciudad Juárez (EPJ) region has a history of nonattainment for ozone and particulate matter. Given transboundary air pollution in the EPJ region is not confined to the U.S.-Mexico border, it is important to implement a transnational response that accounts for the health and safety of everyone, including marginalized communities in EPJ. This thesis assesses the state of air quality and transboundary air pollution in the EPJ region through a multidisciplinary perspective that focuses on issues of data monitoring, environmental governance, and transnational environmental justice. Analysis of the quantity and placement of ambient monitoring stations reveals EPJ residents near …

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Justice That Heals: Transforming Discipline In Schools Through Restorative Practices, Sophia Diomande Jan 2023

Justice That Heals: Transforming Discipline In Schools Through Restorative Practices, Sophia Diomande

CMC Senior Theses

Discipline is not simply a tool but a weapon — one that American educators have wielded for generations to regulate children and enforce habits of self-control and accountability. In a world where institutionalized forms of discrimination continue to plague judicial and educational systems alike, vis-à-vis the school-to-prison pipeline, the question must be asked: When does discipline stray beyond its intended purpose and into the realm of punishment? This thesis discusses the historical and contemporary implications of punitive discipline and its effects on students, particularly students of color and disabled students. Retributive policies such as suspensions, expulsions, physical restraint, and seclusions …

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The Effectiveness Of Housing First In Reducing Homelessness In The United States, Christopher Amemiya Jan 2023

The Effectiveness Of Housing First In Reducing Homelessness In The United States, Christopher Amemiya

CMC Senior Theses

The Housing First approach is the most funded and utilized approach by the federal government to reduce homelessness in the United States. The main service provided by the Housing First approach is Permanent Supportive Housing. Proponents of Housing First claim it is an evidence-based approach, citing studies that find increases in Permanently Supportive Housing lead to successful outcomes for reducing homelessness on the individual level. This paper seeks to review the literature on Housing First and homelessness and analyze the findings to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of Housing First in reducing homelessness in the United States.

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Evaluating Electric Bicycle Access In Us National Parks: Advantages And Controversy, Ben Rodman Jan 2023

Evaluating Electric Bicycle Access In Us National Parks: Advantages And Controversy, Ben Rodman

CMC Senior Theses

Rising global temperatures are causing a higher likelihood of future climate disaster. Changes in personal behavior, that reduce the emissions driving this increase in global temperatures, contribute to the greater good. Electric bicycles (e-bikes) offer a viable option for individuals to reduce their personal contribution to this problem, while at the same time benefit from outdoor recreation. These benefits, along with affordability, are driving the current increase in popularity of this form of transportation. The COVID 19 pandemic fueled an increased interest in outdoor recreation, which in turn contributed to an increase in visitation at US National Parks. This thesis …

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