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Full-Text Articles in Counseling

Rampes: Unveiling The Ideal Counselor Traits In The Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian Manuscript, Ade Hidayat, Mamat Supriatna Aug 2025

Rampes: Unveiling The Ideal Counselor Traits In The Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian Manuscript, Ade Hidayat, Mamat Supriatna

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

This study aims to describe the ideal characteristics of a counselor based on the values contained in the Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian (SSK) manuscript. A hermeneutic approach was employed to interpret the meaning of the text from the perspective of guidance and counseling grounded in local wisdom. The findings indicate that the concept of Rampes, mentioned 24 times in the manuscript, serves as the foundation for shaping a counselor’s professional, moral, and integrative character. This concept comprises three dimensions: (1) Bakti, which reflects religious awareness as a creature of God as well as a commitment to ethical behavior; (2) Wastu Siwong, …


Influence Of Child Abuse On Youth Restiveness As Perceived By Security Personnel In Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Falilat Anike Okesina Aug 2025

Influence Of Child Abuse On Youth Restiveness As Perceived By Security Personnel In Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Falilat Anike Okesina

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

The rate at which Nigerian youths take up arms to perpetuate anti-social acts has become a major concern to the populace. This study investigated the influence of child abuse on youth restiveness as perceived by security personnel in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State. The study was a survey research. The population of this study comprised all security personnel in Ilorin metropolis and 200 respondents were randomly selected for the study. A questionnaire entitled “Influence of Child Abuse on Youths Restiveness Questionnaire” (ICAYRQ) was used to collect data for the study. Percentage was used to analyse the demographic data. Mean and rank …


The Mediating Role Of Smartphone Usage In The Relationship Between Working Mothers And Children’S Social Interaction, Wulan Patria Saroinsong, Mochamad Nursalim, Azmawaty Binti Mohamad Nor Aug 2025

The Mediating Role Of Smartphone Usage In The Relationship Between Working Mothers And Children’S Social Interaction, Wulan Patria Saroinsong, Mochamad Nursalim, Azmawaty Binti Mohamad Nor

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

This study explores how smartphone usage acts as a mediator in the connection between working mothers and social interaction among children aged 3–6 years in East Java, Indonesia. Due to the insufficient reading and writing skills of children in this age range to complete questionnaires for the children’s interaction variable, data were gathered from their parents’ perspective, notably working mothers, who offered insights into their parenting behaviors and their children’s interaction patterns when using the smartphone. The research utilized a mediation analysis design to examine the relationships among the variables. A structured questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 400 …


State Of Illinois Model Programs Of Study Companion Guide, Education Systems Center Aug 2025

State Of Illinois Model Programs Of Study Companion Guide, Education Systems Center

Reports, Analyses, and other Publications

This resource is intended to enhance the use of the State of Illinois Model Programs of Study Guides by focusing on the development and implementation of high-quality college and career pathways. Grounded in the state’s vision for equitable access to meaningful postsecondary opportunities, this resource supports educators, CTE directors, and administrators in designing programs of study that align secondary education with postsecondary credentials and careers. By bridging academic instruction, work-based learning, and student supports, this guide helps ensure that all learners are on a clear and unambiguous path to success after high school.


Trans* Student Experiences In Higher Education, Megan Chaffee, Deborah King Aug 2025

Trans* Student Experiences In Higher Education, Megan Chaffee, Deborah King

New York Journal of Student Affairs

This paper reviews literature on trans* students' experiences in higher education, examining their obstacles and institutional approaches to inclusion. The study investigates challenges regarding chosen names and pronouns, access to facilities, extracurricular involvement, and the impact of increasing anti-trans* legislation. Despite growing visibility, trans* students continue to report harassment, discrimination, and a decreased sense of belonging. The paper explores current Title IX interpretations and recommends that higher education administrators develop inclusive policies, enhance professional development, and create supportive campus environments that foster trans* students' academic success and overall well-being.


Enhancing Research Training Curricula Through The Ethical Integration Of Ai-Powered Tools: Opportunities And Challenges For Counselor Educators, Joshua C. Watson, Chris Leeth, Kevin Wong, Justen Schroeder Aug 2025

Enhancing Research Training Curricula Through The Ethical Integration Of Ai-Powered Tools: Opportunities And Challenges For Counselor Educators, Joshua C. Watson, Chris Leeth, Kevin Wong, Justen Schroeder

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This article reviews existing training models used to teach research courses and facilitate researcher identity development in counselor education curricula and suggests how generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) can be incorporated into these courses as an instructional aid that improves researcher efficiency. Various GenAI tools used across stages of the research process are introduced with a discussion of their ethical implications and how they can be integrated into exiting lesson plans.


Mathematics And Mental Health: An Interdisciplinary Analysis Of Ai In Counselor Education, Jennifer M. Hightower, Catrina A. May Aug 2025

Mathematics And Mental Health: An Interdisciplinary Analysis Of Ai In Counselor Education, Jennifer M. Hightower, Catrina A. May

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Although use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in mental health care has become increasingly common, many professional counselors remain under informed about foundational components of AI. Fundamental issues associated with AI, including model bias and the Black Box Problem, must be considered as these tools become integrated into the counseling profession. This manuscript provides an interdisciplinary, theoretical analysis of AI use in counseling and counselor education grounded in foundational knowledge of AI and the American Counseling Association’s recommendations for the ethical integration of AI (Butler et al., 2023). The paper summarizes these recommendations, establishes accessible definitions of AI terms, explains the …


Counselor-In-Training Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence: Implications For Counselor Education, Leo Gonzalez Jr., Deija Mccalla Aug 2025

Counselor-In-Training Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence: Implications For Counselor Education, Leo Gonzalez Jr., Deija Mccalla

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study examined the perceptions of counselors-in-training (CIT) on artificial intelligence (AI) in counseling practice and training. 31 CIT responded to three open-ended questions about the benefits, drawbacks, and overall attitudes of integrating AI into counseling practice and education. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the responses. The findings showed that CIT perceive AI as a clinical support tool, especially for tasks such as diagnosis and treatment planning. Additionally, CIT voiced concerns of potential overreliance on AI, ethical risks, confidentiality concerns, and the possible loss of human connection. Furthermore, although several CIT expressed cautious optimism regarding AI's use in counselor …


A Descriptive Comparison Of Results From Human And Ai-Driven Interpretive Phenomenological Analyses, Kahyen Shin, Melissa M. Luke Aug 2025

A Descriptive Comparison Of Results From Human And Ai-Driven Interpretive Phenomenological Analyses, Kahyen Shin, Melissa M. Luke

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study explores the concordance and discordance between human researchers and ChatGPT in conducting Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) using an interview transcript with a refugee resettling in the United States. Findings revealed both alignment and discrepancies between ChatGPT and human researchers; while ChatGPT effectively identified themes and coding structures with interpretative depth and reflective engagement, it occasionally struggled to capture implicit meanings, particularly in narrative continuity and cultural-contextual analysis. These challenges were evident in its misinterpretation of past and present events, difficulty in recognizing nuanced associations, and tendency to adopt a deficit-based lens in certain analyses. Findings are discussed considering …


Integrating Artificial Intelligence In A University Counseling Clinic, Donna S. Sheperis, Shiri Sharvit Aug 2025

Integrating Artificial Intelligence In A University Counseling Clinic, Donna S. Sheperis, Shiri Sharvit

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in mental health care, yet counseling students receive little training in digital tool integration. This program evaluation describes the use of an ambient AI platform in a university telemental health clinic to support clinical training. The AI system tracked interventions, themes, talk ratios, and symptom changes across 175 sessions by 13 trainees with 93 clients. Most frequent interventions included validation (97.6%), CBT skills (52.1%), and action planning (63.1%). Counselor talk time averaged 43% of the session, with themes such as relationships and school being predominant in client talk time.. By session 7, clients showed …


Artificial Intelligence In Counselor Education: Innovative Strategies For Teaching, Supervision, And Clinical Training, Shannon Shoemaker, Nikki Freeburg, Kevin Duquette Aug 2025

Artificial Intelligence In Counselor Education: Innovative Strategies For Teaching, Supervision, And Clinical Training, Shannon Shoemaker, Nikki Freeburg, Kevin Duquette

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As artificial intelligence (AI) transforms mental health and education, counselor educators must prepare future practitioners to engage with these technologies ethically and effectively. This article presents a systematic framework for incorporating AI into counselor education through three key approaches: AI-generated content, AI analysis, and AI interactions. The framework addresses critical considerations including ethical implementation, prompt engineering, and cultural competence while maintaining alignment with professional standards. Drawing from current literature and ethical guidelines, we provide structured guidance for implementing AI across various content delivery styles, with emphasis on preserving clinical judgment and therapeutic relationships. Comprehensive appendices include implementation guides, assessment rubrics, …


A Pilot-Study Evaluating The Fidelity Of Chatgpt In Client Simulations, Eric Tod Beeson, Yusen Zhai, Russell Fulmer, Andrew M. Burck, Rakesh Maurya Aug 2025

A Pilot-Study Evaluating The Fidelity Of Chatgpt In Client Simulations, Eric Tod Beeson, Yusen Zhai, Russell Fulmer, Andrew M. Burck, Rakesh Maurya

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Generative AI (genAI) is expanding in counselor education. This pilot study evaluated ChatGPT 4o's voice mode for simulating client scenarios during 53-minute mock-intake sessions with master’s-level counseling students. Analyzing eight domains (authenticity, consistency, emotional expression, empathy, cultural dynamics, self-awareness, goal setting, and role play confusion), ChatGPT’s responses showed good to excellent fidelity when compared to a typical client. Limitations such as formulaic and idealized responses raised authenticity concerns. ChatGPT offers a scalable, cost-effective tool for pre-practicum training, with potential to enhance skill development across the curriculum. Educators are encouraged to integrate genAI thoughtfully, prioritizing ethical considerations and iterative prompt refinement.


Utilizing Artificial Intelligence Therapeutic Adjuncts To Support Autistic Adults Between Counseling Sessions, Carlos J. Castaneda Jr, Nicole Noble, Afroze N. Shaikh Aug 2025

Utilizing Artificial Intelligence Therapeutic Adjuncts To Support Autistic Adults Between Counseling Sessions, Carlos J. Castaneda Jr, Nicole Noble, Afroze N. Shaikh

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into mental health care presents innovative opportunities for therapeutic interventions. This pilot study examined the use of a customized Artificial Intelligence Therapeutic Adjunct (AITA) as a supplementary counseling tool for adults with level one autism spectrum disorder who attended weekly counseling sessions. Using a Single Subject Design to review trends in mental health symptoms and perceptions of the AITA, participants engaged with the AITA over four weeks, completed weekly anxiety and depression assessments, and post-intervention and satisfaction surveys. Thematic Analysis identified common counseling concerns and the AITA’s use of counseling techniques. Although findings suggest …


Reimagining The Counseling Profession: Preparing Counselors For Ai And Digital Health Integration, Carl J. Sheperis, Dusti L. Annan-Coultas, Caronne C. C. Rush Aug 2025

Reimagining The Counseling Profession: Preparing Counselors For Ai And Digital Health Integration, Carl J. Sheperis, Dusti L. Annan-Coultas, Caronne C. C. Rush

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Digital health technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming mental healthcare delivery, creating new opportunities and challenges for counseling practice. This article examines digital health applications in counseling, including telehealth, mobile apps, digital therapeutics, virtual reality, and AI-powered tools. We explore key implications for practice, including enhanced accessibility, impacts on therapeutic relationships, and ethical considerations. The article presents a six-domain competency framework covering privacy and security, technical proficiency, ethical literacy, clinical integration, therapeutic adaptability, and administrative management. A case study illustrates the practical application of hybrid digital care, while a discussion of counselor education highlights the need for curriculum updates. …


Letter From The Editors: Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence In Professional Counseling And Counselor Preparation, Rachel Jacoby, Sandra Logan-Mckibben Aug 2025

Letter From The Editors: Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence In Professional Counseling And Counselor Preparation, Rachel Jacoby, Sandra Logan-Mckibben

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

No abstract provided.


Psychosocial Challenges As Predictors Of Transactional Sex Among Undergraduates In Ondo State, Nigeria, Ifeoluwa Blessing Michael, Oyedotun Dolapo Ilori, Patrick O. Akerele Aug 2025

Psychosocial Challenges As Predictors Of Transactional Sex Among Undergraduates In Ondo State, Nigeria, Ifeoluwa Blessing Michael, Oyedotun Dolapo Ilori, Patrick O. Akerele

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

The study investigated the psychosocial challenges predictive towards engaging in transactional sex among undergraduates within Ondo State, with the moderating role of demographic variables weighed heavily. Employing a descriptive survey design, data were gathered from 404 undergraduates by means of a validated questionnaire (reliability = 0.86) randomly sampled from two public and two private universities. Amongst the findings from descriptive statistics and multiple regression analyses were that peer pressure, financial instability, family dysfunction, and emotional health challenges had significant correlations with involvement in transactional sex while jointly explaining 46.6% of the variance. Financial instability was the strongest predictor, followed by …


Effectiveness Of Kipas Counseling In Reducing Students' Academic Procrastination, Dimas Ardika Miftah Farid, Mochamad Nursalim, Evi Winingsih Aug 2025

Effectiveness Of Kipas Counseling In Reducing Students' Academic Procrastination, Dimas Ardika Miftah Farid, Mochamad Nursalim, Evi Winingsih

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

Academic procrastination is a common issue that hinders students' academic success and psychological well-being. In junior high school, where self-control is still developing, students are particularly vulnerable to distractions and delay in completing academic tasks. To address this issue, counseling approaches grounded in cultural values may offer effective solutions. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of KIPAS (Intensive Progressive Adaptive Structure Counseling) in reducing academic procrastination in junior high school students. A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest measurements was employed, involving seven students who exhibited high levels of academic procrastination. The measurement scale used assessed the amanah dimension, …


Master Of Social Work Professional Portfolio, Allison H. Deaver Aug 2025

Master Of Social Work Professional Portfolio, Allison H. Deaver

Graduate Student Portfolios, Professional Papers, and Capstone Projects

This MSW Portfolio encapsulates my learning journey throughout my MSW program, and includes selected projects which demonstrate critical steps in this journey.


Exploring The Relationship Of Integrated Behavioral And Primary Healthcare With Wellness Profiles: Implications For Counseling Practice, Alexander M. Fields, Dodie Limberg, Angie Starrett Aug 2025

Exploring The Relationship Of Integrated Behavioral And Primary Healthcare With Wellness Profiles: Implications For Counseling Practice, Alexander M. Fields, Dodie Limberg, Angie Starrett

The Journal of Integrated Primary Care

This study utilizes the Indivisible Self Model (IS-WEL) and latent profile analysis (LPA) to investigate the relationship between integrated behavioral and primary healthcare and wellness profiles. A national sample of 466 adults who received counseling services within the last year completed surveys assessing wellness (5F-WEL), integrated care levels, and demographic variables. LPA identified four wellness profiles: Comfortably Well, Managed Well, Approaching Well, and Disconnected Well, each associated with unique demographic, physical, and mental health characteristics. Despite theoretical links between integrated care and wellness, the relationship between reported levels of care integration and wellness profiles was not statistically significant, highlighting limitations …


The Impact Of Family Violence On Bullying Behaviour Among Secondary School Students In Ilorin Metropolis, Oyedotun Dolapo Ilori, Patrick O. Akerele, Ifeoluwa Blessing Michael Aug 2025

The Impact Of Family Violence On Bullying Behaviour Among Secondary School Students In Ilorin Metropolis, Oyedotun Dolapo Ilori, Patrick O. Akerele, Ifeoluwa Blessing Michael

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

Family violence remains a significant social issue with far-reaching consequences for adolescents, particularly in shaping their behavioural tendencies, including bullying. This study examines the impact of family violence on bullying behaviour among secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis, which comprises three Local Government Areas (Ilorin South, Ilorin West, and Ilorin East). The study adopts a descriptive survey research design to assess the extent to which exposure to family violence influences students' bullying behaviours, while also considering the role of peer influence. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 417 students from both public and private secondary schools in Ilorin …


In Grief We Need Each Other, Derek Schuurman Aug 2025

In Grief We Need Each Other, Derek Schuurman

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

In the face of grief, human connections provide a far deeper comfort than new AI developments.


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Teachers From The Northeast Region Of The United States And How They Cope With Workplace Stress And Burnout, Zakkiyyah W. Sally Aug 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Teachers From The Northeast Region Of The United States And How They Cope With Workplace Stress And Burnout, Zakkiyyah W. Sally

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to better understand the lived experiences of Pre-K to 12th grade teachers from the Northeast Region of the United States as it relates to the development of burnout and stress. The central phenomenon of the study has been to discover ways teachers choose to cope and best manage stress, which can lead to burnout. This research study also served to investigate school related resources available to teachers to help support them with stress, burnout, and coping. Teachers have noted that they manage stress and burnout with various strategies, such as mindfulness, compassion, …


Identifying Key Factors In Global Human Trafficking Using Factor Analysis, Nike Joy Alawode Aug 2025

Identifying Key Factors In Global Human Trafficking Using Factor Analysis, Nike Joy Alawode

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The study aimed to examine key factors influencing human trafficking trends through quantitative analysis of historical archival data from trafficking cases. Using a comprehensive dataset, the factor analysis design assessed variables associated with human trafficking, including age, gender, methods of control, types of labor, types of sexual exploitation, and recruiter-victim relationships. Through descriptive and inferential analyses, this study identified demographic and situational patterns linked to trafficking, uncovering how age and gender intersect with exploitation types, and how different means of control were applied across contexts. Findings may illuminate recruiter-victim dynamics, particularly regarding how relationships impact victim targeting and recruitment methods. …


The Impact Of Trauma On The Presentation Of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Nina Rose Eberly Aug 2025

The Impact Of Trauma On The Presentation Of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Nina Rose Eberly

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental health condition that has previously been linked to traumatic life experiences. Understanding the connection between trauma and OCD symptomatology is essential for developing clinical interventions. This study examined whether a history of abuse is related to an OCD diagnosis, whether a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis is correlated with heightened OCD symptoms, and whether experiencing multiple types of traumas increased OCD symptom severity. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression analyses, were conducted along with thematic analysis of qualitative interview data. Participants with a comorbid diagnosis of OCD and PTSD exhibited elevated OCD symptoms. …


The Perceived Understanding Of Emotional Well-Being And Needs Among Older Adults In Rural West Virginia: A Phenomenological Study, Amanda M. Phillips Aug 2025

The Perceived Understanding Of Emotional Well-Being And Needs Among Older Adults In Rural West Virginia: A Phenomenological Study, Amanda M. Phillips

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of older adults regarding emotional well-being in rural West Virginia. Havighurst’s activity theory on aging provided the lens for guiding the research and was supplemented with a framework of reablement. The in-depth literature review showed prevalent trends and limitations in current research on the rural aging population’s efforts to maintain and meet their emotional well-being needs. An essential aspect of the literature review was the limited resources available in rural communities in general. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants recruited from the public. As part of the data …


A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Role Of Resilience In Trauma Recovery Of Those Living In Southeastern Rural America, Summer D. Loduca Aug 2025

A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Role Of Resilience In Trauma Recovery Of Those Living In Southeastern Rural America, Summer D. Loduca

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the ways in which adults who live in rural communities in the Southeastern United States convalesce from trauma within the framework of barriers and limited access to mental health services. Garmezy’s (1991) developmental psychology approach to resilience, which highlights internal and external protective factors, guides this study as personal resilience, and how it contributes to trauma recovery in underserved settings, is explored. Ten participants aged 32 to 49, engaged in semi-structured interviews as they shared their lived experiences of coping with, and healing from, trauma. Five principal themes were reach in analyzing the data through …


Christian Schoolteachers’ Shared Experiences Of Learning And Teaching In The Face Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The East Coast Of The United States, Elizabeth Joy Geddes Aug 2025

Christian Schoolteachers’ Shared Experiences Of Learning And Teaching In The Face Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The East Coast Of The United States, Elizabeth Joy Geddes

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological study sought to better understand and describe the lived experiences of Christian schoolteachers who provided in-person instruction during COVID-19. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, 12 ACSI Christian schoolteachers from the East Coast of the United States were asked to share their stories of providing in-person instruction during the fall of 2020. While studies have explored the challenges and adaptations of public-school educators during COVID-19, there remains a significant gap in understanding the experiences of Christian schoolteachers who navigated in-person instruction amidst the pandemic. The gap highlights the need for focused research to capture the unique perspectives, challenges, and …


A Phenomenological Study On The Experiences Of Single Mothers With Depression In Christian Counseling, Julie Adeline Bliss Aug 2025

A Phenomenological Study On The Experiences Of Single Mothers With Depression In Christian Counseling, Julie Adeline Bliss

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The population of single mothers in the United States continues to grow, whether due to widowhood, divorce, or failed relationships. It is common for single mothers to face many obstacles due to balancing life and parenthood alone. Due to these obstacles, single mothers are at a heightened risk for depression. Themes identified in current research consist of single mothers experiencing poor physical and mental health, life stressors such as financial hardships/poverty, unstable housing, inconsistent employment, behavioral and cognitive problems in their children, religious/spiritual (R/S) interventions, along with the connection of mental health and religious or spiritual beliefs. Current studies have …


Integrating Mental Health And Pastoral Counseling At Calvary Baptist Church, Jacqueline Y. Ghee Aug 2025

Integrating Mental Health And Pastoral Counseling At Calvary Baptist Church, Jacqueline Y. Ghee

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

There is a critical need to provide mental health support to the congregation in the Black church, especially at Calvary Baptist Church. During the research study, the participants have made it clear that they need more support when it comes to emotional help for those who are facing mental health challenges. To address this, initiatives such as mental health training for clergy, establishing support groups, or partnering with mental health professionals can be implemented. Based on the outcome of the one-on-one interviews, the focus group participants from Calvary shared their disappointment with the pastor and leaders for not being able …


A Phenomenological Study Of Intergenerational Trauma Of African Americans In The South And Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome, Cassandra W. Mclaurin Aug 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of Intergenerational Trauma Of African Americans In The South And Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome, Cassandra W. Mclaurin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand the lived experiences of the ancestors of African Americans in the South and how generational trauma has affected them as it pertains to Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS). Intergenerational trauma for African Americans in the South and Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome is a condition that many people are unaware of. The research examines how trauma passed from slaves to their ancestors and how the institution of slavery manifests itself into behaviors that lead to social problems in the African American community today. The theories that guide the study are Derrick Bell’s …